Next Article in Journal
Genomic Landscape of Normal and Breast Cancer Tissues in a Hungarian Pilot Cohort
Next Article in Special Issue
Elucidating Differences in Early-Stage Centrosome Amplification in Primary and Immortalized Mouse Cells
Previous Article in Journal
The Adsorption Efficiency of Regenerable Chitosan-TiO2 Composite Films in Removing 2,4-Dinitrophenol from Water
Previous Article in Special Issue
Spectroscopic Characterization and Biological Activity of Hesperetin Schiff Bases and Their Cu(II) Complexes
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJMS
Volume 24
Issue 10
10.3390/ijms24108551
ijms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Characterization of Systemic and Culprit-Coronary Artery miR-483-5p Expression in Chronic CAD and Acute Myocardial Infarction Male Patients

by
Olga Volodko
1,2,†,
Natalia Volinsky
1,†,
Merav Yarkoni
3,*,
Nufar Margalit
1,
Fabio Kusniec
1,2,
Doron Sudarsky
1,2,
Gabby Elbaz-Greener
3,
Shemy Carasso
1,2 and
Offer Amir
1,3
1
The Lydia and Carol Kittner, Lea and Benjamin Davidai Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Surgery and Research Institute, Tzafon Medical Center, Affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Tiberias 1528001, Israel
2
The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
3
Heart Institute, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Department of Cardiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9574409, Israel
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(10), 8551; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108551
Submission received: 20 February 2023 / Revised: 4 May 2023 / Accepted: 5 May 2023 / Published: 10 May 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology and Development of Therapeutic Drugs Targeting DNA)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. In chronic and myocardial infarction (MI) states, aberrant levels of circulating microRNAs compromise gene expression and pathophysiology. We aimed to compare microRNA expression in chronic-CAD and acute-MI male patients in peripheral blood vasculature versus coronary arteries proximal to a culprit area. Blood from chronic-CAD, acute-MI with/out ST segment elevation (STEMI/NSTEMI, respectively), and control patients lacking previous CAD or having patent coronary arteries was collected during coronary catheterization from peripheral arteries and from proximal culprit coronary arteries aimed for the interventions. Random coronary arterial blood was collected from controls; RNA extraction, miRNA library preparation and Next Generation Sequencing followed. High concentrations of microRNA-483-5p (miR-483-5p) were noted as ‘coronary arterial gradient’ in culprit acute-MI versus chronic-CAD (p = 0.035) which were similar to controls versus chronic-CAD (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, peripheral miR-483-5p was downregulated in acute-MI and chronic-CAD, compared with controls (1.1 ± 2.2 vs. 2.6 ± 3.3, respectively, p < 0.005). A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for miR483-5p association with chronic CAD demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.722 (p < 0.001) with 79% sensitivity and 70% specificity. Using in silico gene analysis, we detected miR-483-5p cardiac gene targets, responsible for inflammation (PLA2G5), oxidative stress (NUDT8, GRK2), apoptosis (DNAAF10), fibrosis (IQSEC2, ZMYM6, MYOM2), angiogenesis (HGSNAT, TIMP2) and wound healing (ADAMTS2). High miR-483-5p ‘coronary arterial gradient’ in acute-MI, unnoticed in chronic-CAD, suggests important local mechanisms for miR483-5p in CAD in response to local myocardial ischemia. MiR-483-5p may have an important role as a gene modulator for pathologic and tissue repair states, is a suggestive biomarker, and is a potential therapeutic target for acute and chronic cardiovascular disease.

1. Introduction

Alteration in gene expression patterns have been related to pathological cardiac conditions, which can lead to heart failure as we and others have previously described [1,2]. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key players in gene expression and protein regulation, and the scarcity or abundance of miRNAs in the cells may eventually lead to dysfunction of the tissues and ultimately to disease. Circulating miRNAs often reflect changes in miRNA expression in solid tissues and blood and their analysis can promote our understanding of different pathophysiological processes, including cardiovascular disease [3]. Different atherosclerotic manifestations, caused by genetic and environmental factors, contribute to chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) and eventually lead to acute myocardial infarction (MI), the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries [4,5,6].
The culprit vessel in an acute coronary occlusion encompasses a collection of cell types, which includes endothelial cells that line the inner wall and promote leukocyte adhesion, and smooth muscle cells that form the surrounding outer layer, modified by the atherosclerotic plaque. Pericytes wrap around endothelial cells and modulate the vascular permeability, tortuosity and coronary blood flow [7]. Several studies suggest that the formation of a culprit microenvironment displays very specific characteristics. Blood collected from a culprit area is enriched in activated, toll-like receptors 2 and 4 expressing monocytes and macrophages [8]. These cells were suggested to play a role in the inflammatory response and apoptosis, clearance of dead cells and the stimulation of the reparative processes, angiogenesis, and tissue repair, as well as cell regeneration [9]. In addition, elevated plasma levels of MMP-9 and IL-6 were detected at the site of the coronary plaque, and other inflammatory markers were systemically elevated in MI patients, such as IL-10, CRP, TNF-α and s-PLA2, while no specific elevation was detected in the culprit coronary artery [10].
The aim of the current study was to identify miRNAs associated with chronic CAD and acute MI manifestations (i.e., either with or without ST segment elevation, STEMI and NSTEMI, respectively) and to compare expression of miRNAs detected in peripheral blood vessels versus coronary arteries proximal to the culprit area.

2. Results

2.1. Patient Groups and Prevalence of Previous History

Patients included in this study were all men, aging 62 ± 9 years (range 40–88 years). All study groups included a mixed Jewish and Arab population without significant differences between the groups (p = 0.413 by ANOVA). The patients’ age and histories of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, renal failure or previous atrial fibrillation were similar among the four groups: No CAD (control), CAD, NSTEMI, and STEMI (Table 1). Smoking was more prevalent in patients presenting with STEMI (16 of 22 patients, 72%, p = 0.002) while previous MI was more common in patients with NSTEMI (6 of 26 patients, 24%, p = 0.01). Blood count and renal function were in the normal range and did not differ among the independent groups.
Aortic stenosis patients were not excluded in this study. We had three patients with patent arteries and aortic stenosis (13%), and another three patients with chronic CAD and aortic stenosis (11%). There was no correlation between miR-483-5p expression and aortic stenosis in peripheral nor in coronary blood. The three individuals who showed aortic stenosis in the patent group did not affect the differential expression of miR-483-5p between the groups.

2.2. MiRNA Expression in Chronic CAD and Acute MI

To identify miRNA association with chronic CAD and acute MI, next generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on serum samples from 16 patent and 18 STEMI patients. Fifteen miRNAs identified as significantly up- or downregulated in STEMI compared with patent patients, as shown in Supplementary Table S1. In addition to the miRNAs already reported to be strongly associated with cardiovascular conditions, such as miR-1-3p and miR-150-5p [11,12,13,14,15,16], we also identified several miRNAs that are less recognized in CAD. We selected miR-483-5p for further validation by qPCR, since it demonstrated the next most significant difference (0.0041) after miR-1-3p and miR-150-5p with relatively high expression, suggesting its potential high impact in CAD pathogenesis (Supplementary Table S1).

