CC Chemokines in a Tumor: A Review of Pro-Cancer and Anti-Cancer Properties of the Ligands of Receptors CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, and CCR4
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. CCR1
2.1. CCL14
2.2. CCL15
2.3. CCL16
2.4. CCL23
3. CCR2 and Its Ligands: CCL2, CCL7, CCL8, and CCL13
4. CCR3 and Eotaxins: CCL11 (Eotaxin-1), CCL24 (Eotaxin-2), and CCL26 (Eotaxin-3)
5. CCR4 and Its Ligands CCL17 and CCL22
6. CC Chemokines in Therapy
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CAF | cancer-associated fibroblasts |
CCL | CC motif chemokine ligand |
CCR | CC motif chemokine receptor |
EMT | epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition |
IL | interleukin |
MDSC | myeloid-derived suppressor cells |
MMP | matrix metalloproteinase |
MSC | mesenchymal stem cells |
NF-κB | nuclear factor κB |
TAM | tumor-associated macrophages |
TAN | tumor-associated neutrophils |
Th17 | T helper 17 |
TIL | tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes |
Treg | regulatory T cells |
VEGF | vascular endothelial growth factor |
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Type of Cancer | Chemokine | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CCL2 | CCL7 | CCL8 | CCL11 | CCL13 | CCL14 | CCL15 | CCL16 | CCL17 | CCL22 | CCL23 | CCL24 | CCL26 | |
Glioma | ↓ | ↓ | ↓p = 0.095 | N/A | ↓p = 0.054 | -- | N/A | N/A | ↑ | -- | ↓ | ↓ | -- |
Thyroid cancer | -- | -- | ↑p = 0.057 | -- | -- | -- | ↑ | -- | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | -- | -- |
Lung cancer | ↓p = 0.075 | ↓ | -- | ↓p = 0.081 | ↑p = 0.085 | -- | -- | -- | ↑ | ↑p = 0.089 | -- | -- | ↓p = 0.062 |
Colorectal cancer | ↓ | ↓p = 0.085 | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | -- | ↑p = 0.058 | ↑ | ↓p = 0.10 | ↑ | -- |
Head and neck cancer | ↓p = 0.086 | -- | ↑ | ↑p = 0.058 | -- | ↑ | N/A | -- | ↑ | ↑ | -- | ↑p = 0.056 | ↓ |
Stomach cancer | -- | -- | -- | ↓ | -- | ↓ | -- | ↓ | -- | ↑p = 0.077 | -- | ↑ | ↑ |
Liver cancer | ↑ | N/A | -- | -- | ↓p = 0.076 | ↑ | ↓p = 0.089 | ↑ | -- | -- | ↑ | -- | ↓ |
Pancreatic cancer | -- | ↓ | -- | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | -- | ↑ | -- | ↑ | ↑p = 0.071 | -- | ↑p = 0.079 |
Renal cancer | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓p = 0.060 | ↑ | ↓ | -- | ↓ |
Urothelial cancer | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | -- | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | -- | ↓ | ↓ |
Prostate cancer | -- | ↑p = 0.070 | -- | -- | ↓p = 0.060 | ↑ | ↑ | -- | ↓ | -- | ↑p = 0.069 | -- | -- |
Testicular cancer | ↓ | ↓p = 0.087 | ↓ | ↓ | -- | -- | -- | -- | ↓ | ↓ | -- | -- | -- |
Breast cancer | ↑p = 0.064 | ↑p = 0.077 | ↓p = 0.075 | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | -- | -- | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | -- |
Cervical cancer | ↓ | ↓ | -- | -- | ↑ | ↑p = 0.058 | -- | -- | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | -- | -- |
Endometrial cancer | ↑p = 0.056 | ↓ | ↓ | ↓p = 0.082 | ↑ | ↓ | -- | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↓p = 0.095 | ↑ | -- |
Ovarian cancer | -- | ↑ | ↑ | -- | ↑ | ↓p = 0.081 | N/A | -- | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | -- | ↑p = 0.087 |
Melanoma | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | ↑p = 0.064 | -- | ↑p = 0.065 | ↓ | -- |
Type of Cancer | Receptor | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
CCR1 | CCR2 | CCR3 | CCR4 | |
Glioma | ↓p = 0.095 | ↓ | -- | -- |
Thyroid cancer | -- | ↑ | -- | -- |
Lung cancer | ↓p = 0.088 | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
Colorectal cancer | -- | ↑ | -- | ↑ |
Head and neck cancer | ↑p = 0.067 | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
Stomach cancer | -- | -- | ↓ | -- |
Liver cancer | -- | ↑p = 0.081 | ↓ | -- |
Pancreatic cancer | -- | -- | ↓ | -- |
