The Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Oxidative Stress in Varicocele-Mediated Male Hypofertility
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. OS and Inflammasome Activation in the Pathogenesis of VC
2.1. Testis Immunity and Inflammatory Response
2.2. OS-Induced Inflammation in VC
2.2.1. Lipid Peroxidation
2.2.2. Mitochondrial Dysfunction
2.2.3. Chromatin Damage, Sperm DNA Fragmentation and Apoptosis
3. Possible Therapeutic Approaches for VC Targeting OS and Inflammation
3.1. Resveratrol
3.2. Vitamins
3.3. Coenzyme Q10
3.4. Lycopene
3.5. Kallikrein Therapy
3.6. Pentoxifylline Therapy
3.7. Cinnoxicam Therapy
Natural, Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants | |||
Antioxidants | Natural Source | Main Effects | References |
Resveratrol | Grapes, mulberry plants | Anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects; improvement in sperm count, concentration, and motility | [82] [84] |
Vitamin E | Vegetable oil, fruits, nuts, seeds | Anti-oxidant effect; increases semen parameters; prevention of DNA damage | [88] [89] |
Vitamin C | Fruits, vegetables | Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects; restoration of sperm motility and morphology | [89] [90] |
CoQ10 | Oil fish, organ meats, whole grain | Anti-oxidant effect; improvement in sperm motility, ejaculation volume, and sperm density; restoration of mitocondrial function | [94] [95] [96] |
Ubiquinol | Oil fish, organ meats, whole grain | Anti-oxidant effect; improvement in sperm motility, ejaculation volume, and sperm density; restoration of mitocondrial function | [97] [98] [99] [100] [101] [102] [103] |
Lycopene | Vegetables, fruits | Anti-oxidant effect; increases sperm parameters; protection from DNA damage | [104] [105] [106] [107] |
Therapeutical, non-enzymatic, drugs | |||
Antioxidants | Chemical products | Main effects | References |
Kallikrein | Drug | Arterial vasodilator; improvement in semen parameters, testicular testosterone, and sperm maturation | [108] [109] [110] |
Pentoxifylline | Drug | Potent vasodilator; immunodulatory effect; anti-oxidant activity; improvement in sperm morphology | [111] [112] [113] [114] |
Cinnoxicam | Drug | Anti-inflammatory effect; improvement in semen parameters | [115] |
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Poli, G.; Fabi, C.; Sugoni, C.; Bellet, M.M.; Costantini, C.; Luca, G.; Brancorsini, S. The Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Oxidative Stress in Varicocele-Mediated Male Hypofertility. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 5233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23095233
Poli G, Fabi C, Sugoni C, Bellet MM, Costantini C, Luca G, Brancorsini S. The Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Oxidative Stress in Varicocele-Mediated Male Hypofertility. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(9):5233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23095233
Chicago/Turabian StylePoli, Giulia, Consuelo Fabi, Chiara Sugoni, Marina Maria Bellet, Claudio Costantini, Giovanni Luca, and Stefano Brancorsini. 2022. "The Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Oxidative Stress in Varicocele-Mediated Male Hypofertility" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9: 5233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23095233