Detection of Putative Virulence Genes alr, goiB, and goiC in Mycoplasma hominis Isolates from Austrian Patients
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Detection of the Putative Virulence Genes
2.2. Co-Occurrence of Putative Virulence Genes
2.3. Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay (LDH)
2.4. Growth Assay
2.5. Comparison of the Ct-Values
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Sample Collection
4.2. DNA Isolation
4.3. Detection of the Virulence Genes
4.4. Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay
4.5. Growth Assay
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Ahmed, J.; Rawre, J.; Dhawan, N.; Khanna, N.; Dhawan, B. Mycoplasma hominis: An under recognized pathogen. Indian J. Med. Microbiol. 2021, 39, 88–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Agger, W.A.; Siddiqui, D.; Lovrich, S.D.; Callister, S.M.; Borgert, A.J.; Merkitch, K.W.; Mason, T.C.; Baumgardner, D.J.; Burmester, J.K.; Shukla, S.K.; et al. Epidemiologic factors and urogenital infections associated with preterm birth in a midwestern U.S. population. Obstet. Gynecol. 2014, 124, 969–977. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Plummer, E.L.; Vodstrcil, L.A.; Bodiyabadu, K.; Murray, G.L.; Doyle, M.; Latimer, R.L.; Fairley, C.K.; Payne, M.; Chow, E.P.F.; Garland, S.M.; et al. Are Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum associated with specific genital symptoms and clinical signs in nonpregnant women? Clin. Infect. Dis. 2021, 73, 659–668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cox, C.; Saxena, N.; Watt, A.P.; Gannon, C.; McKenna, J.P.; Fairley, D.J.; Sweet, D.; Shields, M.D.; Cosby, S.L.; Coyle, P.V. The common vaginal commensal bacterium Ureaplasma parvum is associated with chorioamniotitis in extreme preterm labor. J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016, 29, 3646–3651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Taylor-Robinson, D.; Lamont, R.F. Mycoplasmas in pregnancy. BJOG 2011, 111, 164–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Goldenberg, R.L.; Andrews, W.W.; Geopfert, A.R.; Faye-Petersen, O.; Cliver, S.P.; Carlo, W.A.; Hauth, J.C. The Alabama Preterm Birth Study: Umbilical cord blood Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis cultures in very preterm newborn infants. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2008, 198, 43.e1–43.e5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Allen-Daniels, M.J.; Serrano, M.G.; Pflugner, L.P.; Fettweis, J.M.; Prestosa, M.A.; Koparde, V.N.; Brooks, J.P.; Jerome, F.S.; Romero, R.; Chaiworapongsa, T.; et al. Identification of a gene in Mycoplasma hominis associated with preterm birth and microbial burden in intraamniotic infection. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2015, 212, 779.e1–779.e13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Roachford, A.; Nelson, K.E.; Mohopatra, B.R. Virulence and molecular adaptation of human urogenital mycoplasmas: A review. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip. 2019, 33, 689–698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Hegde, S.; Hegde, S.; Zimmermann, M.; Flöck, M.; Spergser, J.; Rosengarten, R.; Chopra-Dewasthaly, R. Simultaneous Identification of Potential Pathogenicity Factors of Mycoplasma agalactiae in the Natural Ovine Host by Negative Selection. Infect. Immun. 2015, 83, 2751–2761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Gdoura, R.; Kchaou, W.; Chaari, C.; Znazen, A.; Keskes, L.; Rebai, T.; Hammami, A. Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium infections and semen quality of infertile men. BMC Infect. Dis. 2007, 7, 129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Diaz-Garcia, F.J.; Herrera-Mendoza, A.P.; Giono-Cerezo, S.; Guerra-Infante, F.M. Mycoplasma hominis attaches to and locates intracellularly in human spermatozoa. Hum. Reprod. 2006, 21, 1591–1598. [Google Scholar] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Rappelli, P.; Addis, M.F.; Carta, F.; Fiori, P.L. Mycoplasma hominis parasitism of Trichomonas vaginalis. Lancet 1998, 352, 1286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thi Trung Thu, T.; Margarita, V.; Cocco, A.R.; Marongiu, A.; Dessì, D.; Rappelli, P.; Fiori, P.L. Trichomonas vaginalis Transports Virulent Mycoplasma hominis and Transmits the Infection to Human Cells after Metronidazole Treatment: A Potential Role in Bacterial Invasion of Fetal Membranes and Amniotic Fluid. J. Pregnancy 2018, 2, 5037181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Hopfe, M.; Deenen, R.; Degrandi, D.; Köhrer, K.; Henrich, B. Host cell responses to persistent mycoplasmas-different stages in infection of HeLa Cells with Mycoplasma hominis. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e54219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Olson, L.D.; Shane, S.W.; Karpas, A.A.; Cunuingham, T.M.; Probst, P.S.; Barile, M.F. Monoclonal antibodies to surface antigens of a pathogenic Mycoplasma hominis strain. Infect. Immun. 1991, 59, 1683–1689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Henrich, B.; Feldmann, R.C.; Hadding, U. Cytoadhesins of Mycoplasma hominis. Infect Immun. 1993, 61, 2945–2951. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Hopfe, M.; Henrich, B. OppA, the ecto-ATPase of Mycoplasma hominis induces ATP release and cell death in HeLa cells. BMC Microbiol. 2008, 8, 55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Lee, M.Y.; Kim, M.H.; Lee, W.I.; Kang, S.Y.; La, J.Y. Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in pregnant women. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2010, 57, 90–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Safari, M.; Bakhshi, A.; Erami, M.; Kheirkhah, B.; Pourbakhsh, A.; Pourbabei, H. Sequences of Mycoplasma hominis in patients with urinary tract infection in a hospital in Kashan. Iran Res. J. Microbiol. 2015, 10, 260–269. [Google Scholar]
