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Article

Qualitative Analysis of Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds in Vacuum Gas Oils via Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry

by
Morio Ueda
1,
Jongbeom Lee
2,
Hyeonseok Yi
3,
Gang-Ho Lee
3,
Yu-Jin Kim
2,
Geon-Hee Kim
4,
Kyeongseok Oh
5,
Seong-Ho Yoon
6,
Koji Nakabayashi
6,* and
Joo-Il Park
2,*
1
Kyushu Environmental Evaluation Association, Fukuoka 813-0004, Japan
2
Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
3
Carbon Materials Research Group, Research Institute of Industrial Science & Technology (RIST), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
4
Department of Defense Space Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
5
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Inha Technical College, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
6
Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2024, 29(11), 2508; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112508
Submission received: 16 April 2024 / Revised: 15 May 2024 / Accepted: 17 May 2024 / Published: 26 May 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue (Mass Spectrometric) Non Target Screening–Techniques and Strategies: 2nd Edition)
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Abstract

Analysis of the heavy fractions in crude oil has been important in petroleum industries. It is well known that heavy fractions such as vacuum gas oils (VGOs) include heteroatoms, of which sulfur and nitrogen are often characterized in many cases. We conducted research regarding the molecular species analysis of VGOs. Further refine processes using VGOs are becoming important when considering carbon recycling. In this work, we attempted to classify compounds within VGOs provided by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Two VGOs were priorly distillated from Kuwait Export crude and Lower Fars crude. Quantitative analysis was performed mainly using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS). MALDI-TOF-MS has been developed for analyzing high-molecular-weight compounds such as polymer and biopolymers. As matrix selection is one of the most important aspects in MALDI-TOFMS, the careful selection of a matrix was firstly evaluated, followed by analysis using a Kendrick plot with nominal mass series (z*). The objective was to evaluate if this work could provide an effective classification of VGOs compounds. The Kendrick plot is a well-known method for processing mass data. The difference in the Kendrick mass defect (KMD) between CnH2n−14S and CnH2n−20O is only 0.0005 mass units, which makes it difficult in general to distinguish these compounds. However, since the z* value showed effective differences during the classification of these compounds, qualitative analysis could be possible. The analysis using nominal mass series showed the potential to be used as an effective method in analyzing heavy fractions.
Keywords: atmospheric residue; heavy oil; atmospheric residue desulfurization; molecular characterization; FT-ICR MS atmospheric residue; heavy oil; atmospheric residue desulfurization; molecular characterization; FT-ICR MS

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ueda, M.; Lee, J.; Yi, H.; Lee, G.-H.; Kim, Y.-J.; Kim, G.-H.; Oh, K.; Yoon, S.-H.; Nakabayashi, K.; Park, J.-I. Qualitative Analysis of Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds in Vacuum Gas Oils via Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2024, 29, 2508. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112508

AMA Style

Ueda M, Lee J, Yi H, Lee G-H, Kim Y-J, Kim G-H, Oh K, Yoon S-H, Nakabayashi K, Park J-I. Qualitative Analysis of Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds in Vacuum Gas Oils via Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Molecules. 2024; 29(11):2508. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112508

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ueda, Morio, Jongbeom Lee, Hyeonseok Yi, Gang-Ho Lee, Yu-Jin Kim, Geon-Hee Kim, Kyeongseok Oh, Seong-Ho Yoon, Koji Nakabayashi, and Joo-Il Park. 2024. "Qualitative Analysis of Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds in Vacuum Gas Oils via Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry" Molecules 29, no. 11: 2508. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112508

APA Style

Ueda, M., Lee, J., Yi, H., Lee, G.-H., Kim, Y.-J., Kim, G.-H., Oh, K., Yoon, S.-H., Nakabayashi, K., & Park, J.-I. (2024). Qualitative Analysis of Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds in Vacuum Gas Oils via Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Molecules, 29(11), 2508. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112508

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