The Content of Phenolic Acids and Flavonols in the Leaves of Nine Varieties of Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) Depending on Their Development, Grown in Central Europe
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussions
2.1. Identification of Phenolic Compounds in Sweet Potato Leaves
2.2. Antioxidant Activity of Sweet Potato Leaves Depending on BBCH Growth Stage
2.3. The Polyphenolic Content in Sweet Potato Leaves Depending on the Leaf Growth Stage and Cultivar
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Reagents and Standards
3.2. Plant Materials
3.3. Extraction Procedure
3.4. Determination of Polyphenolic Compounds
3.5. Ferric-Reducing/Antioxidant Power Assay
3.6. Free Radical Scavenging Ability Determination Using a Stable ABTS Radical Cation
3.7. DPPH
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of phenolic acids and flavonols in leaves sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) depending on their stage of development are available to the authors (B.K.-M. and T.C.) on request. |
Peak No. | Rt (min) | UV-Vis nm | [M−H]− (m/z) | Fragment Ion (m/z) | Compounds |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
phenolics acid | |||||
1 | 2.335 | 240/298/327 | 353 | 191,179,135 | 3-CQA |
2 | 2.960 | 241/298/328 | 353 | 191 | 5-CQA |
3 | 3.139 | 244/298/326 | 353 | 173,179,191,135,155,161 | 4-CQA |
6 | 5.153 | 240/298/326 | 515 | 135,155,161,173,179,191,353 | 3,4-diCQA |
7 | 5.275 | 239/298/328 | 515 | 135,179,191,335,353 | 3,5-diCQA |
flavonols | |||||
4 | 4.727 | 256/265/354 | 463 | 151,179,255,271,300,301 | Quercetin-3-O-galactoside |
5 | 4.763 | 256/265/354 | 463 | 151,179,255,271,300,301 | Quercetin-3-O-glucoside |
Varieties | Okinava | Carmen Rubin | Radiosa | White Triumph | Malokai | Purple | Beauregard | Jewel | Satsumo Imo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Harvest time in phase 14 according to the BBCH scale | |||||||||
Polyphenols mg · 100 g−1 DM. | 14.0386 | 1767.8 | 1604.9 | 148.2 | 962.1 | 383.1 | 1426.8 | 5251 | 800.91 |
ABTS | 138.16 | 52.67 | 51.44 | 24.24 | 30.03 | 30.82 | 41.45 | 90.53 | 26.97 |
Correlation coefficient | −0.838 | −0.994 | −0.600 | −0.997 | 0.999 | 0.993 | 0.995 | 0.675 | 0.141 |
DPPH | 190.75 | 46.63 | 49.75 | 18.55 | 22.73 | 28.17 | 39.93 | 117.46 | 28.49 |
Correlation coefficient | −0.958 | 0.755 | 0.379 | 0.999 | 0.978 | 0.999 | 0.931 | 0.711 | −0.362 |
FRAP | 551 | 144.5 | 147.3 | 52.8 | 72.6 | 95.4 | 115.6 | 326.3 | 86.4 |
Correlation coefficient | −0.974 | 0.839 | −0.286 | 0.997 | 0.986 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.597 | −0.565 |
Harvest time in phase 51 according to the BBCH scale | |||||||||
Polyphenols mg · 100 g−1 DM. | 1500.8 | 829.2 | 5026.8 | 760.8 | 144.76 | 2003.6 | 2211.3 | 873.1 | 351.35 |
ABTS | 41.49 | 27.72 | 63.39 | 26.48 | 26.49 | 11.4 | 55.77 | 30.52 | 12.44 |
Correlation coefficient | 0.705 | 0.998 | 0.993 | 0.664 | 0.664 | 0.999 | −0.395 | 0.999 | −0.394 |
DPPH | 105.64 | 50.59 | 187.39 | 47.6 | 47.60 | 10.47 | 122.56 | 58.63 | 38.66 |
Correlation coefficient | 0.658 | 0.987 | 0.974 | −0.956 | −0.956 | 0.998 | −0.369 | 0.999 | −0.719 |
FRAP | 283.46 | 172.56 | 617.43 | 138.5 | 138.58 | 28.47 | 415.43 | 168.45 | 131.34 |
Correlation coefficient | 0.537 | 0.999 | 0.996 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.999 | −0.381 | 0.998 | −0.772 |
Harvest time in phase 89 according to the BBCH scale | |||||||||
Polyphenols mg · 100 g−1 DM. | 7059.6 | 6333.4 | 11.1835 | 4802.4 | 5193.3 | 4078.1 | 9303.5 | 7731.2 | 5326.5 |
ABTS | 93.35 | 108.6 | 126.52 | 112.65 | 90.62 | 101.52 | 113.6 | 108.6 | 89.46 |
Correlation coefficient | 0.888 | 0.537 | 0.805 | 0.301 | 0.756 | 0.776 | −0.141 | 0.980 | 0.492 |
DPPH | 110.62 | 145.6 | 197.43 | 124.81 | 114.59 | 109.72 | 171.7 | 147.3 | 65.77 |
Correlation coefficient | 0.656 | 0.785 | 0.813 | 0.227 | 0.776 | 0.665 | −0.352 | 0.954 | 0.549 |
FRAP | 308.0 | 455.3 | 636.31 | 382.0 | 385.0 | 334.42 | 558.4 | 462.4 | 195.61 |
Correlation coefficient | 0.817 | −0.678 | 0.367 | 0.327 | 0.720 | 0.773 | −0.272 | 0.962 | −0.201 |
Varieties | BBCH | Phenolics Acid | Sum | Flavonoids | Total | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5-CQA | 3-CQA | 4-CQA | 3.4-diCQA | 3.5-diCQA | Q3GA | Q3GL | Sum | ||||
Okinava | 14 | 223.3 | 9455 | 133.0 | 1322 | 1980 | 13,113 | 173.8 | 751.5 | 925.3 | 14,038.6 |
51 | 148.6 | 1023 | 112.0 | 15.65 | 50.95 | 1350 | 30.18 | 119.7 | 149.9 | 1500.1 | |
89 | 250.3 | 4572 | 272 | 522.3 | 713 | 6330 | 235.2 | 494.8 | 730.0 | 7059.6 | |
Carmen Rubin | 14 | 184.8 | 1160 | 271.4 | 2.09 | 149.5 | 1768 | nt | nt | nt | 1767.8 |
51 | 52.2 | 507.0 | 113.8 | 49.61 | 44.51 | 767.1 | 23.21 | 38.87 | 62.08 | 829.2 | |
89 | 224 | 3386 | 426.8 | 633.2 | 577.0 | 5248 | 210.6 | 875.8 | 1086 | 6333.4 | |
Radiosa | 14 | 140.27 | 577.9 | 621.3 | 59.39 | 206.0 | 1604.9 | nt | nt | nt | 1604.9 |
51 | 403.79 | 3711 | 402.5 | 73.6 | 120.2 | 4711 | 63.27 | 252.4 | 315.7 | 5026.8 | |
89 | 527.44 | 7451 | 611.9 | 540.8 | 1037 | 10,168 | 269.6 | 745.8 | 1015 | 11,183.5 | |
White Triumph | 14 | nt | 100 | nt | nt | 48.19 | 148.2 | nt | nt | nt | 148.2 |
51 | 135.8 | 416.9 | 65.44 | 45.27 | 50.87 | 714.3 | 39.63 | 6.85 | 46.48 | 760.8 | |
89 | 245.1 | 2855 | 35.98 | 429.9 | 823.2 | 4389 | 18.69 | 394.5 | 413.2 | 4802.4 | |
Malokai | 14 | 63.69 | 200.5 | 560.3 | 77.55 | 60.06 | 962.0 | nt | nt | nt | 962.1 |
51 | nt | 59.64 | 28.1 | nt | nt | 87.74 | 37.97 | 19.05 | 57.03 | 144.76 | |
89 | 51.26 | 2371 | 1475 | 265.7 | 479.6 | 4643 | 195.7 | 355.0 | 550.7 | 5193.3 | |
Purple | 14 | 20.95 | 192.5 | 54.87 | 69.06 | 45.7 | 383.1 | nt | nt | nt | 383.1 |
51 | 160.2BC | 1372 | 215.5 | 32.58 | 40.61 | 1821 | 20.57 | 162.1 | 182.7 | 2003.6 | |
89 | 158.4CB | 2490 | 205.7 | 379.4 | 415.8 | 3649 | 77.59 | 351.6 | 429.2 | 4078.1 | |
Beauregard | 14 | 145.4AB | 832.5 | 303.9 | 22.22 | 95.89 | 1400 | nt | 26.92 | 26.92 | 1426.8 |
51 | 146.5BA | 1477 | 176.8 | 89.41 | 155.6 | 2046 | 3.41 | 162.6 | 166.0 | 2211.3 | |
89 | 156.6 | 6364 | 372.7 | 731.4 | 1060 | 8685 | 94.17 | 524.6 | 618.8 | 9303.5 | |
Jewel | 14 | 285.09 | 3473 | 193.2 | 323.2 | 506.7 | 4781 | 66.42 | 403.4 | 469.8 | 5251 |
51 | 109.45 | 578.9 | 65.16 | 30.81 | 29.07 | 813.4 | 3.37 | 56.35 | 59.71 | 873.1 | |
89 | 379.02 | 5399 | 283.7 | 425.0 | 481.4 | 6969 | 190.0 | 573.1 | 763.1 | 7732.2 | |
Satsumo Imo | 14 | 54.58 | 559.5 | 54.8 | 73.12 | 58.91 | 800.9 | nt | nt | nt | 800.91 |
51 | 3.93 | 131.34 | 11.24 | 71.99 | 72.66 | 291.2 | 39.93 | 20.26 | 60.19 | 351.35 | |
89 | 261.6 | 3527 | 175.0 | 261.5 | 541.2 | 4766 | 74.97 | 485.2 | 560.2 | 5326.5 |
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Krochmal-Marczak, B.; Cebulak, T.; Kapusta, I.; Oszmiański, J.; Kaszuba, J.; Żurek, N. The Content of Phenolic Acids and Flavonols in the Leaves of Nine Varieties of Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) Depending on Their Development, Grown in Central Europe. Molecules 2020, 25, 3473. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153473
Krochmal-Marczak B, Cebulak T, Kapusta I, Oszmiański J, Kaszuba J, Żurek N. The Content of Phenolic Acids and Flavonols in the Leaves of Nine Varieties of Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) Depending on Their Development, Grown in Central Europe. Molecules. 2020; 25(15):3473. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153473
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrochmal-Marczak, Barbara, Tomasz Cebulak, Ireneusz Kapusta, Jan Oszmiański, Joanna Kaszuba, and Natalia Żurek. 2020. "The Content of Phenolic Acids and Flavonols in the Leaves of Nine Varieties of Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) Depending on Their Development, Grown in Central Europe" Molecules 25, no. 15: 3473. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153473