- Choi, J.B.; Lee, S.J.; Lee, M.K.; Lee, S.J.; Park, D.C.; Kim, H.Y.; Lee, D.S.; Choe, S. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Ureaplasma spp. And Mycoplasma hominis in asymptomatic individuals in Korea. Microb. Drug Resist. 2018, 24, 1391–1396. [Google Scholar]
- Capoccia, R.; Greub, G.; Baud, D. Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2013, 26, 231–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Teixeira Oliveira, C.N.; Oliveira, M.T.S.; Martins Oliveira, H.B.; Coelho Silva, L.S.; Santos Júnior, M.N.; Almeida, C.F.; Amorim, A.T.; Oliveira, M.V.; Timenetsky, J.; Campos, G.B.; et al. Ureaplasma parvum alters the immune tolerogenic state in placental tissue and could cause miscarriage. Fertil. Steril. 2021, 116, 1030–1039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Arya, O.P.; Tong, C.Y.; Hart, C.A.; Pratt, B.C.; Hughes, S.; Roberts, P.; Kirby, P.; Howel, J.; McCormick, A.; Goddard, A.D. Is Mycoplasma hominis a vaginal pathogen? Sex. Transm. Infect. 2001, 77, 58–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Horner, P.; Donders, G.; Cusini, M.; Gomberg, M.; Jensen, J.S.; Unemo, M. Should we be testing for urogenital Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum in men and women?—A position statement from the European STI Guidelines Editorial Board. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2018, 32, 1845–1851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Al-Sweih, N.A.; Al-Fadli, A.H.; Omu, A.E.; Rotimi, V.O. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma urealyticum infections and seminal quality in infertile and fertile men in Kuwait. J. Androl. 2012, 33, 1323–1329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wildenbeest, J.G.; Said, I.; Jaeger, B.; van Hest, R.M.; van de Beek, D.; Pajkrt, D. Neonate with Mycoplasma hominis meningoencephalitis given moxifloxacin. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2016, 11, e261–e266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Donders, G.G.G.; Ruban, K.; Bellen, G.; Petricevic, L. Mycoplasma/Ureaplasma infection in pregnancy: To screen or not to screen. J. Perinat. Med. 2017, 45, 505–515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Möbius, N.; Brenneisen, W.; Schaeffer, A.; Henrich, B. Protocol for the rapid detection of the urogenital tract mollicutes and Chlamydia with concomitant LGV-(sub)typing. Methods Mol. Biol. 2012, 903, 235–253. [Google Scholar]
Patients Isolates | Total Number F/M | alr (%) F(%)/M(%) | goiB (%) F(%)/M(%) | goiC (%) F(%)/M(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
M. hominis only (group A) | 26 15/11 | 22/26(85) 12(80)/10(90) | 12/26(46) 6(40)/6(54) | 19/26(73) 9 (60)/10(90) |
M. hominis + Ureaplasma spp. (group B) | 24 12/12 | 24/24(100) 12(100)/12(100) | 11/24(46) 3(25)/8(67) | 19/24(79) 10(83)/9(75) |
Patients Isolates | alr+/goiB+/goiC+ (%) | alr+/goiB+/goiC- (%) | alr+/goiB-/goiC+ (%) | alr+/goiB-/goiC- (%) | alr-/goiB-/goiC+ (%) | alr-/goiB-/goiC- (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M. hominis only (group A) | 9/26 (34.6) | 3/26 (11.5) | 8/26 (30.8) | 2/26 (7.7) | 2/26 (7.7) | 2/26 (7.7) |
M. hominis + Ureaplasma spp. (group B) | 10/24 (41.7) | 1/24 (4.2) | 9/24 (37.5) | 4/24 (16.6) | 0/24 (0) | 0/24 (0) |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lesiak-Markowicz, I.; Walochnik, J.; Stary, A.; Fürnkranz, U. Detection of Putative Virulence Genes alr, goiB, and goiC in Mycoplasma hominis Isolates from Austrian Patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 7993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097993
Lesiak-Markowicz I, Walochnik J, Stary A, Fürnkranz U. Detection of Putative Virulence Genes alr, goiB, and goiC in Mycoplasma hominis Isolates from Austrian Patients. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(9):7993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097993
Chicago/Turabian StyleLesiak-Markowicz, Iwona, Julia Walochnik, Angelika Stary, and Ursula Fürnkranz. 2023. "Detection of Putative Virulence Genes alr, goiB, and goiC in Mycoplasma hominis Isolates from Austrian Patients" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 9: 7993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097993
APA StyleLesiak-Markowicz, I., Walochnik, J., Stary, A., & Fürnkranz, U. (2023). Detection of Putative Virulence Genes alr, goiB, and goiC in Mycoplasma hominis Isolates from Austrian Patients. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(9), 7993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097993