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Volume 24
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10.3390/ijms241310747
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Review

Polarizing Macrophage Functional Phenotype to Foster Cardiac Regeneration

by
Claudia Molinaro
1,
Mariangela Scalise
2,
Isabella Leo
2,
Luca Salerno
2,
Jolanda Sabatino
2,
Nadia Salerno
2,
Salvatore De Rosa
1,
Daniele Torella
2,*,
Eleonora Cianflone
1,* and
Fabiola Marino
2
1
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
2
Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(13), 10747; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310747
Submission received: 24 May 2023 / Revised: 22 June 2023 / Accepted: 26 June 2023 / Published: 28 June 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Diseases)
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Abstract

There is an increasing interest in understanding the connection between the immune and cardiovascular systems, which are highly integrated and communicate through finely regulated cross-talking mechanisms. Recent evidence has demonstrated that the immune system does indeed have a key role in the response to cardiac injury and in cardiac regeneration. Among the immune cells, macrophages appear to have a prominent role in this context, with different subtypes described so far that each have a specific influence on cardiac remodeling and repair. Similarly, there are significant differences in how the innate and adaptive immune systems affect the response to cardiac damage. Understanding all these mechanisms may have relevant clinical implications. Several studies have already demonstrated that stem cell-based therapies support myocardial repair. However, the exact role that cardiac macrophages and their modulation may have in this setting is still unclear. The current need to decipher the dual role of immunity in boosting both heart injury and repair is due, at least for a significant part, to unresolved questions related to the complexity of cardiac macrophage phenotypes. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on the role of the immune system, and of macrophages in particular, in the response to cardiac injury and to outline, through the modulation of the immune response, potential novel therapeutic strategies for cardiac regeneration.
Keywords: macrophages; innate immunity; cardiac regeneration; inflammation macrophages; innate immunity; cardiac regeneration; inflammation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Molinaro, C.; Scalise, M.; Leo, I.; Salerno, L.; Sabatino, J.; Salerno, N.; De Rosa, S.; Torella, D.; Cianflone, E.; Marino, F. Polarizing Macrophage Functional Phenotype to Foster Cardiac Regeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 10747. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310747

AMA Style

Molinaro C, Scalise M, Leo I, Salerno L, Sabatino J, Salerno N, De Rosa S, Torella D, Cianflone E, Marino F. Polarizing Macrophage Functional Phenotype to Foster Cardiac Regeneration. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(13):10747. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310747

Chicago/Turabian Style

Molinaro, Claudia, Mariangela Scalise, Isabella Leo, Luca Salerno, Jolanda Sabatino, Nadia Salerno, Salvatore De Rosa, Daniele Torella, Eleonora Cianflone, and Fabiola Marino. 2023. "Polarizing Macrophage Functional Phenotype to Foster Cardiac Regeneration" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 13: 10747. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310747

APA Style

Molinaro, C., Scalise, M., Leo, I., Salerno, L., Sabatino, J., Salerno, N., De Rosa, S., Torella, D., Cianflone, E., & Marino, F. (2023). Polarizing Macrophage Functional Phenotype to Foster Cardiac Regeneration. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(13), 10747. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310747

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