Renal cancer | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
Urothelial cancer | -- | -- | ↓p = 0.098 | -- |
Prostate cancer | -- | -- | ↑ | -- |
Testicular cancer | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
Breast cancer | -- | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
Cervical cancer | -- | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
Endometrial cancer | -- | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ |
Ovarian cancer | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
Melanoma | ↑ | ↑p = 0.063 | ↓ | ↑ |
Name | Receptor | Effect on the Recruitment of Non-Cancer Cells into the Tumor | Induction of Angiogenesis or Lymphangiogenesis | Organ-Specific Metastasis |
---|---|---|---|---|
CCL2 | CCR1 (low-affinity binding), CCR2, CCR3 (antagonist), CCR4, CCR5 | TIL, MDSC, MSC, TAM, Treg, Th17, neural progenitor cells, microglia, hepatic stellate cells | Angiogenesis | Bone, perineural invasion |
CCL7 | CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5 (antagonist) | TIL, TAM | ||
CCL8 | CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5 | TAM, Treg | ||
CCL11 | CCR2 (antagonist), CCR3, CCR5 | Eosinophils | Angiogenesis | |
CCL13 | CCR2, CCR3, CCR5 | |||
CCL14 | CCR1, CCR3 (low-affinity binding), CCR5 | TAM | Angiogenesis | |
CCL15 | CCR1, CCR3 | MDSC, MSC, TAM, TAN, osteoclast precursors, osteoclasts | Angiogenesis | |
CCL16 | CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, CCR8, histamine H4 receptor | Angiogenesis | ||
CCL17 | CCR4 | TIL, Treg, Th17, eosinophils | ||
CCL22 | CCR4 | TIL, Treg, Th17, eosinophils | Bone | |
CCL23 | CCR1 | Angiogenesis | ||
CCL24 | CCR2 (antagonist), CCR3, | Eosinophils | Angiogenesis | |
CCL26 | CCR1 (antagonist), CCR2 (antagonist), CCR3, CCR5 (antagonist), CX3CR1 | Eosinophils, MDSC, TAM | Angiogenesis |
Receptor | Ligand | Influence on the Recruitment of Cells into the Tumor Niche | Effects on Tumor Vascularization | Organ-Specific Metastasis |
---|---|---|---|---|
CCR1 | CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCL14, CCL15, CCL16, CCL23 | MDSC, MSC, TAM, TAN, osteoclast precursors, osteoclasts | Increase in VEGF expression which leads to angiogenesis | Liver |
CCR2 | CCL2, CCL7, CCL8, CCL13, CCL16 | MDSC, MSC, TAM, Treg | TAM-dependent angiogenesis | Bone, perineural invasion |
CCR3 | CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCL11, CCL13, CCL14, CCL15, CCL24, CCL26, CCL28 | Eosinophils, TAM | Angiogenesis | |
CCR4 | CCL2, CCL17, CCL22 | TIL, Th17, Treg, | Lymph node, bone |
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Korbecki, J.; Kojder, K.; Simińska, D.; Bohatyrewicz, R.; Gutowska, I.; Chlubek, D.; Baranowska-Bosiacka, I. CC Chemokines in a Tumor: A Review of Pro-Cancer and Anti-Cancer Properties of the Ligands of Receptors CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, and CCR4. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8412. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218412
Korbecki J, Kojder K, Simińska D, Bohatyrewicz R, Gutowska I, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. CC Chemokines in a Tumor: A Review of Pro-Cancer and Anti-Cancer Properties of the Ligands of Receptors CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, and CCR4. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):8412. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218412
Chicago/Turabian StyleKorbecki, Jan, Klaudyna Kojder, Donata Simińska, Romuald Bohatyrewicz, Izabela Gutowska, Dariusz Chlubek, and Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka. 2020. "CC Chemokines in a Tumor: A Review of Pro-Cancer and Anti-Cancer Properties of the Ligands of Receptors CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, and CCR4" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 8412. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218412