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Review

Aluminium in the Human Brain: Routes of Penetration, Toxicity, and Resulting Complications

by
Łukasz Bryliński
1,
Katarzyna Kostelecka
1,
Filip Woliński
2,
Piotr Duda
1,
Joanna Góra
1,
Michał Granat
1,
Jolanta Flieger
3,
Grzegorz Teresiński
4,
Grzegorz Buszewicz
4,
Ryszard Sitarz
5 and
Jacek Baj
6,*
1
Student Scientific Group, Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
2
Student Scientific Group, Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
3
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
4
Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
5
I Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
6
Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(8), 7228; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087228
Submission received: 24 February 2023 / Revised: 31 March 2023 / Accepted: 12 April 2023 / Published: 13 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical and Environmental Aspects of Metal Toxicity)
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Abstract

Aluminium (Al) is the most ubiquitous metal in the Earth’s crust. Even though its toxicity is well-documented, the role of Al in the pathogenesis of several neurological diseases remains debatable. To establish the basic framework for future studies, we review literature reports on Al toxicokinetics and its role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), alcohol use disorder (AUD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and dialysis encephalopathy (DE) from 1976 to 2022. Despite poor absorption via mucosa, the biggest amount of Al comes with food, drinking water, and inhalation. Vaccines introduce negligible amounts of Al, while the data on skin absorption (which might be linked with carcinogenesis) is limited and requires further investigation. In the above-mentioned diseases, the literature shows excessive Al accumulation in the central nervous system (AD, AUD, MS, PD, DE) and epidemiological links between greater Al exposition and their increased prevalence (AD, PD, DE). Moreover, the literature suggests that Al has the potential as a marker of disease (AD, PD) and beneficial results of Al chelator use (such as cognitive improvement in AD, AUD, MS, and DE cases).
Keywords: aluminium; human brain; Alzheimer’s disease; autism spectrum disorder; alcohol use disorder; multiple sclerosis; Parkinson’s disease; dialysis encephalopathy aluminium; human brain; Alzheimer’s disease; autism spectrum disorder; alcohol use disorder; multiple sclerosis; Parkinson’s disease; dialysis encephalopathy

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Bryliński, Ł.; Kostelecka, K.; Woliński, F.; Duda, P.; Góra, J.; Granat, M.; Flieger, J.; Teresiński, G.; Buszewicz, G.; Sitarz, R.; et al. Aluminium in the Human Brain: Routes of Penetration, Toxicity, and Resulting Complications. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 7228. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087228

AMA Style

Bryliński Ł, Kostelecka K, Woliński F, Duda P, Góra J, Granat M, Flieger J, Teresiński G, Buszewicz G, Sitarz R, et al. Aluminium in the Human Brain: Routes of Penetration, Toxicity, and Resulting Complications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(8):7228. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087228

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bryliński, Łukasz, Katarzyna Kostelecka, Filip Woliński, Piotr Duda, Joanna Góra, Michał Granat, Jolanta Flieger, Grzegorz Teresiński, Grzegorz Buszewicz, Ryszard Sitarz, and et al. 2023. "Aluminium in the Human Brain: Routes of Penetration, Toxicity, and Resulting Complications" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 8: 7228. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087228

APA Style

Bryliński, Ł., Kostelecka, K., Woliński, F., Duda, P., Góra, J., Granat, M., Flieger, J., Teresiński, G., Buszewicz, G., Sitarz, R., & Baj, J. (2023). Aluminium in the Human Brain: Routes of Penetration, Toxicity, and Resulting Complications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(8), 7228. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087228

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