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Volume 21
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10.3390/ijms21082900
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Article

Tetragonia tetragonioides Protected against Memory Dysfunction by Elevating Hippocampal Amyloid-β Deposition through Potentiating Insulin Signaling and Altering Gut Microbiome Composition

by
Da Sol Kim
1,†,
Byoung-Seob Ko
2,†,
Jin Ah Ryuk
2 and
Sunmin Park
1,*
1
Food & Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea
2
Korean Medicine Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(8), 2900; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082900
Submission received: 22 March 2020 / Revised: 11 April 2020 / Accepted: 13 April 2020 / Published: 21 April 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias-Novel Therapeutic Approaches)
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Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Herbal medicine may provide efficacious treatments for its prevention and/or cure. This study investigated whether a 70% ethanol extract of Tetragonia tetragonioides Kuntze (TTK; New Zealand spinach) improved the memory deficit by reducing hippocampal amyloid-β deposition and modulating the gut microbiota in rats with amyloid-β(25–35) infused into the hippocampus (AD rats) in an AD animal model. The AD rats had cellulose (AD-CON) or TTK (300 mg/kg bw; AD-TTK) in their high-fat diets for seven weeks. Rats with amyloid-β(35–25) infused into the hippocampus fed an AD-Con diet did not have memory loss (Normal-Con). AD-TTK protected against amyloid-β deposition compared to AD-Con, but it was higher than Normal-Con. AD-TTK protected against short-term and special memory loss measured by passive avoidance, Y maze, and water maze, compared to AD-Con. Compared to the Normal-Con, AD-Con attenuated hippocampal pCREB → pAkt → pGSK-3β, which was prevented in the AD-TTK group. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) mRNA expression decreased in the AD-CON group, and their expression was prevented in the AD-TTK group. Hippocampal TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA expressions were higher in the AD-Con group than in the Normal-Con, and AD-TTK groups protected against the increase in their expression. The AD-CON group showed an increase in insulin resistance compared to the Normal-Con group and the AD-TTK group showed improvement. AD-Con separated the gut microbiome community compared to the Normal-Con group and AD-TTK overlapped with the normal-Con. The AD-Con group had more Clostridiales, Erysipelotrichales, and Desulfovibrionales than the AD-TKK and Normal-Con group but fewer Lactobacilales and Bacteroidales. In conclusion, the 70% ethanol extract of TTK enhanced the memory function and potentiated hippocampal insulin signaling, reduced insulin resistance, and improved gut microbiota in amyloid-β-infused rats.
Keywords: New Zealand spinach; Alzheimer’s disease; BDNF; CNTF; gut microbiome New Zealand spinach; Alzheimer’s disease; BDNF; CNTF; gut microbiome

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kim, D.S.; Ko, B.-S.; Ryuk, J.A.; Park, S. Tetragonia tetragonioides Protected against Memory Dysfunction by Elevating Hippocampal Amyloid-β Deposition through Potentiating Insulin Signaling and Altering Gut Microbiome Composition. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 2900. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082900

AMA Style

Kim DS, Ko B-S, Ryuk JA, Park S. Tetragonia tetragonioides Protected against Memory Dysfunction by Elevating Hippocampal Amyloid-β Deposition through Potentiating Insulin Signaling and Altering Gut Microbiome Composition. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(8):2900. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082900

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kim, Da Sol, Byoung-Seob Ko, Jin Ah Ryuk, and Sunmin Park. 2020. "Tetragonia tetragonioides Protected against Memory Dysfunction by Elevating Hippocampal Amyloid-β Deposition through Potentiating Insulin Signaling and Altering Gut Microbiome Composition" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 8: 2900. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082900

APA Style

Kim, D. S., Ko, B.-S., Ryuk, J. A., & Park, S. (2020). Tetragonia tetragonioides Protected against Memory Dysfunction by Elevating Hippocampal Amyloid-β Deposition through Potentiating Insulin Signaling and Altering Gut Microbiome Composition. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(8), 2900. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082900

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