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Article

Agarose Film-Based Liquid–Solid Conversion for Heavy Metal Detection of Water Samples by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

by
Zhengkai You
1,
Xiaolong Li
1,
Jing Huang
1,
Rongqin Chen
1,
Jiyu Peng
2,*,
Wenwen Kong
3 and
Fei Liu
1,*
1
College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
2
College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
3
College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2023, 28(6), 2777; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062777
Submission received: 14 February 2023 / Revised: 13 March 2023 / Accepted: 17 March 2023 / Published: 19 March 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spectroscopy and Chromatography in Food and Environmental Analysis)
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Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) shows promising applications in the analysis of environmental heavy metals. However, direct analysis in water by LIBS faces the problems of droplet splashing and laser energy decay. In this study, a novel liquid–solid conversion method based on agarose films is proposed to provide an easy-to-operate and sensitive detection of heavy metals. First, the water samples were converted into semi-solid hydrogels with the aid of agarose and then dried into agarose films to make the signal intensities stronger. The calibration curves of Cd, Pb and Cr were constructed. The proposed method was validated by standard heavy metal solutions and real water samples. The results showed that the values of R2 were 0.990, 0.989 and 0.975, and the values of the LOD were 0.011, 0.122 and 0.118 mg L−1 for Cd (I) 228.80, Pb (I) 405.78 and Cr (I) 427.48 nm, respectively. The RMSEs of validation were 0.068 (Cd), 0.107 (Pb) and 0.112 mg·L−1 (Cr), and the recovery values were in the range of 91.2–107.9%. The agarose film-based liquid–solid conversion method achieved the desired ease of operation and sensitivity of LIBS in heavy-metal detection, thereby, showing good application prospects in heavy metal monitoring of water.
Keywords: heavy metal detection; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; liquid–solid conversion; agarose film heavy metal detection; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; liquid–solid conversion; agarose film

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MDPI and ACS Style

You, Z.; Li, X.; Huang, J.; Chen, R.; Peng, J.; Kong, W.; Liu, F. Agarose Film-Based Liquid–Solid Conversion for Heavy Metal Detection of Water Samples by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Molecules 2023, 28, 2777. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062777

AMA Style

You Z, Li X, Huang J, Chen R, Peng J, Kong W, Liu F. Agarose Film-Based Liquid–Solid Conversion for Heavy Metal Detection of Water Samples by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Molecules. 2023; 28(6):2777. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062777

Chicago/Turabian Style

You, Zhengkai, Xiaolong Li, Jing Huang, Rongqin Chen, Jiyu Peng, Wenwen Kong, and Fei Liu. 2023. "Agarose Film-Based Liquid–Solid Conversion for Heavy Metal Detection of Water Samples by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy" Molecules 28, no. 6: 2777. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062777

APA Style

You, Z., Li, X., Huang, J., Chen, R., Peng, J., Kong, W., & Liu, F. (2023). Agarose Film-Based Liquid–Solid Conversion for Heavy Metal Detection of Water Samples by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Molecules, 28(6), 2777. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062777

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