2.3. MiR-483-5p Regulation in Chronic CAD and Acute MI

High concentrations of miR-483-5p were observed as ‘coronary arterial gradient’ in the culprit artery, the infract-related artery in acute-MI, compared with chronic-CAD artery. Specifically, we detected a significantly higher ‘coronary arterial gradient’ of miR-483-5p in STEMI patients compared to CAD patients (p = 0.035) locally at the culprit vessel. Moreover, the ‘coronary arterial gradient’ of miR-483-5p was significantly higher in NSTEMI/STEMI manifestations similar to controls when it was compared to chronic CAD patients (p < 0.001). When comparing the four groups by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis test), miR-483-5p in the culprit vessel was significantly lower in patients with chronic CAD (as demonstrated by stable angina pectoris) compared to all other clinical patterns (p = 0.0008; Figure 1B). At the periphery, miR-483-5p expression in circulating blood of chronic CAD and acute STEMI/NSTEMI patients was significantly lower compared with miR-483-5p expression in the patent group 1.1 ± 2.2 vs. 2.6 ± 3.3, respectively, p = 0.0013; Figure 1A) with no pathogenesis. In a stepwise logistic regression, only two parameters remained independently associated with CAD clinical patterns. Smoking was associated with a 4.4-fold increased risk of chronic CAD and acute MI (p < 0.02), and a 17% risk of CAD clinical patterns requiring percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was associated with peripheral high expression of miR-483-5p (as demonstrated by 0.83 odds ratio, p < 0.04, Table 2). Repeating this analysis in patients without prior history chronic CAD, previous acute MI or PCI produced similar results (smoking 6.7-fold increase, p < 0.005; 12% risk, p < 0.05).
ROC analysis for peripheral miR-483-5p association with chronic CAD demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.713 (p = 0.005) with 79% sensitivity and 70% specificity of miR-483-5p p ≤ 0.77 for detection of CAD (Figure 2).

2.4. Cardiovascular Disease-Related Medications and Their Association within the Study Groups

We performed statistical analysis for the patients’ treatment regimen who came to hospital with the following treatment medications: beta blockers, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), calcium channel blockers (CCBs), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, anticoagulants, aspirin and statins (see Table 3). Overall, the number of patients who were on various medications varied, with most patients being on aspirin and statins. There was a trend towards medication intake in the control group with patent arteries, as well as in the chronic CAD group, who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention. After ANOVA, differences among the groups were seen with beta blockers, aspirin and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (p = 0.006, p < 0.001, p = 0.044, respectively). After pairwise analyses, there were significantly more CAD patients on beta blockers (lowering blood pressure) compared to controls (57% vs. 26%), and much fewer STEMI patients on aspirin (antithrombotic) compared to controls (18% vs. 65%). There were much fewer STEMI patients on beta blockers and aspirin compared to CAD patients (9% vs. 57% and 18% vs. 79%, respectively), and much fewer NSTEMI patients on ACE inhibitors and aspirin compared to CAD patients (8% vs. 50% and 26% vs. 79%, respectively). There were significant differences with aspirin between all groups.
Further, we performed statistical analysis to identify whether there is a difference in miR-483-5p expression in serum samples of patients treated with either beta blockers, ACE inhibitors or aspirin versus patients who were not on these treatments. Interestingly, we noticed that patients receiving aspirin had significantly higher expression levels of miR-483-5p, both in peripheral and in culprit coronary serum samples (p = 0.0168 and p = 0.0244, respectively) (Figure 3).

2.5. Predicted Gene Target for miR-483-5p

Table 4 lists all the predicted gene targets of miR-483-5p in cardiac tissue with the indication of Reads Per Kilobase of transcript, per million mapped reads (RPKM). Out of 59 predicted targets summarized in the miRDB website, 14 expressed in the heart. The listed genes are involved in inflammation (PLA2G5, biased expression in heart, RPKM 14.5), mitochondrial regulation and oxidative stress (NUDT8, GRK2), sarcomere (MYOM2, biased expression in heart, RPKM 193.6), cytoskeletal (IQSEC2) and cell morphogenesis (ZMYM6). Some gene targets were zinc finger proteins involved in transcriptional regulation (ZNF584, biased expression in many tissues—amongst them higher expression in the heart, RPKM 1.4, and ZNF417) and RNA replication (SMG6). Other genes were involved in apoptosis (DNAAF10), inhibition of extracellular matrix degradation and endothelial proliferation (TIMP2) and connective tissue regulation (ADAMTS2), as well as genes promoting angiogenesis (HGSNAT).

