Aesculus hippocastanum L. as a Stabilizer in Hemp Seed Oil Nanoemulsions for Potential Biomedical and Food Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Emulsion Stability Tests
2.2. Droplet Size Determination
2.3. Rheological Properties
2.4. FTIR Studies of the Emulsion Systems
2.5. Microscopic Analysis
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Reagents
3.2. Emulsion Preparation
3.3. Methods
3.3.1. Stability Tests
3.3.2. Surface Tension
3.3.3. UV-Vis Test
3.3.4. DLS and Zeta Potential
3.3.5. Viscosity
3.3.6. FTIR
3.3.7. Microscopic Investigations
3.3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample No. | Hemp Seed Oil Content (%) | Liquid Phase | AHE Concentration(g/L) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | water | 0 |
2 | 0.5 | ||
3 | 1.0 | ||
4 | 2.0 | ||
5 | 2 | water | 0 |
6 | 0.5 | ||
7 | 1.0 | ||
8 | 2.0 | ||
9 | 5 | water | 0 |
10 | 0.5 | ||
11 | 1.0 | ||
12 | 2.0 | ||
13 | 1 | Nebudose | 0 |
14 | 0.5 | ||
15 | 1.0 | ||
16 | 2.0 | ||
17 | 2 | Nebudose | 0 |
18 | 0.5 | ||
19 | 1.0 | ||
20 | 2.0 | ||
21 | 5 | Nebudose | 0 |
22 | 0.5 | ||
23 | 1.0 | ||
24 | 2.0 |
Liquid Phase | HSO Content (%) | AHE Concentration(g/L) | Emulsification Index [%] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
24 h | 7 days | |||
water | 1 | 0 | 99 ± 1 (a) | 98 ± 1 (a) |
0.5 | 99 ± 1 (a) | 96 ± 2 (ab) | ||
1.0 | 99 ± 1 (a) | 96 ± 3 (ab) | ||
2.0 | 99 ± 1 (a) | 95 ± 3 (ab) | ||
2 | 0 | 98 ± 2 (a) | 98 ± 2 (ab) | |
0.5 | 96 ± 2 (ab) | 93 ± 2 (b) | ||
1.0 | 98 ± 2 (ab) | 95 ± 2 (b) | ||
2.0 | 96 ± 3 (ab) | 96 ± 3 (ab) | ||
5 | 0 | 98 ± 2 (ab) | 98 ± 2 (ab) | |
0.5 | 98 ± 1 (ab) | 95 ± 2 (b) | ||
1.0 | 96 ± 2 (ab) | 93 ± 3 (b) | ||
2.0 | 94 ± 4 (ab) | 94 ± 4 (b) | ||
Nebudose | 1 | 0 | 1 ± 1 (c) | 0 ± 0 (e) |
0.5 | 2 ± 1 (c) | 0 ± 0 (e) | ||
1.0 | 3 ± 2 (cd) | 1 ± 1 (cd) | ||
2.0 | 6 ± 2 (d) | 5 ± 1 (d) | ||
2 | 0 | 1 ± 1 (c) | 0 ± 0 (e) | |
0.5 | 2 ± 1 (c) | 0 ± 0 (e) | ||
1.0 | 3 ± 1 (cd) | 1 ± 1 (c) | ||
2.0 | 6 ± 2 (d) | 5 ± 1 (d) | ||
5 | 0 | 1 ± 1 (c) | 0 ± 0 (e) | |
0.5 | 3 ± 2 (cd) | 0 ± 0 (e) | ||
1.0 | 5 ± 2 (d) | 2 ± 1 (cd) | ||
2.0 | 8 ± 3 (d) | 6 ± 1 (d) |
Hemp Seed Oil Content (%) | Liquid Phase | AHE Conc. (g/L) | d-ave (nm) | PDI | 1st Peak Max (nm) | 2nd Peak Max (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | water | 0 | 296 ± 3 (a) | 0.398 ± 0.035 (a) | 459 ± 47 (a) | 2935 ± 2574 (a) |
