Phenolic and Non-Polar Fractions of the Extracts from Fruits, Leaves, and Twigs of Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson—The Implications for Human Barrier Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. The Effect of Fractionated E. rhamnoides Extracts and Reference Compounds on Caco-2 Cells
2.2. The Impact of Fractionated E. rhamnoides Extracts and Reference Compounds on HFF-1 Cells
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals and Media
3.2. Plant Material
3.3. Preparation of Fractionated Sea Buckthorn Extracts and Phytochemical LC-MS Analyses
3.4. Preparation of the Solutions of Fractionated Sea Buckthorn Extracts and Reference Compounds
3.5. Cell Cultures
3.6. ELISA Assay for Assessment of IL-8, MIP-1α, and TNF-α Production
3.7. Scratch Assay to Determine of the Fibroblasts Migration
3.8. Assessment of ICAM-1 Expression on Caco-2 Cells Using Flow Cytometry
3.9. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
Group of Compounds | Relative Peak Area (%) | Dominant Compounds |
---|---|---|
phenolic fraction of the fruits (OF) | ||
Flavonol glycosides | 67.5 | I-3-O-Rut *, I-3-O-Glc *, I-3-O-Glc-7-O-Rha *, Q-3-O-Glc *, rutin *, I-3-O-Glc-7-O-(3′-O-IvA)-Rha |
Other polar | 21.0 | unidentified, hexose, quinic acid/isomer |
Triterpenoids and acylated triterpenoids | 9.1 | C30H48O5, C30H48O6 |
Other non-polar | 2.4 | unidentified |
non-polar fraction of the fruits (OL) | ||
Flavonol glycosides | 0.9 | as in the phenolic fraction |
Other polar | 0.1 | unidentified |
Triterpenoids and acylated triterpenoids | 83.6 | oleanolic acid *, ursolic acid *, C30H48O5, C30H48O4, C30H48O5-pCouA, C30H48O4-pCouA, C30H48O6-pCouA |
Other non-polar | 15.4 | unidentified |
Group of Compounds | Relative Peak Area (%) | Dominant Compounds |
---|---|---|
phenolic fraction of the twigs (GF) | ||
Proanthocyanidins and catechin | 54.3 | catechin, (epi)C-(epi)C, (epi)C-(epi)C-(epi)C, (epi)C-(epi)C-(epi)C-(epi)C, (epi)GC, (epi)C-(epi)GC |
Flavonol glycosides | 2.3 | I-3-O-Glu-7-O-Rha *, I-3-O-Rut *, K-Hex-CouA |
Hydrolysable tannins and ellagic acid | 1.9 | ellagic acid, casuarinin/isomer |
Other polar | 19.8 | dihexose, quinic acid/isomer, unidentified |
Spermidine derivatives | 10.7 | tricoumaroyl spermidine, feruloyl dicoumaroyl spermidine, diferuloyl coumaroyl spermidine, triferuloyl spermidine |
Triterpenoids and acylated triterpenoids | 6.7 | C30H48O5, C30H48O4 |
Other non-polar | 4.3 | unidentified |
non-polar fraction of the twigs (GL) | ||
Proanthocyanidins and catechin | 1.3 | catechin, (epi)C-(epi)C, (epi)C-(epi)C-(epi)C |
Other polar | 1.8 | unidentified |
Spermidine derivatives | 2.0 | as in the phenolic fraction |
Triterpenoids and acylated triterpenoids | 89.0 | oleanolic acid *, ursolic acid *, C30H48O5, C30H48O4, C30H48O5-pCouA, C30H48O4-CafA |
Other non-polar | 5.9 | unidentified |
Group of Compounds | Relative Peak Area (%) | Dominant Compounds |
---|---|---|
phenolic fraction of the leaves (LF) | ||
Hydrolysable tannins and ellagic acid | 31.3 | casuarinin, casuarictin, strictinin, hippophaenin B or their isomers, ellagic acid |
Flavonol glycosides | 24.5 | I-3-O-Glc-7-O-Rha *, I-Hex-dHex, I-3-O-Rut *, rutin *, Q-Hex, K-Hex-CouA, I-dHex-Hex-LinA |
Other polar | 17.4 | dihexose, quinic acid/isomer, (epi)gallocatechin, unidentified |
Triterpenoid saponins | 15.0 | C71H112O31, C69H110O29, C65H102O27, C65H102O26 |
Triterpenoids and acylated triterpenoids | 7.6 | C30H48O5, C30H48O4 |
Other non-polar | 4.2 | unidentified |
non-polar fraction of the leaves (LL) | ||
Hydrolysable tannins | 2.7 | casuarinin, hippophaenin B or their isomers |
Flavonol glycosides | 2.6 | As in the phenolic fraction |
Other polar | 1.2 | dihexose, quinic acid/isomer, unidentified |
Triterpenoid saponins | 30.5 | C69H110O29, C63H100O25, C63H100O24, C57H90O20 |
Triterpenoids and acylated triterpenoids | 50.7 | oleanolic acid *, ursolic acid *, C30H48O5, C30H48O4, C30H48O5-pCouA, C30H48O4-pCouA, C30H48O5-FerA |
Other non-polar | 12.3 | unidentified |
Preparation * | Action 6 h | Action 24 h | Control/Significance 6 h; 24 h |
---|---|---|---|
OF | ↓ 1.3× | ↓ 1.2× | C1/NS; NS |
GF | ↓ 2.3× | ↓ 2.1× | C1/p = 0.0138; p = 0.0345 |
LF | ↓ 3.5× | ↓ 2.0× | C1/p = 0.0138; p = 0.0345 |
OL | ↓ 2.2× | ↓ 2.9× | C2/p = 0.0138; p = 0.0048 |
GL | ↓ 1.5× | ↑ 1.3× | C2/p = 0.0138; p = 0.0345 |
LL | ↓ 1.4× | ↓ 1.2× | C2/p = 0.0138; NS |
PG | ↑ 1.3× | ↑ 1.7× | C2/p = 0.0138; p = 0.0345 |
TNF | ↑ 12.5× | ↑ 11.6× | C2/p = 0.0138; p = 0.0345 |
KU | ↓ 1.2× | ↑ 1.4× | C2/p = 0.0345; p = 0.0345 |
Q | ↓ 2.7× | ↓ 4.4× | C2/p = 0.0138; p = 0.0345 |
E | ↓ 1.5× | ↓ 1.3× | C2/p = 0.0138; p = 0.0345 |
KE | ↓ 2.3× | ↓ 1.1× | C2/p = 0.0138; NS |
Preparation * | Action 6 h | Action 24 h | Control/Significance 6 h; 24 h |
---|---|---|---|
OF | ↑ 2.0× | ↑ 2.0× | C1/p = 0.0138; p = 0.0138 |
GF | ↓ 1.1× | ↑ 1.8× | C1/p = 0.0138; p = 0.0138 |
LF | ↑ 1.7× | ↑ 1.5× | C1/NS; NS |
OL | ↑ 1.7× | ↑ 2.6× | C2/p = 0.0138; p = 0.0133 |
GL | ↓ 1.2× | ↑ 1.2× | C2/NS; p = 0.0138 |
LL | ↑ 2.0× | ↑ 1.1× | C2/p = 0.0138; NS |
PG | ↑ 1.3× | ↑ 1.8× | C2/p = 0.0138; p = 0.0138 |
TNF | ↑ 4.8× | ↑ 3.0× | C2/p = 0.009; p = 0.0138 |
KU | ↓ 1.1× | ↑ 3.2× | C2/NS; p = 0.0138 |
Q | ↓ 3.2× | ↑ 1.7× | C2/p = 0.0138; NS |
E | no change | ↑ 2.0× | C2/NS; p = 0.0138 |
KE | ↑ 1.1× | ↑ 2.1× | C2/p = 0.0138; NS |
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Sadowska, B.; Rywaniak, J.; Cichocka, A.; Cichocka, K.; Żuchowski, J.; Wójcik-Bojek, U.; Więckowska-Szakiel, M.; Różalska, B. Phenolic and Non-Polar Fractions of the Extracts from Fruits, Leaves, and Twigs of Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson—The Implications for Human Barrier Cells. Molecules 2020, 25, 2238. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092238
Sadowska B, Rywaniak J, Cichocka A, Cichocka K, Żuchowski J, Wójcik-Bojek U, Więckowska-Szakiel M, Różalska B. Phenolic and Non-Polar Fractions of the Extracts from Fruits, Leaves, and Twigs of Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson—The Implications for Human Barrier Cells. Molecules. 2020; 25(9):2238. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092238
Chicago/Turabian StyleSadowska, Beata, Joanna Rywaniak, Anna Cichocka, Kinga Cichocka, Jerzy Żuchowski, Urszula Wójcik-Bojek, Marzena Więckowska-Szakiel, and Barbara Różalska. 2020. "Phenolic and Non-Polar Fractions of the Extracts from Fruits, Leaves, and Twigs of Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson—The Implications for Human Barrier Cells" Molecules 25, no. 9: 2238. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092238