3. Discussion

In our current study, we found that compared to chronic CAD patients, acute MI patients had a significant upregulation of miR-483-5p demonstrated by a high ‘coronary arterial gradient’ at the site of the acute occluded culprit artery. This was in contrast to the significantly lower levels of miR-483-5p in the systemic peripheral arterial circulation in both groups of patients compared to controls without significant CAD.
CAD mortality and prevalence vary among countries, and estimation of the true prevalence of CAD in the population is complex [17]. Although developing countries show considerable variability in the incidence of CAD [17], our study showed no differences between Israeli ethnic groups of Jewish and Arab populations in all groups studied. This may largely be due to similarities in genetic background, geographical habitats and healthcare systems.
We saw significant differences between the groups with beta blockers, ACE inhibitors and aspirin. These medications lower blood pressure while aspirin is a known antithrombotic. Interestingly, aspirin was the only drug that associated positively with miR-483-5p expression in peripheral blood and in blood at the occluded artery in all patients (Figure 3). Aspirin is an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug, and acts through other mechanisms in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, such as platelet inactivation [18]. We can suggest that miR-483-5p may play an important role in platelet inactivation.
Recently, Belland Olsen et al. [19] showed the targeting of new medications on inflammatory mediators, known as the inflammasomes, is effective in treating CAD patients. These medications are Colchicine, Canakinumab, and Anakinra. Another study in cultured human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells showed that overexpression of miR-483-5p inhibited inflammatory and fibrogenic responses, revealed by the decreased expression of TGF-β, TGF-β -receptor-2, β-catenin, connective tissue growth factor, interleukin-1b and endothelin-1 [20]. The above results may suggest a critical role for the regulation of these genes with miR-483-5p in vivo, inhibiting the pathogenic mechanisms in heart disease.
Our results may suggest that miR-483-5p may be released from endothelial cells of blood vasculature at the occluded area as part of a protection mechanism after an acute MI event (Scheme 1). Indeed, overexpression of miR-483-5p in cultured human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells inhibits inflammatory and fibrogenic responses, as revealed by the decreased expression of transforming growth factor-β, transforming growth factor-β receptor 2, β-catenin, connective tissue growth factor, interleukin-1b, and endothelin-1 [20].
We can speculate and suggest that adjacent tissues and cells absorb the locally abundant miR-483-5p, thus making it a paracrine modulator (Scheme 2). This is supported by the finding that circulating miR-483-5p is found in exosomes, extracellular vesicles playing an essential role in intercellular communication [3,21,22,23]. Activated endothelial cells at the culprit area make good candidates for exosomes, including miR-483-5p-containing exosome recipients. Local increases in miRNA-483-5p might be a part of a protective mechanism intended to limit the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress agents and calcification factors. Yet, excessive levels of this miRNA molecule at the culprit area can potentially have a harmful effect and promote hypoxia-induced apoptosis, as well as inhibit angiogenesis and wound healing [24,25]. MiR-483-5p overexpression in human fibroblasts and endothelial cells promoted the expression of fibrosis-related genes [21]. Thus, we can assume, based on previous studies and ours, that the miR-483-5p molecule could have protective as well as deleterious effects on-site of the injury in MI patients, depending on the concentration gradient.
In the present study, we specify the candidate target genes for mir-483-5p in heart tissue, among them PLA2G5, GRK2, MYOM2, TIMP2, ADAMTS2 and HGSNAT. Indeed, regulation of many of these genes related to cardiovascular diseases and correlated with MI in previously published reports [26,27,28,29,30,31] (Scheme 2). For instance, elevated plasma sPLA2-IIA (encoded by the PLA2G5 gene) predicts coronary heart disease risk [26] and is involved in inflammation. GRK2 was suggested as a therapeutic target for heart failure, as its genetic inhibition initiated heart protection of adverse remodeling [27]. The MYOM2 gene, which encodes Myomesin-2 protein, is a major component of the sarcomere that maintains contractility in heart muscle; additionally, it is involved in heart development [28]. Therefore, MYOM2 may be important for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and Tetralogy of Fallot [28]. MYOM2 is downregulated in both animal models and patients with phenotypes related to major adverse cardiovascular events [29]. The inhibitory function of another miR-483-5p gene target revealed by our analysis is TIMP2, a key determinant of post-MI myocardial remodeling; TIMP2 replenishment in diseased myocardium could provide a potential therapy in reducing or preventing disease progression [30]. ADAMTS2 may serve as a promising target for preventing cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure [31]. Lastly, the HGSNAT gene, discovered in our in silico analysis as another gene target of miR-483-5p, functions in lysosomal degradation of heparin sulfate, and heparin sulfate degradation is known to promote tissue repair and angiogenesis after acute MI [32]. We speculate from the above-mentioned that the HGSNAT gene promotes tissue repair and angiogenesis locally in the culprit area after acute MI. Our results also propose that PLA2G5 reduces inflammation, and that GRK2 MYOM2 TIMP2 and ADAMTS2 regain and maintain normal heart function, cell morphogenesis and metabolism following the injury of acute MI (Scheme 2). These hypotheses need further validation.
Several studies address miR-483-5p expression in hypercholesterolemia and CAD patients. MiR-483-5p was demonstrated to be under-expressed in hypercholesterolemia patients, whereas statin treatment can reverse its expression to normal levels [33], thus supporting our findings. In MI, miR-483-5p was previously shown as upregulated compared with a control group [34]. Different demographic populations recruited to these studies can explain this disagreement with our study. In addition, whereas in previous reports results yielded only from peripheral venous blood, we collected blood samples both from peripheral arterial circulation and from coronary arteries simultaneously. In our current study, all control group participants had no history of either coronary or known myocardial disease and, in addition, all underwent diagnostic coronary angiography to exclude CAD. This is different from other studies in which the control group was composed of patients either with non-cardiac chest pain [34] or healthy volunteers after a standard medical examination, so we believe our control group was a more homogeneous one.
Although both positive and negative effects of miR-483-5p were demonstrated in cardiac disease, it is commonly believed that under normal conditions miR-483-5p has a protective role in preventing cardiac diseases including CAD, as it moderates inflammation, oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced apoptosis and fibrosis, as well as regulated endothelial function [20,33,35,36,37].
Our results imply that miR-483-5p under pathologic conditions is relatively low, while ‘boosts up’ as a protective mechanism at the culprit occluded artery following acute MI. High miR-483-5p expression may be induced by the release of miR-483-5p from endothelial cells at the site of local ischemia (Scheme 1 and Scheme 2). The schemes further show that intracellular miR-483-5p may inhibit deleterious genes and may allow activation of protection genes.
Due to its many gene targets, miR-483-5p may serve as a good candidate biomarker for further understanding and studying cardiovascular disease. Further molecular studies are required to characterize miR-483-5p cellular functions and valid target genes in these pathophysiological processes. The resultant gene targets discussed in this study may improve our knowledge of the mechanisms involved and may guide novel therapeutic approaches. We suggest that protective mechanisms induced by miR-483-5p are disrupted in CAD, as levels of miR-483-5p are significantly lower in CAD patients (Scheme 1). Scheme 2 demonstrates a protection mechanism at the culprit vessel in acute MI patients.
There are a few potential miRNA-targeted emerging therapies for cardiovascular disease. Recently, it has been shown that therapeutic delivery of microRNA-125a-5p oligonucleotides improves recovery from myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice and swine [38]. Moreover, miR-423-5p inhibition exerts protective effects on angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy [39]. Furthermore, it was recently shown that endothelial miR-483-3p, the other strand of miR-483-5p, is hypertension protective [40]. These novel findings are exciting and certainly encourage us to continue our validations for targeted miR-483-5p therapies in heart disease.
We will address a few limitations to our study. The cohort groups were relatively small and focused on male subjects only. Because of Research Ethics Board limitations, we did not sample blood from the non-culprit coronary artery, nor did we repeat coronary sample from the previous occluded artery.
Our study focused on male patients solely for the following two main reasons. First, we anticipated general differences in circulating miRNAs between males and females, where in females the expectation is for “noisier” outcomes due to hormonal factors. Lamon et al. very recently showed that gene targets of circulating miRNAs varied considerably with the menstrual cycle and were primarily involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis [41]. This exploratory study suggests that circulating miRNAs may play an active role in the regulation of the female cycle by mediating the expression of genes during fluctuating hormonal changes. In this case, finding differences between the groups in our study will be much more difficult. Second, during the patient recruitment process we noticed that female patients were almost absent in the STEMI group. In this case, including females in all study groups making them homogeneous would be practically impossible.
The rationale for collecting samples prior to the intervention was to identify miRNAs specifically enriched in the microenvironment of the blocked artery. We assumed that after intervention this microenvironment does not exist any longer.
Unfortunately, we do not have information about clinical characteristics such as CRP and HbA1C. Troponin was checked in all NSTEMI and some STEMI patients, no Troponin tests were performed in control patients and CAD patients since there is no medical indication for that. It is expected that myocardial damage is higher in NSTEMI and STEMI patients compared to control and CAD patients. We agree that we cannot exclude the work by Li et al. who showed high association between circulating miR-497 and acute myocardial infarction, which was also correlated with high troponin levels [42].

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Patient Recruitment and Sample Collection

All procedures in the study involving human subjects were performed in compliance with the institutional guidelines of Poriya Medical Center, Israel, and were approved by the Helsinki Committee (ethical approval No. POR-0017-14). Serum samples were obtained from male patients undergoing cardiac catheterization procedures in the cardiovascular department of Poriya Medical Center, Israel, after signing informed consent forms. Four groups of patients were recruited to the study: 22 acute STEMI, 26 acute NSTEMI, 28 chronic CAD patients and 23 control patients who had no previous history of coronary or myocardial disease, no previous coronary intervention, and current coronary angiogram-demonstrated patent coronary arteries. In most cases, coronary angiography was performed on patients with patent coronary arteries to exclude CAD due to patients’ complaints/ECG changes combined with relevant risk factors. Aortic stenosis patients were not excluded in this study. Patients were defined as patent if no occlusion, or occlusion of less than 50%, was observed in the coronary tree. Exclusion criteria were as follows: female sex, younger than 18 years of age, patients who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery, patients with an active oncological disease, patients on any form of dialysis or under antibiotics, steroids or other anti-inflammatory modulators treatment or having evidence of systemic inflammation or infection. Specifically, in the control group, previous myocardial disease and/or previous coronary intervention were excluded on top of their current coronary angiogram, which had to demonstrate patent coronary arteries.
Two blood samples were obtained from each patient during the coronary catheterization procedure, one from each of the peripheral and the coronary arterial system. Specifically, in acute STEMI, NSTEMI and chronic CAD patients, coronary blood samples were taken just prior to the coronary intervention from the hemodynamically significant culprit coronary artery narrowing (>70%), related to the patient’s manifestation of symptoms. In the control patients with the patent coronary arteries, coronary samples were collected from a random artery. Blood samples were collected into serum-separating tubes, kept at room temperature and were processed within 24 h. To obtain serum, samples were centrifuged for 15 min at 2000× g. The obtained serum samples were aliquoted into Eppendorf tubes and stored at −80 °C until RNA extraction.