2.0 | 275 ± 1 (b) | 0.283 ± 0.010 (b) | 452 ± 37 (a) | 81 ± 47 (b) | ||
2 | 0 | 357 ± 8 (c) | 0.434 ± 0.010 (c) | 661 ± 62 (a) | 32 ± 28 (bc) | |
2.0 | 298 ± 4 (a) | 0.306 ± 0.045 (d) | 445 ± 33 (a) | 35 ± 20 (bc) | ||
5 | 0 | 393 ± 8 (d) | 0.516 ± 0.008 (e) | 750 ± 89 (a) | 3427 ± 2968 (a) | |
2.0 | 306 ± 5 (e) | 0.468 ± 0.033 (c) | 570 ± 86 (a) | 2783 ± 1703 (a) | ||
1 | Nebudose | 0 | 1527 ± 409 (f) | 0.812 ± 0.174 (f) | 1087 ± 222 (a) | 98 ± 42 (b) |
2.0 | 2533 ± 923 (g) | 1.000 (g) | 148 ± 19 (a) | 10 ± 16 (c) | ||
2 | 0 | 2099 ± 483 (g) | 0.601 ± 0.192 (e) | 843 ± 219 (a) | 47 ± 27 (bc) | |
2.0 | 1512 ± 239 (f) | 1.000 (g) | 124 ± 21 (a) | --- | ||
5 | 0 | 4301 ± 314 (h) | 0.442 ± 0.009 (c) | 2758 ± 1418 (a) | --- | |
2.0 | 283 ± 10 (a) | 0.606 ± 0.112 (e) | 313 ± 104 (a) | 3569 ± 2976 (a) |
HSO Content (%) | Liquid Phase | AHE Concentration (g/L) | 24 h | 7 days | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K (Pa·s) | n | K (Pa·s) | n | |||
1 | water | 0 | 0.0053 ± 0.0004 (a) | 0.79 ± 0.05 (a) | 0.0037 ± 0.0004 (c) | 0.70 ± 0.05 (a) |
2.0 | 0.0079 ± 0.0006 (b) | 0.76 ± 0.05 (ab) | 0.0070 ± 0.0003 (ab) | 0.75 ± 0.05 (a) | ||
2 | 0 | 0.0059 ± 0.0004 (a) | 0.78 ± 0.05 (a) | 0.0045 ± 0.0003 (d) | 0.71 ± 0.05 (ab) | |
2.0 | 0.0084 ± 0.0007 (b) | 0.78 ± 0.05 (a) | 0.0079 ± 0.0004 (b) | 0.74 ± 0.05 (a) | ||
5 | 0 | 0.0064 ± 0.0006 (ae) | 0.68 ± 0.04 (b) | 0.0056 ± 0.0006 (a) | 0.62 ± 0.04 (b) | |
2.0 | 0.0092 ± 0.0008 (b) | 0.79 ± 0.05 (a) | 0.0087 ± 0.0005 (b) | 0.78 ± 0.05 (a) | ||
1 | Nebudose | 0 | 0.0054 ± 0.0005 (a) | 0.77 ± 0.03 (a) | 0.0044 ± 0.0005 (cd) | 0.72 ± 0.05 (ab) |
2.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ||
2 | 0 | 0.0061 ± 0.0005 (a) | 0.83 ± 0.06 (a) | 0.0057 ± 0.0002 (a) | 0.81 ± 0.06 (a) | |
2.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ||
5 | 0 | 0.0070 ± 0.0006 (ab) | 0.85 ± 0.07 (a) | 0.0068 ± 0.0003 (e) | 0.80 ± 0.06 (a) | |
2.0 | 0.0093 ± 0.0008 (b) | 0.80 ±0.06 (a) | 0.0089± 0.0005 (b) | 0.80 ± 0.05 (a) |
HSO Content (%) | Liquid Phase | AHE Concentration (g/L) | 24 h | 7 days | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
τo, (Pa) | K (Pa·s) | n | τo, (Pa) | K, (Pa·s) | n | |||
1 | water | 0 | 0.018 ± 0.004 (ag) | 0.0025 ± 0.0001 (a) | 0.89 ± 0.09 (a) | 0.011 ± 0.006 (g) | 0.0016 ± 0.0001 (f) | 0.73 ± 0.05 (b) |
2.0 | 0.050 ± 0.001 (b) | 0.0038 ± 0.0001 (b) | 0.94 ± 0.05 (a) | 0.032 ± 0.005 (a) | 0.032 ± 0.005 (b) | 0.79 ± 0.03 (b) | ||
