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Article

Enhancing the Decolorization of Methylene Blue Using a Low-Cost Super-Absorbent Aided by Response Surface Methodology

by
Nor Hakimin Abdullah
1,*,
Mazlan Mohamed
1,
Norshahidatul Akmar Mohd Shohaimi
2,
Azwan Mat Lazim
3,
Ahmad Zamani Abdul Halim
4,
Nurasmat Mohd Shukri
5 and
Mohammad Khairul Azhar Abdul Razab
5,*
1
Advanced Materials Research Cluster (AMRC), Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK), Jeli 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia
2
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang, Bandar Tun Razak 26400, Pahang, Malaysia
3
Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
4
Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, College of Computing and Applied Science, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
5
School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2021, 26(15), 4430; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154430
Submission received: 30 May 2021 / Revised: 13 July 2021 / Accepted: 13 July 2021 / Published: 22 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Activated Carbons—Production and Applications)
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Abstract

The presence of organic dyes from industrial wastewater can cause pollution and exacerbate environmental problems; therefore, in the present work, activated carbon was synthesized from locally available oil palm trunk (OPT) biomass as a low-cost adsorbent to remove synthetic dye from aqueous media. The physical properties of the synthesized oil palm trunk activated carbon (OPTAC) were analyzed by SEM, FTIR-ATR, and XRD. The concurrent effects of the process variables (adsorbent dosage (g), methylene blue (MB) concentration (mg/L), and contact time (h)) on the MB removal percentage from aqueous solution were studied using a three-factor three-level Box–Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM), followed by the optimization of MB adsorption using OPTAC as the adsorbent. Based on the results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the three parameters considered, adsorbent dosage (X1) is the most crucial parameter, with an F-value of 1857.43, followed by MB concentration (X2) and contact time (X3) with the F-values of 95.60 and 29.48, respectively. Furthermore, the highest MB removal efficiency of 97.9% was achieved at the optimum X1, X2, and X3 of 1.5 g, 200 mg/L, and 2 h, respectively.
Keywords: activated carbon; agriculture waste; methylene blue; optimization; wastewater treatment activated carbon; agriculture waste; methylene blue; optimization; wastewater treatment
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MDPI and ACS Style

Abdullah, N.H.; Mohamed, M.; Mohd Shohaimi, N.A.; Mat Lazim, A.; Abdul Halim, A.Z.; Mohd Shukri, N.; Abdul Razab, M.K.A. Enhancing the Decolorization of Methylene Blue Using a Low-Cost Super-Absorbent Aided by Response Surface Methodology. Molecules 2021, 26, 4430. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154430

AMA Style

Abdullah NH, Mohamed M, Mohd Shohaimi NA, Mat Lazim A, Abdul Halim AZ, Mohd Shukri N, Abdul Razab MKA. Enhancing the Decolorization of Methylene Blue Using a Low-Cost Super-Absorbent Aided by Response Surface Methodology. Molecules. 2021; 26(15):4430. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154430

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdullah, Nor Hakimin, Mazlan Mohamed, Norshahidatul Akmar Mohd Shohaimi, Azwan Mat Lazim, Ahmad Zamani Abdul Halim, Nurasmat Mohd Shukri, and Mohammad Khairul Azhar Abdul Razab. 2021. "Enhancing the Decolorization of Methylene Blue Using a Low-Cost Super-Absorbent Aided by Response Surface Methodology" Molecules 26, no. 15: 4430. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154430

APA Style

Abdullah, N. H., Mohamed, M., Mohd Shohaimi, N. A., Mat Lazim, A., Abdul Halim, A. Z., Mohd Shukri, N., & Abdul Razab, M. K. A. (2021). Enhancing the Decolorization of Methylene Blue Using a Low-Cost Super-Absorbent Aided by Response Surface Methodology. Molecules, 26(15), 4430. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154430

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