4.2. RNA Extraction

RNA was extracted from 1 mL of serum using the miRNeasy Serum/Plasma kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). RNA concentration was measured with Qubit miRNA assay kit (Molecular Probes Life Technology, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). The quality of extracted RNA was assessed by Bioanalyzer and TapeStation sytems for small RNA quantitation, purity and integrity.

4.3. Preparation of Libraries and miRNA Sequencing

MiRNA libraries were prepared from RNA samples of 16 patent and 18 STEMI patients, using the QIAseq miRNA Library Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Library concentrations were measured with Qubit dsDNA HS Assay Kit (Molecular Probes, Life Technology, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and the quality was assessed by Bioanalyzer and TapeStation systems (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). All miRNA libraries were sequenced using Nextseq 550 (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) with a read length of 75bp.

4.4. Quantitative Real Time PCR (qPCR)

Complimentary DNA was synthesized using the TaqMan Advanced miRNA cDNA Synthesis Kit (Applied Biosystems, Life Technologies, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). For the qPCR reaction, TaqMan Advanced miRNA RT-PCR kit was used (Applied Biosystems, Life Technologies, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). For each reaction, 5 µL aliquots of diluted cDNA were used, and miR-1260a-5p was used as a reference [43]. Specific miRNA probes were obtained from Applied Biosystems (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA): has-miR-1260a (Assay ID: 478476_miR) ahashsa-miR-483-5p (Assay ID: 478432_miR). The qPCR reactions were performed using CFX-Connect Real-Time System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) and the following conditions: 95 °C for 20 s, 95 °C for 3 s and 40 cycles, 60 °C for 30 s, 65 °C for 5 s and a final cycle at 95 °C for 50 s. The ΔΔCt method was used for the real-time PCR quantification analysis.

4.5. Bioinformatics and Statistical Analysis

Primary and secondary analysis of miRNA sequencing results was performed using a web resource Gene Globe Data Analysis Center (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The Trimmed Mean of M (TMM) value normalization method was used for the differential expression analysis.
The t-test for independent samples was performed to compare clinical characteristics of the patients in each of the four study groups; p-values are shown in a table. In the qPCR experiment, the Kruskal–Wallis test for independent samples was performed, followed by post hoc Dunn’s and Conover’s analysis. For testing the ability of miR-483-5p to differentiate between patent and chronic CAD, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed. All the statistical tests were performed using MedCalc® software (MedCalc Software Ltd, Ostend, Belgium), version 19.5.3.

4.6. Identification of Predicted Gene Targets for miR-483-5p

miRDB is an online database for miRNA target prediction and functional annotations [44,45]. All the targets in miRDB were predicted by a bioinformatics tool, MirTarget, which was developed by analyzing thousands of miRNA–target interactions from high-throughput sequencing experiments. Common features associated with miRNA binding and target downregulation were identified and were used to predict miRNA targets with machine learning methods. These miRNAs, as well as associated functional annotations, are presented in the FuncMir Collection in miRDB. As a recent update, miRDB presents the expression profiles of hundreds of cell lines and the user may limit their search for miRNA targets that are expressed in a cell line of interest. To facilitate the prediction of miRNA functions, miRDB presents a new web interface for integrative analysis of target prediction and gene ontology data.
Using the miRDB website, predicted gene targets for miR-483-5p are available for studying different tissues, including the heart. We distinguished gene targets and mechanisms applicable to chronic and acute MI states using this site and the NCBI websites, Gene Ensembl.

5. Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, for the first time we show herein significant association between miR-483-5p downregulation and heart disease, in peripheral serum of acute MI and chronic CAD patients. Yet, our acute MI patients had significantly higher miR-483-5p levels locally at the culprit occluded coronary artery compared with chronic CAD patients. Our data suggest that miR483-5p is pathologically under-expressed, and this local regulation at the site of the culprit artery suggests a potential attempt for on-site protection. These results may offer novel leads for the mechanism in which specific miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis and healing process in both chronic and acute manifestations of CAD.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms24108551/s1.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, O.A. and N.V.; methodology, O.V., N.V., F.K., D.S., G.E.-G. and N.M.; software, O.V. and N.V.; validation, O.V., N.M. and N.V.; formal analysis, O.V., N.V. and S.C.; resources, O.A.; data curation, O.V., N.M., N.V., O.A. and S.C.; writing—original draft preparation, N.V. and M.Y.; writing—review and editing, N.V., O.A., S.C. and M.Y.; visualization, O.V., N.V. and M.Y.; supervision, O.A. and N.V.; project administration, N.V. and O.A.; funding acquisition, O.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by MIGAL (study number 0017-14), The Ministry of Interior for the Development of Galilee North Israel, and by the Research Foundation of Poriya Medical Center.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of Poria Medical Center (Tzafon Medical Center), protocol code 0017-14 approved on 2 April 2014.

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

NGS data were deposited to public database GEO and is available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE230165, accessed on 23 April 2023.

Acknowledgments

The corresponding author affirms that she has listed everyone who contributed significantly to the work. The corresponding author confirms that all authors read and approved the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Abbreviations

ADAMTS2ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type-1 motif -2
ANOVAOne-way analysis of variance
CADCoronary artery disease
CRPC-reactive protein
DNAAF10Dynein axonemal assembly factor 10
dsDNADouble-stranded Deoxyribonucleic Acid
GFRGlomerular Filtration Rate
GRK2G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2
HGSNATHeparan-alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase
IGF2Insulin-like growth factor-2
IL-6Interleukin 6
IL-10Interleukin 10
IQSEC2IQ motif and Sec7 domain ArfGEF 2
MDRDModification of diet in renal disease
MIMyocardial infraction
MiRDBAn online database for prediction of functional miRNA targets
MiRNAsMicro RiboNucleic Acids
MMP-9Matrix metallopeptidase-9
MYOM2Myomesin 2
NCBINational center for biotechnology information
NGSNext generation sequencing
NSTEMINon ST-segment elevation myocardial infraction
NUDT8Nudix hydrolase 8
PCIPercutaneous coronary intervention
PLA2G5Phospholipase A2 group V
qPCRQuantitative polymerase chain reaction
ROCReceiver operator curve analysis
RPKMReads Per Kilobase of transcript, per Million mapped reads
SMG6SMG6 Nonsense mediated mRNA decay factor
sPLA2Secretory phospholipase A2
sPLA2-IIASecretory phospholipase A2-IIA
SRFSerum response factor
STEMIST-segment elevation myocardial infraction
TIMP2TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 2
TMMTrimmed Mean of M
TNF-αTumor necrosis factor alpha
TRIM7Tripartite motif containing 7
WBCWhite blood cells
ZMYM6Zinc finger MYM-type containing 6
ZNF417Zinc finger protein 417
ZNF584Zinc finger protein 584

