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Article

Long-Term Exposure to Urban Particulate Matter on the Ocular Surface and the Incidence of Deleterious Changes in the Cornea, Conjunctiva and Retina in Rats

by
Wan Seok Kang
1,
Hakjoon Choi
1,
Goeun Jang
1,
Ki Hoon Lee
1,
Eun Kim
1,
Kyeong Jo Kim
1,
Gil-Yeon Jeong
1,
Jin Seok Kim
1,
Chang-Su Na
2 and
Sunoh Kim
1,*
1
Central R&D Center, Bioresources and Technology (B&Tech) Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61239, Korea
2
College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, 185 Geonjae-ro, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do 58245, Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(14), 4976; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144976
Submission received: 26 June 2020 / Revised: 13 July 2020 / Accepted: 13 July 2020 / Published: 14 July 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics)
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Abstract

We investigated the time-dependent deleterious ocular changes induced by urban particulate matter (UPM) in vitro and in vivo. UPM treatment decreased human corneal epithelial cell migration and survival. Fluorescein scores were consistently increased by UPM application for 16 weeks. One week of rest at 2 or 4 weeks led to a recovery trend, whereas two weeks of rest at 8 weeks induced no change. UPM treatment decreased the tear film break-up time at 2 weeks, which was thereafter maintained until 16 weeks. No changes were found after periods of rest. UPM-treated eyes exhibited greater corneal epithelium thickness than normal eyes at 2 weeks, which recovered to normal at 4 and 8 weeks and was significantly decreased at 16 weeks. Apoptotic cell number in the epithelium was increased at 2 weeks, which remained constant except at 8 weeks. IL-6 expression in the cornea of the right eye continually increased for 16 weeks, and significant recovery was only observed at 8 weeks after 2 weeks of rest. Ocular pressure was significantly increased in the right eye at 12 and 16 weeks. Topical UPM application to the eye induced deleterious changes to various closely related parts of the eye.
Keywords: urban particulate matter; cornea; conjunctiva; retina; apoptosis; ocular pressure urban particulate matter; cornea; conjunctiva; retina; apoptosis; ocular pressure

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kang, W.S.; Choi, H.; Jang, G.; Lee, K.H.; Kim, E.; Kim, K.J.; Jeong, G.-Y.; Kim, J.S.; Na, C.-S.; Kim, S. Long-Term Exposure to Urban Particulate Matter on the Ocular Surface and the Incidence of Deleterious Changes in the Cornea, Conjunctiva and Retina in Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 4976. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144976

AMA Style

Kang WS, Choi H, Jang G, Lee KH, Kim E, Kim KJ, Jeong G-Y, Kim JS, Na C-S, Kim S. Long-Term Exposure to Urban Particulate Matter on the Ocular Surface and the Incidence of Deleterious Changes in the Cornea, Conjunctiva and Retina in Rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(14):4976. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144976

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kang, Wan Seok, Hakjoon Choi, Goeun Jang, Ki Hoon Lee, Eun Kim, Kyeong Jo Kim, Gil-Yeon Jeong, Jin Seok Kim, Chang-Su Na, and Sunoh Kim. 2020. "Long-Term Exposure to Urban Particulate Matter on the Ocular Surface and the Incidence of Deleterious Changes in the Cornea, Conjunctiva and Retina in Rats" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 14: 4976. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144976

APA Style

Kang, W. S., Choi, H., Jang, G., Lee, K. H., Kim, E., Kim, K. J., Jeong, G.-Y., Kim, J. S., Na, C.-S., & Kim, S. (2020). Long-Term Exposure to Urban Particulate Matter on the Ocular Surface and the Incidence of Deleterious Changes in the Cornea, Conjunctiva and Retina in Rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(14), 4976. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144976

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