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Article

Effect of Triazole Fungicides Titul Duo and Vintage on the Development of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Symbiotic Nodules

by
Artemii P. Gorshkov
1,
Pyotr G. Kusakin
1,
Yaroslav G. Borisov
2,
Anna V. Tsyganova
1 and
Viktor E. Tsyganov
1,3,*
1
Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg 196608, Russia
2
Research Resource Centre “Molecular and Cell Technologies”, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
3
Saint Petersburg Scientific Center RAS, Universitetskaya Embankment 5, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(10), 8646; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108646
Submission received: 13 April 2023 / Revised: 5 May 2023 / Accepted: 8 May 2023 / Published: 12 May 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research for Legume Genomics, Genetics, and Breeding)
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Abstract

Triazole fungicides are widely used in agricultural production for plant protection, including pea (Pisum sativum L.). The use of fungicides can negatively affect the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis. In this study, the effects of triazole fungicides Vintage and Titul Duo on nodule formation and, in particular, on nodule morphology, were studied. Both fungicides at the highest concentration decreased the nodule number and dry weight of the roots 20 days after inoculation. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the following ultrastructural changes in nodules: modifications in the cell walls (their clearing and thinning), thickening of the infection thread walls with the formation of outgrowths, accumulation of poly-β-hydroxybutyrates in bacteroids, expansion of the peribacteroid space, and fusion of symbiosomes. Fungicides Vintage and Titul Duo negatively affect the composition of cell walls, leading to a decrease in the activity of synthesis of cellulose microfibrils and an increase in the number of matrix polysaccharides of cell walls. The results obtained coincide well with the data of transcriptomic analysis, which revealed an increase in the expression levels of genes that control cell wall modification and defense reactions. The data obtained indicate the need for further research on the effects of pesticides on the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis in order to optimize their use.
Keywords: Pisum sativum L.; symbiotic nodule; symbiosome; bacteroid; cell wall; fungicide Pisum sativum L.; symbiotic nodule; symbiosome; bacteroid; cell wall; fungicide

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gorshkov, A.P.; Kusakin, P.G.; Borisov, Y.G.; Tsyganova, A.V.; Tsyganov, V.E. Effect of Triazole Fungicides Titul Duo and Vintage on the Development of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Symbiotic Nodules. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 8646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108646

AMA Style

Gorshkov AP, Kusakin PG, Borisov YG, Tsyganova AV, Tsyganov VE. Effect of Triazole Fungicides Titul Duo and Vintage on the Development of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Symbiotic Nodules. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(10):8646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108646

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gorshkov, Artemii P., Pyotr G. Kusakin, Yaroslav G. Borisov, Anna V. Tsyganova, and Viktor E. Tsyganov. 2023. "Effect of Triazole Fungicides Titul Duo and Vintage on the Development of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Symbiotic Nodules" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 10: 8646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108646

APA Style

Gorshkov, A. P., Kusakin, P. G., Borisov, Y. G., Tsyganova, A. V., & Tsyganov, V. E. (2023). Effect of Triazole Fungicides Titul Duo and Vintage on the Development of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Symbiotic Nodules. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(10), 8646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108646

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