References

  1. Goren, Y.; Kushnir, M.; Zafrir, B.; Tabak, S.; Lewis, B.S.; Amir, O. Serum levels of microRNAs in patients with heart failure. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2012, 14, 147–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Clerk, A.; Cullingford, T.E.; Fuller, S.J.; Giraldo, A.; Markou, T.; Pikkarainen, S.; Sugden, P.H. Signaling pathways mediating cardiac myocyte gene expression in physiological and stress responses. J. Cell. Physiol. 2007, 212, 311–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Creemers, E.E.; Tijsen, A.J.; Pinto, Y.M. Circulating microRNAs: Novel biomarkers and extracellular communicators in cardiovascular disease? Circ. Res. 2012, 110, 483–495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Khera, A.V.; Kathiresan, S. Genetics of coronary artery disease: Discovery, biology and clinical translation. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2017, 18, 331–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Duan, L.; Liu, C.; Hu, J.; Liu, Y.; Wang, J.; Chen, G.; Li, Z.; Chen, H. Epigenetic mechanisms in coronary artery disease: The current state and prospects. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 2018, 28, 311–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Oikonomou, E.; Siasos, G.; Tsigkou, V.; Bletsa, E.; Panoilia, M.-E.; Oikonomou, I.N.; Simanidis, I.; Spinou, M.; Papastavrou, A.; Kokosias, G.; et al. Coronary Artery Disease and Endothelial Dysfunction: Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches. Curr. Med. Chem. 2020, 27, 1052–1080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Chintalgattu, V.; Rees, M.L.; Culver, J.C.; Goel, A.; Jiffar, T.; Zhang, J.; Dunner, K., Jr.; Pati, S.; Bankson, J.A.; Pasqualini, R.; et al. Coronary microvascular pericytes are the cellular target of sunitinib malate induced cardiotoxicity. Sci. Transl. Med. 2013, 5, 187ra69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Monteleone, I.; Muscoli, S.; Terribili, N.; Zorzi, F.; Mariano, E.; Mehta, J.L.; Pallone, F.; Monteleone, G.; Romeo, F. Local immune activity in acute coronary syndrome: oxLDL abrogates LPS-tolerance in mononuclear cells isolated from culprit lesion. Int. J. Cardiol. 2013, 169, 44–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Leoni, G.; Soehnlein, O. (Re) Solving Repair After Myocardial Infarction. Front. Pharmacol. 2018, 9, 1342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Robertson, L.; Grip, L.; Mattsson Hultén, L.; Hulthe, J.; Wiklund, O. Release of protein as well as activity of MMP-9 from unstable atherosclerotic plaques during percutaneous coronary intervention. J. Intern. Med. 2007, 262, 659–667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Duan, L.; Xiong, X.; Liu, Y.; Wang, J. miRNA-1: Functional roles and dysregulation in heart disease. Mol. Biosyst. 2014, 10, 2775–2782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Hao, Y.L.; Fang, H.C.; Zhao, H.L.; Li, X.-L.; Luo, Y.; Wu, B.-Q.; Fu, M.-J.; Liu, W.; Liang, J.-J.; Chen, X.-H. The role of microRNA-1 targeting of MAPK3 in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats undergoing sevoflurane preconditioning via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2018, 315, C380–C388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Lin, X.; Zhang, S.; Huo, Z. Serum Circulating miR-150 is a Predictor of Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure. Int. Heart J. 2019, 60, 280–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Liu, X.; Fan, Z.; Zhao, T.; Cao, W.; Zhang, L.; Li, H.; Xie, Q.; Tian, Y.; Wang, B. Plasma miR-1, miR-208, miR-499 as potential predictive biomarkers for acute myocardial infarction: An independent study of Han population. Exp. Gerontol. 2015, 72, 230–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Grabmaier, U.; Clauss, S.; Gross, L.; Klier, I.; Franz, W.; Steinbeck, G.; Wakili, R.; Theiss, H.; Brenner, C. Diagnostic and prognostic value of miR-1 and miR-29b on adverse ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction—The SITAGRAMI-miR analysis. Int. J. Cardiol. 2017, 244, 30–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Zhang, R.; Lan, C.; Pei, H.; Duan, G.; Huang, L.; Li, L. Expression of circulating miR-486 and miR-150 in patients with acute myocardial infarction. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord. 2015, 15, 51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Ralapanawa, U.; Sivakanesan, R. Epidemiology and the Magnitude of Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Narrative Review. J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health. 2021, 11, 169–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Nagelschmitz, J.; Blunck, M.; Kraetzschmar, J.; Ludwig, M.; Wensing, G.; Hohlfeld, T. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of acetylsalicylic acid after intravenous and oral administration to healthy volunteers. Clin. Pharmacol. 2014, 6, 51–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Olsen, M.B.; Gregersen, I.; Sandanger, Ø.; Yang, K.; Sokolova, M.; Halvorsen, B.E.; Gullestad, L.; Broch, K.; Aukrust, P.; Louwe, M.C. Targeting the Inflammasome in Cardiovascular Disease. JACC Basic Transl. Sci. 2022, 7, 84–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Zhang, J.; He, Y.; Yan, X.; Chen, S.; He, M.; Lei, Y.; Zhang, J.; Gongol, B.; Gu, M.; Miao, Y.; et al. MicroRNA-483 amelioration of experimental pulmonary hypertension. EMBO Mol. Med. 2020, 12, e11303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Chouri, E.; Servaas, N.H.; Bekker, C.P.J.; Affandi, A.J.; Cossu, M.; Hillen, M.R.; Angiolilli, C.; Mertens, J.S.; van den Hoogen, L.L.; Silva-Cardoso, S.; et al. Serum microRNA screening and functional studies reveal miR-483-5p as a potential driver of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis. J. Autoimmun. 2018, 89, 162–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Warnecke-Eberz, U.; Chon, S.H.; Hölscher, A.H.; Drebber, U.; Bollschweiler, E. Exosomal onco-miRs from serum of patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus: Comparison of miRNA profiles of exosomes and matching tumor. Tumour Biol. 2015, 36, 4643–4653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Szilágyi, M.; Pös, O.; Márton, É.; Buglyó, G.; Soltész, B.; Keserű, J.; Penyige, A.; Szemes, T.; Nagy, B. Circulating Cell-Free Nucleic Acids: Main Characteristics and Clinical Application. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 6827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Hao, Y.; Yuan, H.; Yu, H. Downregulation of miR-483-5p decreases hypoxia-induced injury in human cardiomyocytes by targeting MAPK3. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 2020, 25, 20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Qiao, Y.; Ma, N.; Wang, X.; Hui, Y.; Li, F.; Xiang, Y.; Zhou, J.; Zou, C.; Jin, J.; Lv, G.; et al. MiR-483-5p controls angiogenesis in vitro and targets serum response factor. FEBS Lett. 2011, 585, 3095–3100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Wootton, P.T.E.; Arora, N.L.; Drenos, F.; Thompson, S.R.; Cooper, J.A.; Stephens, J.W.; Hurel, S.J.; Hurt-Camejo, E.; Wiklund, O.; Humphries, S.E.; et al. Tagging SNP haplotype analysis of the secretory PLA2-V gene, PLA2G5, shows strong association with LDL and oxLDL levels, suggesting functional distinction from sPLA2-IIA: Results from the UDACS study. Human Mol. Genet. 2007, 16, 1437–1444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Cannavo, A.; Komici, K.; Bencivenga, L.; D’Amico, M.L.; Gambino, G.; Liccardo, D.; Ferrara, N.; Rengo, G. GRK2 as a therapeutic target for heart failure. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets 2018, 22, 75–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Auxerre-Plantié, E.; Nielsen, T.; Grunert, M.; Olejniczak, O.; Perrot, A.; Özcelik, C.; Harries, D.; Matinmehr, F.; Dos Remedios, C.; Mühlfeld, C.; et al. Identification of MYOM2 as a candidate gene in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and Tetralogy of Fallot, and its functional evaluation in the Drosophila heart. Dis. Model Mech. 2020, 13, dmm045377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Liu, X.; Xu, H.; Xu, H.; Geng, Q.; Mak, W.