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Article

The 5:2 Diet Affects Markers of Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity in Subjects with and without Type 2 Diabetes—A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial

by
Neda Rajamand Ekberg
1,2,3,
Anton Hellberg
4,*,
Michaela Linn Sundqvist
5,
Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
4,6,
Sergiu-Bogdan Catrina
1,2,3 and
Kerstin Brismar
1
1
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
2
Centre for Diabetes, Academic Specialist Centre, 113 65 Stockholm, Sweden
3
Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
4
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
5
Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, 114 33 Stockholm, Sweden
6
Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(17), 9731; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179731
Submission received: 26 July 2024 / Revised: 1 September 2024 / Accepted: 4 September 2024 / Published: 8 September 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Diagnosis and Treatments of Diabetes Mellitus)
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Abstract

This non-randomized controlled trial aimed to compare the effect of the 5:2 diet on insulin levels as a primary outcome and markers of insulin secretion (connecting peptide (C-peptide) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1)) and sensitivity (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)), as well as body composition as secondary outcomes in overweight/obese individuals with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). Ninety-seven participants (62% women), 35 with T2D and 62 BMI- and waist-matched controls without T2D, followed the 5:2 diet (two days per week of fasting) for six months with a 12-month follow-up. At six months, there was no loss to follow-up in the T2D group, whereas four controls discontinued this study. Overall, 82% attended the 12-month follow-up. After the intervention, insulin levels decreased in the control group and glucose decreased in the T2D group, while C-peptide, HOMA-IR, waist circumference, BMI, trunk, and total fat% decreased in both groups. Furthermore, low IGFBP-1, indicating hyperinsulinemia, improved in the T2D group. The changes in fasting glucose and waist measurement were significantly more improved in the T2D group than in the controls. Persistent positive effects were observed at the 12-month follow-up. The 5:2 diet for six months was feasible and efficient to reduce markers of insulin secretion and resistance and therefore holds promise as management of overweight/obesity in subjects with and without T2D.
Keywords: intermittent fasting; 5:2 diet; type 2 diabetes; insulin sensitivity; IGFBP-1 intermittent fasting; 5:2 diet; type 2 diabetes; insulin sensitivity; IGFBP-1

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ekberg, N.R.; Hellberg, A.; Sundqvist, M.L.; Hirschberg, A.L.; Catrina, S.-B.; Brismar, K. The 5:2 Diet Affects Markers of Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity in Subjects with and without Type 2 Diabetes—A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9731. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179731

AMA Style

Ekberg NR, Hellberg A, Sundqvist ML, Hirschberg AL, Catrina S-B, Brismar K. The 5:2 Diet Affects Markers of Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity in Subjects with and without Type 2 Diabetes—A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9731. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179731

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ekberg, Neda Rajamand, Anton Hellberg, Michaela Linn Sundqvist, Angelica Lindén Hirschberg, Sergiu-Bogdan Catrina, and Kerstin Brismar. 2024. "The 5:2 Diet Affects Markers of Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity in Subjects with and without Type 2 Diabetes—A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9731. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179731

APA Style

Ekberg, N. R., Hellberg, A., Sundqvist, M. L., Hirschberg, A. L., Catrina, S.-B., & Brismar, K. (2024). The 5:2 Diet Affects Markers of Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity in Subjects with and without Type 2 Diabetes—A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(17), 9731. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179731

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