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Article

Evaluation of the Impact of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. Extract on Memory Impairment in D-Galactose-Induced Brain Aging in Mice through Its Effects on Antioxidant Enzymes, Neuroinflammation, and Telomere Shortening

by
Possatorn Aon-im
1,
Orawan Monthakantirat
2,
Supawadee Daodee
2,
Yaowared Chulikhit
2,
Nattapatsorn Sriya
2,
Chantana Boonyarat
2,
Thanut Chumwangwapee
2,
Charinya Khamphukdee
2,* and
Anake Kijjoa
2,3,*
1
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
2
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
3
ICBAS-Instituo de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar and CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2024, 29(2), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29020503
Submission received: 3 November 2023 / Revised: 3 January 2024 / Accepted: 16 January 2024 / Published: 19 January 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products Chemistry)
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Abstract

Aging is a well-known factor that accelerates brain deterioration, resulting in impaired learning and memory functions. This current study evaluated the potential of an extract of Alternanthera philoxeroides (AP), an edible flavonoid-rich plant, to ameliorate D-galactose-induced brain aging in male mice. Chronic administration of D-galactose (150 mg/kg/day) in mice mimicked the characteristics of aging by accelerating senescence via downregulation of the following telomere-regulating factors: mouse telomerase reverse transcriptase (mTERT) and mouse telomeric repeat-binding factors 1 (mTRF1) and 2 (mTRF2). D-galactose also decreased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), while increasing expression of neuroinflammatory cytokines in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Daily treatment of D-galactose-induced aging mice with AP at 250 and 500 mg/kg/day or vitamin E (100 mg/kg/day) significantly increased the activities of SOD and CAT, as well as expression of mTERT, mTRF1, and mTRF2, which are involved in telomere stabilization, but decreased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. In the behavioral portion of the study, AP improved aging-related cognitive deficits in short-term memory as shown by the Y-maze task and the novel object recognition test (NORT) and long-term memory as shown by the Morris water maze test (MWMT). The flavones kaempferol-O-glucoside (1), quercetin (2), alternanthin B (3), demethyltorosaflavone D (4), and chrysoeriol-7-O-rhamnoside (5), which could be responsible for the observed effects of AP in the D-galactose-induced aging mice, were identified by HPLC analysis.
Keywords: Alternanthera philoxeroides; brain aging; memory deficits; D-galactose-induced aging; neuroinflammation; telomere shortening Alternanthera philoxeroides; brain aging; memory deficits; D-galactose-induced aging; neuroinflammation; telomere shortening

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MDPI and ACS Style

Aon-im, P.; Monthakantirat, O.; Daodee, S.; Chulikhit, Y.; Sriya, N.; Boonyarat, C.; Chumwangwapee, T.; Khamphukdee, C.; Kijjoa, A. Evaluation of the Impact of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. Extract on Memory Impairment in D-Galactose-Induced Brain Aging in Mice through Its Effects on Antioxidant Enzymes, Neuroinflammation, and Telomere Shortening. Molecules 2024, 29, 503. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29020503

AMA Style

Aon-im P, Monthakantirat O, Daodee S, Chulikhit Y, Sriya N, Boonyarat C, Chumwangwapee T, Khamphukdee C, Kijjoa A. Evaluation of the Impact of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. Extract on Memory Impairment in D-Galactose-Induced Brain Aging in Mice through Its Effects on Antioxidant Enzymes, Neuroinflammation, and Telomere Shortening. Molecules. 2024; 29(2):503. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29020503

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aon-im, Possatorn, Orawan Monthakantirat, Supawadee Daodee, Yaowared Chulikhit, Nattapatsorn Sriya, Chantana Boonyarat, Thanut Chumwangwapee, Charinya Khamphukdee, and Anake Kijjoa. 2024. "Evaluation of the Impact of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. Extract on Memory Impairment in D-Galactose-Induced Brain Aging in Mice through Its Effects on Antioxidant Enzymes, Neuroinflammation, and Telomere Shortening" Molecules 29, no. 2: 503. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29020503

APA Style

Aon-im, P., Monthakantirat, O., Daodee, S., Chulikhit, Y., Sriya, N., Boonyarat, C., Chumwangwapee, T., Khamphukdee, C., & Kijjoa, A. (2024). Evaluation of the Impact of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. Extract on Memory Impairment in D-Galactose-Induced Brain Aging in Mice through Its Effects on Antioxidant Enzymes, Neuroinflammation, and Telomere Shortening. Molecules, 29(2), 503. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29020503

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