-H.; Ling, F.; Su, Z.; Yang, F.; Zhang, T.; Chen, J.; et al. New genetic variants associated with major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndromes and treated with clopidogrel and aspirin. Pharmacogenom. J. 2021, 21, 664–672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Kandalam, V.; Basu, R.; Abraham, T.; Wang, X.; Soloway, P.D.; Jaworski, D.M.; Oudit, G.Y.; Kassiri, Z. TIMP2 Deficiency Accelerates Adverse Post–Myocardial Infarction Remodeling Because of Enhanced MT1-MMP Activity Despite Lack of MMP2 Activation. Circ. Res. 2010, 106, 796–808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Wang, X.; Chen, W.; Zhang, J.; Khan, A.; Li, L.; Huang, F.; Qiu, Z.; Wang, L.; Chen, X. Critical Role of ADAMTS2 (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs 2) in Cardiac Hypertrophy Induced by Pressure Overload. Hypertension 2017, 69, 1060–1069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Korf-Klingebiel, M.; Reboll, M.R.; Grote, K.; Schleiner, H.; Wang, Y.; Wu, X.; Klede, S.; Mikhed, Y.; Nobre, A.; Bauersachs, J.; et al. Heparan Sulfate–Editing Extracellular Sulfatases Enhance VEGF Bioavailability for Ischemic Heart Repair. Circ. Res. 2019, 125, 787–801. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Lin, H.J.; Yu, S.L.; Su, T.C.; Hsu, H.-C.; Chen, M.-F.; Lee, Y.-T.; Chien, K.-L.; Lu, T.-P. Statin-induced microRNAome alterations modulating inflammation pathways of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Biosci. Rep. 2020, 40, BSR20201885. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Li, L.; Hu, D.; Song, J.; Lee, C.; Chen, H. Early diagnostic value of circulating microRNAs in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. J. Cell. Physiol. 2019, 234, 13649–13658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Li, F.; Ma, N.; Zhao, R.; Wu, G.; Zhang, Y.; Qiao, Y.; Han, D.; Xu, Y.; Xiang, Y.; Yan, B.; et al. Overexpression of miR-483-5p/3p cooperate to inhibit mouse liver fibrosis by suppressing the TGF-β stimulated HSCs in transgenic mice. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2014, 18, 966–974. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Shen, Z.; Tang, W.; Guo, J.; Sun, S. miR-483-5p plays a protective role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2017, 40, 193–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Mohan, R.; Mao, Y.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, Y.-W.; Xu, C.-R.; Gradwohl, G.; Tang, X. Differentially Expressed MicroRNA-483 Confers Distinct Functions in Pancreatic β- and α-Cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2015, 290, 19955–19966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. Gao, L.; Qiu, F.; Cao, H.; Li, H.; Dai, G.; Ma, T.; Gong, Y.; Luo, W.; Zhu, D.; Qiu, Z.; et al. Therapeutic delivery of microRNA-125a-5p oligonucleotides improves recovery from myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice and swine. Theranostics 2023, 13, 685–703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Xu, M.; Liu, D.; Gao, X.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, L.; Fan, H. MiR-423-5p Inhibition Exerts Protective Effects on Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 2023, 259, 199–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  40. Shang, F.; Guo, X.; Chen, Y.; Wang, C.; Gao, J.; Wen, E.; Lai, B.; Bai, L. Endothelial MicroRNA-483-3p Is Hypertension-Protective. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2022, 2022, 3698219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Lamon, S.; Le Carré, J.; Petito, G.; Duong, H.P.; Luthi, F.; Hiam, D.; Léger, B. The effect of the menstrual cycle on the circulating microRNA pool in human plasma: A pilot study. Hum. Reprod. 2023, 38, 46–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Li, Z.; Lu, J.; Luo, Y.; Li, S.; Chen, M. High association between human circulating microRNA-497 and acute myocardial infarction. Sci. World J. 2014, 2014, 931845. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Kok, M.G.M.; Halliani, A.; Moerland, P.D.; Meijers, J.C.M.; Creemers, E.E.; Pinto-Sietsma, S.J. Normalization panels for the reliable quantification of circulating microRNAs by RT-qPCR. FASEB J. 2015, 29, 3853–3862. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Liu, W.; Wang, X. Prediction of functional microRNA targets by integrative modeling of microRNA binding and target expression data. Genome Biol. 2019, 20, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Chen, Y.; Wang, X. miRDB: An online database for prediction of functional microRNA targets. Nucleic Acids Res. 2020, 48, D127–D131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ijms 24 08551 g001 550
Figure 1. miRNA-483-5p association with CAD requiring intervention. Relative expression levels of miR-483-5p in (A) peripheral and (B) culprit coronary serum samples in chronic and acute (NSTEMI and STEMI) CAD patients. Kruskal–Wallis tests with Dunn and Hanover post hoc analyses were performed. (C) Relative expression of miR-483-5p in peripheral versus culprit coronary serum samples in NSTEMI and STEMI patients. Wilcoxon test for paired samples was performed. Patent = control; CAD = coronary artery disease; STEMI = ST-elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI = non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction.
Figure 1. miRNA-483-5p association with CAD requiring intervention. Relative expression levels of miR-483-5p in (A) peripheral and (B) culprit coronary serum samples in chronic and acute (NSTEMI and STEMI) CAD patients. Kruskal–Wallis tests with Dunn and Hanover post hoc analyses were performed. (C) Relative expression of miR-483-5p in peripheral versus culprit coronary serum samples in NSTEMI and STEMI patients. Wilcoxon test for paired samples was performed. Patent = control; CAD = coronary artery disease; STEMI = ST-elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI = non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction.
Ijms 24 08551 g001
Ijms 24 08551 g002 550
Figure 2. ROC curve for peripheral miRNA-483-5p association with chronic CAD requiring intervention. Data from qPCR detection of peripheral miR-483-5p in patent controls and CAD patients requiring PCI. CAD = coronary artery disease; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; AUC = area under the curve.
Figure 2. ROC curve for peripheral miRNA-483-5p association with chronic CAD requiring intervention. Data from qPCR detection of peripheral miR-483-5p in patent controls and CAD patients requiring PCI. CAD = coronary artery disease; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; AUC = area under the curve.
Ijms 24 08551 g002
Ijms 24 08551 g003 550
Figure 3. MiRNA-483-5p association with Aspirin treatment. Relative expression levels of miR-483-5p in (A) peripheral and (B) culprit coronary serum samples in patients treated with aspirin (n = 19) or untreated (n = 46). Mann–Whitney tests were performed.
Figure 3. MiRNA-483-5p association with Aspirin treatment. Relative expression levels of miR-483-5p in (A) peripheral and (B) culprit coronary serum samples in patients treated with aspirin (n = 19) or untreated (n = 46). Mann–Whitney tests were performed.
Ijms 24 08551 g003
Ijms 24 08551 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Peripheral and local expression of miR-483-5p in acute MI and chronic CAD. A significant downregulation of miR-483-5p is detected in sera obtained from peripheral and narrowed coronary artery tree of chronic CAD patients. In acute MI patients, reduced expression of peripheral miR-483-5p is noted; however, normal expression levels similar to controls are observed at the site of the acute occluded culprit artery. It is suggested that miR-483-5p may be released from endothelial cells of blood vasculature at the occluded area as part of a protection mechanism after an acute MI event.