2 | 0 | 0.042 ± 0.004 (c) | 0.0027 ± 0.0002 (a) | 0.89 ± 0.16 (a) | 0.021 ± 0.006 (ag) | 0.0018 ± 0.0001 (g) | 0.89 ± 0.05 (a) | |
2.0 | 0.066 ±0.002 (d) | 0.0041 ± 0.0002 (b) | 0.94 ± 0.06 (a) | 0.049 ± 0.006 (c) | 0.0033 ± 0.0003 (b) | 0.75 ± 0.18 (b) | ||
5 | 0 | 0.050 ±0.001 (b) | 0.0029 ± 0.0003 (a) | 0.89 ± 0.21 (a) | 0.031 ± 0.001 (a) | 0.0023 ± 0.0001 (h) | 0.79 ± 0.07 (ab) | |
2.0 | 0.070 ± 0.001 (e) | 0.0046 ± 0.0002 (c) | 0.96 ± 0.09 (a) | 0.052 ± 0.003 (b) | 0.0040 ±0.0008 (bc) | 0.68 ± 0.08 (bc) | ||
1 | Nebudose | 0 | 0.021 ± 0.005 (ag) | 0.0030 ± 0.0001 (a) | 0.94 ± 0.02 (a) | 0.010 ± 0.008 (g) | 0.0020 ± 0.0001 (g) | 0.59 ± 0.05 (c) |
2.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ||
2 | 0 | 0.027 ± 0.005 (a) | 0.0032 ± 0.0001 (a) | 0.94 ± 0.05 (a) | 0.024 ± 0.008 (ag) | 0.0022 ± 0.0001 (g) | 0.67 ± 0.05 (bc) | |
2.0 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ||
5 | 0 | 0.046 ± 0.009 (b) | 0.0035 ± 0.0002 (d) | 0.94 ± 0.09 (a) | 0.049 ± 0.003 (b) | 0.0025 ± 0.0002 (g) | 0.69 ± 0.16 (bc) | |
2.0 | 0.076 ± 0.003 (f) | 0.0050 ± 0.0002 (e) | 0.97 ± 0.07 (a) | 0.053 ± 0.003 (b) | 0.0042 ± 0.0005 (b) | 0.69 ± 0.08 (bc) |
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Jarzębski, M.; Smułek, W.; Siejak, P.; Rezler, R.; Pawlicz, J.; Trzeciak, T.; Jarzębska, M.; Majchrzak, O.; Kaczorek, E.; Kazemian, P.; et al. Aesculus hippocastanum L. as a Stabilizer in Hemp Seed Oil Nanoemulsions for Potential Biomedical and Food Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020887
Jarzębski M, Smułek W, Siejak P, Rezler R, Pawlicz J, Trzeciak T, Jarzębska M, Majchrzak O, Kaczorek E, Kazemian P, et al. Aesculus hippocastanum L. as a Stabilizer in Hemp Seed Oil Nanoemulsions for Potential Biomedical and Food Applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(2):887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020887
Chicago/Turabian StyleJarzębski, Maciej, Wojciech Smułek, Przemysław Siejak, Ryszard Rezler, Jarosław Pawlicz, Tomasz Trzeciak, Małgorzata Jarzębska, Oliwia Majchrzak, Ewa Kaczorek, Pardis Kazemian, and et al. 2021. "Aesculus hippocastanum L. as a Stabilizer in Hemp Seed Oil Nanoemulsions for Potential Biomedical and Food Applications" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2: 887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020887