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Article

Pesticide Residues in Vegetables and Fruits from Farmer Markets and Associated Dietary Risks

by
El-Sayed A. El-Sheikh
1,*,
Mahmoud M. Ramadan
1,
Ahmed E. El-Sobki
1,
Ali A. Shalaby
1,
Mark R. McCoy
2,
Ibrahim A. Hamed
1,
Mohamed-Bassem Ashour
1 and
Bruce D. Hammock
2
1
Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
2
Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2022, 27(22), 8072; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228072
Submission received: 15 October 2022 / Revised: 12 November 2022 / Accepted: 13 November 2022 / Published: 21 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chromatographic Analysis of Pesticide in Environmental and Food)
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Abstract

The use of pesticides leads to an increase in agricultural production but also causes harmful effects on human health when excessively used. For safe consumption, pesticide residues should be below the maximum residual limits (MRLs). In this study, the residual levels of pesticides in vegetables and fruits collected from farmers’ markets in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt were investigated using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. A total number of 40 pesticides were detected in the tested vegetable and fruit samples. Insecticides were the highest group in detection frequency with 85% and 69% appearance in vegetables and fruits, respectively. Cucumber and apple samples were found to have the highest number of pesticide residues. The mean residue levels ranged from 7 to 951 µg kg−1 (in vegetable samples) and from 8 to 775 µg kg−1 (in fruit samples). It was found that 35 (40.7%) out of 86 pesticide residues detected in vegetables and 35 (38.9%) out of 90 pesticide residues detected in fruits exceeded MRLs. Results for lambda-cyhalothrin, fipronil, dimothoate, and omethoate in spinach, zucchini, kaki, and strawberry, respectively, can cause acute or chronic risks when consumed at 0.1 and 0.2 kg day−1. Therefore, it is necessary for food safety and security to continuously monitor pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in markets.
Keywords: pesticide residues; vegetables; fruits; dietary risk exposure pesticide residues; vegetables; fruits; dietary risk exposure

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MDPI and ACS Style

El-Sheikh, E.-S.A.; Ramadan, M.M.; El-Sobki, A.E.; Shalaby, A.A.; McCoy, M.R.; Hamed, I.A.; Ashour, M.-B.; Hammock, B.D. Pesticide Residues in Vegetables and Fruits from Farmer Markets and Associated Dietary Risks. Molecules 2022, 27, 8072. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228072

AMA Style

El-Sheikh E-SA, Ramadan MM, El-Sobki AE, Shalaby AA, McCoy MR, Hamed IA, Ashour M-B, Hammock BD. Pesticide Residues in Vegetables and Fruits from Farmer Markets and Associated Dietary Risks. Molecules. 2022; 27(22):8072. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228072

Chicago/Turabian Style

El-Sheikh, El-Sayed A., Mahmoud M. Ramadan, Ahmed E. El-Sobki, Ali A. Shalaby, Mark R. McCoy, Ibrahim A. Hamed, Mohamed-Bassem Ashour, and Bruce D. Hammock. 2022. "Pesticide Residues in Vegetables and Fruits from Farmer Markets and Associated Dietary Risks" Molecules 27, no. 22: 8072. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228072

APA Style

El-Sheikh, E.-S. A., Ramadan, M. M., El-Sobki, A. E., Shalaby, A. A., McCoy, M. R., Hamed, I. A., Ashour, M.-B., & Hammock, B. D. (2022). Pesticide Residues in Vegetables and Fruits from Farmer Markets and Associated Dietary Risks. Molecules, 27(22), 8072. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228072

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