Scheme 1. Peripheral and local expression of miR-483-5p in acute MI and chronic CAD. A significant downregulation of miR-483-5p is detected in sera obtained from peripheral and narrowed coronary artery tree of chronic CAD patients. In acute MI patients, reduced expression of peripheral miR-483-5p is noted; however, normal expression levels similar to controls are observed at the site of the acute occluded culprit artery. It is suggested that miR-483-5p may be released from endothelial cells of blood vasculature at the occluded area as part of a protection mechanism after an acute MI event.
Ijms 24 08551 sch001
Ijms 24 08551 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Proposed mechanisms of miR-483-5p at the culprit artery. Under normal conditions, miR-483-5p is protective and regulates genes involved in damaging mechanisms such as inflammation (PLA2G5), oxidative stress (NUDT8, GRK2), apoptosis (DNAAF10) and fibrosis (IQSEC2, ZMYM6, MYOM2), as well as genes promoting angiogenesis (HGSNAT, TIMP2) and wound healing (ADAMTS2). Other zinc finger proteins regulate transcription (ZNF584, ZNF417) and RNA replication (SMG6). Protection mechanisms induced by miR-483-5p disrupt, as lower levels of miR-483-5p ensue peripherally in chronic CAD and acute MI situations, and locally at the culprit vessel in chronic CAD. Here we demonstrate a protection mechanism at the culprit vessel after acute MI, whereby normal levels of miR-483-5p expressed by neighboring cells enter the cardiac endothelial cells via extracellular exosomes. Intracellularly, miR-483-5p inhibits deleterious genes, and allows gene activation involved in protection.
Scheme 2. Proposed mechanisms of miR-483-5p at the culprit artery. Under normal conditions, miR-483-5p is protective and regulates genes involved in damaging mechanisms such as inflammation (PLA2G5), oxidative stress (NUDT8, GRK2), apoptosis (DNAAF10) and fibrosis (IQSEC2, ZMYM6, MYOM2), as well as genes promoting angiogenesis (HGSNAT, TIMP2) and wound healing (ADAMTS2). Other zinc finger proteins regulate transcription (ZNF584, ZNF417) and RNA replication (SMG6). Protection mechanisms induced by miR-483-5p disrupt, as lower levels of miR-483-5p ensue peripherally in chronic CAD and acute MI situations, and locally at the culprit vessel in chronic CAD. Here we demonstrate a protection mechanism at the culprit vessel after acute MI, whereby normal levels of miR-483-5p expressed by neighboring cells enter the cardiac endothelial cells via extracellular exosomes. Intracellularly, miR-483-5p inhibits deleterious genes, and allows gene activation involved in protection.
Ijms 24 08551 sch002
Table
Table 1. Clinical data of chronic CAD, acute NSTEMI and STEMI and patent control patients. Data are presented as Mean ± SD or percentages. CAD = coronary artery disease; NSTEMI = non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI = ST-elevation myocardial infarction; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; WBC = white blood cells; GFR = Glomerular Filtration Rate; MDRD = Modification of Diet in Renal Disease.
Table 1. Clinical data of chronic CAD, acute NSTEMI and STEMI and patent control patients. Data are presented as Mean ± SD or percentages. CAD = coronary artery disease; NSTEMI = non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI = ST-elevation myocardial infarction; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; WBC = white blood cells; GFR = Glomerular Filtration Rate; MDRD = Modification of Diet in Renal Disease.
No CAD
n = 23		CAD (PCI)
n = 28		STEMI
n = 22		NSTEMI
n = 26		ANOVA p Value
Age62 ± 1063 ± 960 ± 862 ± 90.632
Hypertension14 (61%)21 (78%)11 (50%)18 (69%)0.188
Diabetes mellitus10 (43%)15 (56%)9 (41%)8 (31%)0.280
Hyperlipidemia16 (70%)17 (63%)12 (54%)17 (65%)0.767
Family History of CAD8 (35%)3 (11%)6 (27%)9 (35%)0.154
Smoking4 (17%) †11 (41%)16 (72%) *,‡9 (36%)†0.002
Renal failure0 (0%)0 (0%)0 (0%)2 (8%)0.127
Previous MI0 (0%)4 (16)0 (0%)6 (24%)0.011
Previous PCI0 (0%) **,‡19 (70%) *,†,‡2 (9%) **9 (35%) *,**<0.0001
Atrial fibrillation2 (9%)0 (0%)1 (5%)1 (4%)0.489
Hemoglobin (gr/dL)14 ± 214 ± 215 ± 114 ± 20.328
WBC (×1000/dL)8.8 ± 2.79.3 ± 2.110.8 ± 2.88.9 ± 3.40.101
Creatinine (mg/dL)0.86 ± 0.190.98 ± 0.320.98 ± 0.231.01 ± 0.270.318
GFR (MDRD, ml/min)95 ± 2585 ± 2484 ± 2281 ± 210.251
* Different from normal, Tukey–Kramer test p < 0.05. ** Different from CAD, Tukey–Kramer test p < 0.05. † Different from STEMI, Tukey–Kramer test p < 0.05. ‡ Different from NSTEMI, Tukey–Kramer test p < 0.05.
Table
Table 2. Association of chronic CAD, acute NSTEMI and STEMI patients, with smoking, coronary and peripheral miRNA483. Patients in all three groups clinical patterns are shown on top, and patients without previous PCI are shown in the bottom half. CAD = coronary artery disease; NSTEMI = non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI = ST-elevation myocardial infarction; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention.
Table 2. Association of chronic CAD, acute NSTEMI and STEMI patients, with smoking, coronary and peripheral miRNA483. Patients in all three groups clinical patterns are shown on top, and patients without previous PCI are shown in the bottom half. CAD = coronary artery disease; NSTEMI = non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI = ST-elevation myocardial infarction; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention.
All Patients
n = 99		Odds RatioConfidence IntervalOdds RatioConfidence Intervalp Value
UnivariableMultivariable, stepwise
Age1.0010.94 to 1.07
Smoking12.202.47 to 60.034.361.32 to 14.370.0155
Coronary miRNA4831.010.783 to 1.30
Peripheral miRNA4830.770.59 to 0.980.830.69 to 0.990.0402
Patients without previous PCI, n = 68
UnivariableMultivariable, stepwise
Age1.040.97 to 1.12
Smoking11.802.52 to 55.406.671.79 to 24.810.0046
Coronary miRNA4830.980.76 to 1.25
Peripheral miRNA4830.730.55 to 0.960.780.61 to 0.990.0465
Table
Table 3. Association of cardiovascular disease-related medications with chronic CAD, acute NSEMI and STEMI patients; p-values are shown for ANOVA and pairwise tests. CAD = coronary artery disease; NSTEMI = non-ST-elevation myocardial infraction; STEMI = ST-elevation myocardial infraction; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention.
Table 3. Association of cardiovascular disease-related medications with chronic CAD, acute NSEMI and STEMI patients; p-values are shown for ANOVA and pairwise tests. CAD = coronary artery disease; NSTEMI = non-ST-elevation myocardial infraction; STEMI = ST-elevation myocardial infraction; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention.
No CAD
n = 23		CAD (PCI)
n = 28		STEMI
n = 22		NSTEMI
n = 26		ANOVA p Value
Beta blockers6 (26%) **16 (57%) *,†2 (9%) **5 (19%)0.006
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)1 (4%)1 (4%)0 (0%)0 (0%)0.722
Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)2 (9%)4 (14%)2 (9%)5 (19%)0.340
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors10 (43%)14 (50%) ‡6 (li%)2 (8%) **0.044
Anticoagulants2 (9%)1 (4%)1 (9%)0 (0%)0.616
Aspirin15 (65%) †22 (79%) †, ‡4 (18%) *, **7 (26%) **<0.001
Statins14 (61%)16 (57%)6 (27%)9 (35%)0.355
* Different from patent, Tukey–Kramer test p < 0.05. ** Different from CAD, Tukey–Kramer test p < 0.05. † Different from STEMI, Tukey–Kramer test p < 0.05. ‡ Different from NSTEMI, Tukey–Kramer test p < 0.05.
Table
Table 4. Predicted gene targets of Mir-483-5p in heart tissue. Out of 59 predicted targets taken from the miRDB website, 14 were expressed in the heart (NCBI websites, Gene Ensembl). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants in many of these genes.
Table 4. Predicted gene targets of Mir-483-5p in heart tissue. Out of 59 predicted targets taken from the miRDB website, 14 were expressed in the heart (NCBI websites, Gene Ensembl). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants in many of these genes.
GeneGene NameFunctionExpression
