CCL5’s Role in Periodontal Disease: A Narrative Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. CCL5 in Periodontitis
2.1.1. CCL5 in the Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Gingiva of Patients with Periodontitis
2.1.2. CCL5 in the Blood of Patients with Periodontitis
2.1.3. CCL5 in Periodontitis in the Elderly
2.1.4. CCL5 in Periodontitis and Obesity
2.1.5. CCL5 in Periodontitis and Gender
2.1.6. CCL5 in Periodontitis and Cigarette Smoking
2.1.7. CCL5 in Periodontitis and Diabetes
2.1.8. CCL5 in Periodontitis and Rheumatoid Arthritis
2.1.9. CCL5 in Periodontitis and Vitamin D Deficiency
2.2. Source of CCL5
2.2.1. Cells Responsible for Increased Level of CCL5
2.2.2. Bacteria as a Factor Responsible for Increased Level of CCL5
3. Discussion
3.1. CCL5 in Disease Mechanisms of Periodontitis
3.1.1. CCL5-CCR5 Axis Gene Polymorphism as an Indicator of CCL5 Significance in the Pathogenesis of Periodontitis
3.1.2. Involvement of CCL5 in Gingival Infiltration by Immune Cells in Periodontitis
3.1.3. CCL5 as a Factor in Alveolar Bone Destruction
3.1.4. Effect of CCL5 on Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells
3.1.5. Link between Periodontitis and Cancer Progression: Impact on Lymph Node Metastasis
4. Materials and Methods
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | Result of the Analysis | Number of Patients/Number of Healthy People in the Study | Method of Analysis/Type of Sample |
---|---|---|---|
Gamonal et al., 2000 [46] | Higher concentration and total CCL5 in GCF in patients with periodontitis. CCL5 concentration is higher in GCF at sites with <3 mm probing depth than in >6 mm, but total CCL5 is at the same level regardless of probing depth. | 12 people with periodontitis; 12 healthy subjects | ELISA; GCF |
Gamonal et al., 2001 [47] | Higher CCL5 concentrations in patients with periodontitis. Quantity and concentration are not significantly associated with probing depth. | 12 people with periodontitis; 6 healthy subjects | ELISA; GCF |
Tymkiw et al., 2011 [48] | CCL5 concentration is higher in sites affected by periodontitis than in sites not affected by periodontitis. CCL5 concentration is higher in sites covered by periodontitis compared to samples from healthy subjects. In smokers, reduced CCL5 concentration in sites covered and not covered by periodontitis. | 40 patients with periodontitis (20 smokers, 20 non-smokers); 12 healthy subjects | multiplexed fluorescent bead-based immunoassay; GCF |
Emingil et al., 2004 [49] | Higher total CCL5 per sample in patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis than in healthy subjects; concentrations did not differ between patients and healthy subjects. The amount of CCL5 positively correlated with probing depth and clinical attachment loss. | 20 people with periodontitis; 10 healthy subjects | Enzyme immunoassay; GCF |
Zein Elabdeen et al., 2017 [50] | CCL5 levels are reduced in patients with periodontitis compared to healthy subjects. CCL5 levels in GCF do not differ between patients with periodontitis and healthy subjects. | 19 people with aggressive periodontitis; 19 healthy subjects | multiplex fluorescent bead-based immunoassays; plasma |
Thunell et al., 2010 [51] | The concentration of CCL5 in sites affected by periodontitis does not differ from non-periodontitis sites. After therapy, CCL5 concentration decreases. | 6 patients with generalized severe chronic periodontitis | multiplex fluorescent bead-based immunoassay; GCF |
Söderlin et al., 2021 [52] | CCL5 concentration is higher but not statistically significant (p = 0.087) in patients with periodontitis and with rheumatoid arthritis compared to patients with rheumatoid arthritis but without periodontitis. CCL5 concentration positively correlated with patient age and smoking but not with gender and BMI. | 80 people with periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis; 52 people with rheumatoid arthritis but without periodontitis | xMap technology (bead-based multiplexed immunoassay); GCF |
Shimada et al., 2013 [53] | Higher total CCL5 in periodontitis sites than in non-periodontitis sites. | 11 patients with generalized chronic periodontitis | multiplexed fluorescent bead-based immunoassay; GCF |
Haytural et al., 2015 [54] | Total CCL5 in GCF is elevated in patients with periodontitis relative to healthy subjects. Smoking does not affect the total CCL5 in GCF. | 30 patients with chronic periodontitis (20 smokers) and 20 healthy subjects (10 smokers) | multiplex immunoassay; GCF |
Haytural et al., 2015 [54] | Serum CCL5 concentrations in patients with periodontitis do not differ from healthy subjects. Smoking does not affect serum CCL5 concentrations. | 30 patients with chronic periodontitis (20 smokers) and 20 healthy subjects (10 smokers) | multiplex immunoassay; serum |
Gamonal et al., 2000 [55] | CCL5 concentration is higher in GCF at sites with <3 mm probing depth than in >6 mm, but total CCL5 is at the same level regardless of probing depth. | 12 people with periodontitis; 12 healthy subjects | ELISA; GCF |
Rath-Deschner et al., 2020 [56] | Higher expression of CCL5 at the mRNA level in people with periodontitis. | 6 people with periodontitis; 6 samples from healthy sites | qRT-PCR; gingival biopsies |
de Queiroz et al. 2008 [57] | CCL5 levels are reduced in patients with periodontitis relative to healthy subjects. | 17 people with chronic periodontitis; 8 healthy subjects | Inflammatory flow cytometry multiplex assays; serum |
Souto et al., 2014 [58] | Higher CCL5 concentrations in smokers than in non-smokers. | 43 patients with chronic periodontitis (23 smokers, 20 non-smokers) | ELISA; gingival tissues |
Description | Characteristic |
---|---|
Inflammatory responses are increased in older adults. In subjects with rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis, CCL5 levels correlated positively with age [52]. Other studies have not confirmed this [46]. | Age |
CCL5 levels are higher in obese patients with gingivitis than in lean patients with and without gingivitis [61]. Other studies have not confirmed this [52]. | Obesity |
CCL5 levels not related to gender in periodontitis patients. | Sex |
Higher CCL5 levels in smokers with periodontitis than in non-smokers with periodontitis [52,58]. The opposite has also been observed [48]. | Cigarette smoking |
Patients with diabetes and periodontitis have lower CCL5 levels than patients with diabetes alone [62]. | Diabetes |
Unrelated. | Rheumatoid arthritis |
Description | Mechanism |
---|---|
Potential recruitment of Th1 cells and macrophages by CCL5 | Immune cell infiltration |
Increased osteoclast activity (stimulation of osteoclast precursors to fuse, induction of osteoclast chemotaxis). | Alveolar bone destruction |
CCL5 induces chemotaxis of PDLSCs and, thus, regenerative effects on lesions caused by periodontitis. | PDLSCs |
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Barczak, K.; Droździk, A.; Bosiacki, M.; Łagocka, R.; Cenariu, D.; Uriciuc, W.A.; Baranowska-Bosiacka, I. CCL5’s Role in Periodontal Disease: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 17332. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417332
Barczak K, Droździk A, Bosiacki M, Łagocka R, Cenariu D, Uriciuc WA, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. CCL5’s Role in Periodontal Disease: A Narrative Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(24):17332. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417332
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarczak, Katarzyna, Agnieszka Droździk, Mateusz Bosiacki, Ryta Łagocka, Diana Cenariu, Willi Andrei Uriciuc, and Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka. 2023. "CCL5’s Role in Periodontal Disease: A Narrative Review" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 24: 17332. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417332