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Article

Preliminary Study on the Differences in Hydrocarbons Between Phosphine-Susceptible and -Resistant Strains of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) Using Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with GC-MS

by
Ihab Alnajim
1,2,†,
Manjree Agarwal
1,†,
Tao Liu
3,
Beibei Li
4,
Xin Du
1,* and
Yonglin Ren
1,*
1
College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
2
Date Palm Research Centre, University of Basrah, Basra 61004, Iraq
3
Institute of Equipment Technology, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. A3, Gaobeidianbeilu, Chaoyang district, Beijing 100123, China
4
College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Waters Hall 054, Manhattan, NY KS 66502, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Molecules 2020, 25(7), 1565; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071565
Submission received: 23 February 2020 / Revised: 26 March 2020 / Accepted: 27 March 2020 / Published: 29 March 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-Phase Microextraction II)
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Abstract

Phosphine resistance is a worldwide issue threatening the grain industry. The cuticles of insects are covered with a layer of lipids, which protect insect bodies from the harmful effects of pesticides. The main components of the cuticular lipids are hydrocarbon compounds. In this research, phosphine-resistant and -susceptible strains of two main stored-grain insects, T. castaneum and R. dominica, were tested to determine the possible role of their cuticular hydrocarbons in phosphine resistance. Direct immersion solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied to extract and analyze the cuticular hydrocarbons. The results showed significant differences between the resistant and susceptible strains regarding the cuticular hydrocarbons that were investigated. The resistant insects of both species contained higher amounts than the susceptible insects for the majority of the hydrocarbons, sixteen from cuticular extraction and nineteen from the homogenized body extraction for T. castaneum and eighteen from cuticular extraction and twenty-one from the homogenized body extraction for R. dominica. 3-methylnonacosane and 2-methylheptacosane had the highest significant difference between the susceptible and resistant strains of T. castaneum from the cuticle and the homogenized body, respectively. Unknown5 from the cuticle and 3-methylhentriacontane from the homogenized body recorded the highest significant differences in R. dominica. The higher hydrocarbon content is a key factor in eliminating phosphine from entering resistant insect bodies, acting as a barrier between insects and the surrounding phosphine environment.
Keywords: SPME; phosphine; resistance; hydrocarbons; insect: T. castaneum; R. dominica SPME; phosphine; resistance; hydrocarbons; insect: T. castaneum; R. dominica
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MDPI and ACS Style

Alnajim, I.; Agarwal, M.; Liu, T.; Li, B.; Du, X.; Ren, Y. Preliminary Study on the Differences in Hydrocarbons Between Phosphine-Susceptible and -Resistant Strains of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) Using Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with GC-MS. Molecules 2020, 25, 1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071565

AMA Style

Alnajim I, Agarwal M, Liu T, Li B, Du X, Ren Y. Preliminary Study on the Differences in Hydrocarbons Between Phosphine-Susceptible and -Resistant Strains of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) Using Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with GC-MS. Molecules. 2020; 25(7):1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071565

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alnajim, Ihab, Manjree Agarwal, Tao Liu, Beibei Li, Xin Du, and Yonglin Ren. 2020. "Preliminary Study on the Differences in Hydrocarbons Between Phosphine-Susceptible and -Resistant Strains of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) Using Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with GC-MS" Molecules 25, no. 7: 1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071565

APA Style

Alnajim, I., Agarwal, M., Liu, T., Li, B., Du, X., & Ren, Y. (2020). Preliminary Study on the Differences in Hydrocarbons Between Phosphine-Susceptible and -Resistant Strains of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) Using Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with GC-MS. Molecules, 25(7), 1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071565

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