PLA2G5phospholipase A2 group VEncoded enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids to generate lysophospholipids and free fatty acids including arachidonic acid. It preferentially hydrolyzes linoleoyl-containing phosphatidylcholine substrates. Secretion of this enzyme is thought to induce inflammatory responses in neighboring cells.Biased expression in heart (RPKM 14.5),
NUDT8nudix hydrolase 8Encoded enzyme predicted to enable magnesium ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in purine nucleoside bisphosphate catabolic process. Predicted to be located in mitochondria.Broad expression in heart (RPKM 4.8)
MYOM2myomesin 2The giant protein titin, together with its associated proteins, interconnects the major structure of sarcomeres, the M bands and Z discs. The C-terminal end of the titin string extends into the M line, where it binds tightly to M-band constituents of apparent molecular masses of 190 kD and 165 kD. The predicted MYOM2 protein contains 1465 amino acids. Like MYOM1, MYOM2 has a unique N-terminal domain followed by 12 repeat domains with strong homology to either fibronectin type III or immunoglobulin C2 domains. Protein sequence comparisons suggested that the MYOM2 protein and bovine M protein are identical.Biased expression in heart (RPKM 193.6)
GRK2G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2This gene encodes a member of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase family of proteins. The encoded protein phosphorylates the beta-adrenergic receptor as well as a wide range of other substrates including non-GPCR cell surface receptors, and cytoskeletal, mitochondrial and transcription factor proteins. Data from rodent models support a role for this gene in embryonic development, heart function and metabolism. Elevated expression of this gene observed in human patients with heart failure and Alzheimer’s disease.Broad expression in bone marrow (RPKM 91.8), and other tissues including the heart average expression (10.2 RPKM)
TIMP2TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 2This gene is a member of the TIMP gene family, a family of natural inhibitors of the matrix metalloproteinases, a group of peptidases involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix. In addition to an inhibitory role against metalloproteinases, the encoded protein has a unique role among TIMP family members in its ability to directly suppress the proliferation of endothelial cells. As a result, the encoded protein may be critical to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis by suppressing the proliferation of quiescent tissues in response to angiogenic factors, and by inhibiting protease activity in tissues undergoing remodelling of the extracellular matrix.Ubiquitous expression in many tissues including the heart (68.2 RPKM)
DNAAF10dynein axonemal assembly factor 10This gene encodes a protein with two WD40 repeat domains thought to be involved in apoptosis via activation of caspase-3. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.Ubiquitous expression in many tissues including the heart average tissue expression (2.3 RPKM)
TRIM7tripartite motif containing 7The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family. The TRIM motif includes three zinc-binding domains, a RING, a B-box type 1, a B-box type 2 and a coiled-coil region. The protein localizes to both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, and may represent a participant in the initiation of glycogen synthesis. Biased expression in 10 tissues including the heart (0.43 RPKM)
ZNF584zinc finger protein 584Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Biased expression in many tissues amongst them higher expression in the heart (1.4 RPKM)
ADAMTS2ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type-1 motif -2This gene encodes a member of the ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) protein family. Members of the family share several distinct protein modules, including a propeptide region, a metalloproteinase domain, a disintegrin-like domain, and a thrombospondin type 1 (TS) motif. Individual members of this family differ in the number of C-terminal TS motifs, and some have unique C-terminal domains. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate the mature procollagen N-proteinase. This proteinase excises the N-propeptide of the fibrillar procollagens types I-III and type V. Mutations in this gene cause Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VIIC, a recessively inherited connective-tissue disorder. Broad expression in many tissues including the heart average tissue expression (2.1 RPKM)
HGSNATheparan-alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferaseThis gene encodes a lysosomal acetyltransferase, which is one of several enzymes involved in the lysosomal degradation of heparin sulfate. Mutations in this gene are associated with Sanfilippo syndrome C, one type of the lysosomal storage disease mucopolysaccaridosis III, which results from impaired degradation of heparan sulfate. Ubiquitous expression in many tissues including the heart low-average tissue expression (5.9 RPKM)
ZNF417zinc finger protein 417Predicted to enable DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific and RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Predicted to be active in nucleus.Ubiquitous expression in many tissues including the heart low-average tissue expression (1.4 RPKM)
IQSEC2IQ motif and Sec7 domain ArfGEF 2This gene encodes a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the ARF family of small GTP-binding proteins. The encoded protein is a component of the postsynaptic density at excitatory synapses, and may play a critical role in cytoskeletal and synaptic organization through the activation of selected ARF substrates including ARF1 and ARF6. Mutations in this gene have been implicated in nonsyndromic X-linked cognitive disability.Ubiquitous expression in many tissues including the heart low-average tissue expression (0.4 RPKM)
SMG6SMG6 nonsense mediated mRNA decay factorThis gene encodes a component of the telomerase ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the replication and maintenance of chromosome ends. The encoded protein also plays a role in the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway, providing the endonuclease activity near the premature translation termination codon that is needed to initiate NMD.Ubiquitous expression in many tissues including the heart average tissue expression (2.2 RPKM)
ZMYM6zinc finger MYM-type containing 6Predicted to enable DNA binding activity. Involved in cytoskeleton organization and regulation of cell morphogenesis. Predicted to be located in nucleus. Ubiquitous expression in many tissues including the heart average tissue expression (2.7 RPKM)
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Volodko, O.; Volinsky, N.; Yarkoni, M.; Margalit, N.; Kusniec, F.; Sudarsky, D.; Elbaz-Greener, G.; Carasso, S.; Amir, O. Characterization of Systemic and Culprit-Coronary Artery miR-483-5p Expression in Chronic CAD and Acute Myocardial Infarction Male Patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 8551. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108551

AMA Style

Volodko O, Volinsky N, Yarkoni M, Margalit N, Kusniec F, Sudarsky D, Elbaz-Greener G, Carasso S, Amir O. Characterization of Systemic and Culprit-Coronary Artery miR-483-5p Expression in Chronic CAD and Acute Myocardial Infarction Male Patients. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(10):8551. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108551

Chicago/Turabian Style

Volodko, Olga, Natalia Volinsky, Merav Yarkoni, Nufar Margalit, Fabio Kusniec, Doron Sudarsky, Gabby Elbaz-Greener, Shemy Carasso, and Offer Amir. 2023. "Characterization of Systemic and Culprit-Coronary Artery miR-483-5p Expression in Chronic CAD and Acute Myocardial Infarction Male Patients" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 10: 8551. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108551

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop