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Volume 22
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10.3390/ijms22042109
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Article

Effects of Irregular Feeding on the Daily Fluctuations in mRNA Expression of the Neurosecretory Protein GL and Neurosecretory Protein GM Genes in the Mouse Hypothalamus

by
Atsuki Kadota
1,
Eiko Iwakoshi-Ukena
1,
Keisuke Fukumura
1,
Kenshiro Shikano
1,2,
Yuki Narimatsu
1,
Megumi Furumitsu
1 and
Kazuyoshi Ukena
1,*
1
Laboratory of Neurometabolism, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
2
Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(4), 2109; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042109
Submission received: 12 January 2021 / Revised: 15 February 2021 / Accepted: 18 February 2021 / Published: 20 February 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Environmental Factors on the Nervous Tissue Functioning: Molecular Bases of Neuropathogenic Mechanisms)
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Abstract

Circadian desynchrony induced by a long period of irregular feeding leads to metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes mellitus. The recently identified neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL) and neurosecretory protein GM (NPGM) are hypothalamic small proteins that stimulate food intake and fat accumulation in several animals. To clarify the mechanisms that evoke feeding behavior and induce energy metabolism at the appropriate times in accordance with a circadian rhythm, diurnal fluctuations in Npgl and Npgm mRNA expression were investigated in mice. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that the mRNAs of these two genes were highly expressed in the mediobasal hypothalamus during the active dark phase under ad libitum feeding. In mice restricted to 3 h of feeding during the inactive light phase, the Npgl mRNA level was augmented in the moment prior to the feeding period and the midnight peak of Npgm mRNA was attenuated. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of clock genes, feeding regulatory neuropeptides, and lipid metabolic enzymes in the central and peripheral tissues were comparable to those of central Npgl and Npgm. These data suggest that Npgl and Npgm transcription fluctuates daily and likely mediates feeding behavior and/or energy metabolism at an appropriate time according to the meal timing.
Keywords: neurosecretory protein GL; neurosecretory protein GM; rhythmicity; food intake; fat accumulation; environmental light/dark cycle; feeding restriction neurosecretory protein GL; neurosecretory protein GM; rhythmicity; food intake; fat accumulation; environmental light/dark cycle; feeding restriction

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kadota, A.; Iwakoshi-Ukena, E.; Fukumura, K.; Shikano, K.; Narimatsu, Y.; Furumitsu, M.; Ukena, K. Effects of Irregular Feeding on the Daily Fluctuations in mRNA Expression of the Neurosecretory Protein GL and Neurosecretory Protein GM Genes in the Mouse Hypothalamus. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 2109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042109

AMA Style

Kadota A, Iwakoshi-Ukena E, Fukumura K, Shikano K, Narimatsu Y, Furumitsu M, Ukena K. Effects of Irregular Feeding on the Daily Fluctuations in mRNA Expression of the Neurosecretory Protein GL and Neurosecretory Protein GM Genes in the Mouse Hypothalamus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(4):2109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042109

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kadota, Atsuki, Eiko Iwakoshi-Ukena, Keisuke Fukumura, Kenshiro Shikano, Yuki Narimatsu, Megumi Furumitsu, and Kazuyoshi Ukena. 2021. "Effects of Irregular Feeding on the Daily Fluctuations in mRNA Expression of the Neurosecretory Protein GL and Neurosecretory Protein GM Genes in the Mouse Hypothalamus" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4: 2109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042109

APA Style

Kadota, A., Iwakoshi-Ukena, E., Fukumura, K., Shikano, K., Narimatsu, Y., Furumitsu, M., & Ukena, K. (2021). Effects of Irregular Feeding on the Daily Fluctuations in mRNA Expression of the Neurosecretory Protein GL and Neurosecretory Protein GM Genes in the Mouse Hypothalamus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(4), 2109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042109

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