Soil Behaviour of the Veterinary Drugs Lincomycin, Monensin, and Roxarsone and Their Toxicity on Environmental Organisms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results & Discussion
2.1. Adsorption-Desorption Test
2.2. Soil Mobility Test
2.3. Algae Growth Inhibition Test
2.4. Plant Sensitivity Test
2.4.1. Lincomycin
2.4.2. Monensin
2.4.3. Roxarsone
2.5. Daphnia Activity Inhibition Test
2.6. Acute Toxicity Tests of Zebrafish
2.7. Acute Toxicity Tests of Earthworm
2.8. Acute Toxicity Test on French Giant Quail
2.9. Summary of Results
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals, Test Soils and Organisms
3.2. Adsorption-Desorption and Soil Mobility
3.2.1. Adsorption-Desorption Test
3.2.2. Soil Mobility Test
3.2.3. Soil Drug Extraction
3.2.4. Drug Detection
Lincomycin
Monensin
Roxarsone
3.3. Ecotoxicology Tests
3.3.1. Algae Growth Inhibition Test
3.3.2. Plant Sensitivity Test
3.3.3. Growth Inhibition Test of Daphnia Activity
3.3.4. Acute Toxicity Test of Zebrafish
3.3.5. Acute Toxicity Test of Earthworms
3.3.6. Acute Toxicity Test of Quails
3.4. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors. |
Drug | Soil | Initial Drug Concentration (mg/L) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
Lincomycin | Laterite soil | 66.67 | 30.56 | 35.19 | 19.44 | 0 |
Podzol soil | 97.22 | 54.17 | 54.63 | 0 | 0 | |
Black soil | 100.0 | 100.0 | 86.11 | 16.67 | 1.111 | |
Monensin | Laterite soil | 56.16 | 93.68 | 55.26 | 90.92 | 93.66 |
Podzol soil | 100.0 | 92.60 | 87.50 | 89.99 | 88.25 | |
Black soil | 100.0 | 93.21 | 94.12 | 95.19 | 98.78 | |
Roxarsone | Laterite soil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Podzol soil | 0 | 0.8080 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Black soil | 18.80 | 38.18 | 97.41 | 51.95 | 42.00 |
Drug | Soil | Lg Kd | 1/n | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lincomycin | Podzol soil | 1.5672 | 0.1116 | 0.2043 |
Laterite soil | 1.8235 | 0.0935 | 0.5282 | |
Black soil | 1.7091 | −1.2543 | 0.7329 | |
Monensin | Podzol soil | 1.5194 | −0.1842 | 0.0355 |
Laterite soil | 2.7601 | 0.6117 | 0.8910 | |
Black soil | 1.8502 | −0.3915 | 0.2411 | |
Roxarsone | Black soil | 1.2855 | 1.9393 | 0.8759 |
Drug | Soil | Drug Content in Each Moving Distance (%) | Rf | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–3 cm | 3–6 cm | 6–9 cm | 9–12 cm | 12–15 cm | 15–18 cm | |||
Lincomycin | Laterite soil | 9.250 | 27.74 | 19.99 | 10.54 | 12.09 | 20.40 | 0.4995 |
Black soil | 16.11 | 15.63 | 15.01 | 14.66 | 17.07 | 21.51 | 0.5258 | |
Monensin | Laterite soil | 8.154 | 0 | 0 | 4.154 | 0 | 87.69 | 0.8348 |
Black soil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 68.02 | 31.98 | 0.8033 | |
Roxarsone | Laterite soil | 17.51 | 20.93 | 17.96 | 20.98 | 13.31 | 9.310 | 0.4493 |
Black soil | 12.45 | 12.99 | 10.85 | 13.10 | 26.86 | 23.74 | 0.5835 |
Monensin | Concentration (mg/L) | 25 | 50 | 75 | 100 | 125 | 0 | Methanol control | |
Plants Emerged | 7 d | 0.3 ± 0.6 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 6 | |
14 d | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 1.7 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0 | 10 | 5 | ||
Lincomycin | Concentration (mg/L) | 6 | 12 | 18 | 24 | 30 | 0 | Methanol control | |
Plants Emerged | 7 d | 9.0 ± 1.0 | 8.0 ± 2.0 | 6.7 ± 2.1 | 6.7 ± 1.5 | 7.3 ± 0.6 | 8 | / | |
14 d | 7.7 ± 2.1 | 8.0 ± 2.6 | 5.3 ± 3.5 | 6.3 ± 0.6 | 7 ± 1.0 | 10 | / | ||
Roxarsone | Concentration (mg/L) | 5 | 25 | 45 | 65 | 80 | 0 | Methanol control | |
Plants Emerged | 7 d | 9.3 ± 0.6 | 8.0 ± 1.7 | 9.7 ± 0.6 | 9.0 ± 1.0 | 6.3 ± 0.6 | 8 | / | |
14 d | 6.0 ± 3.0 * | 4.3 ± 1.5 * | 3.3 ± 2.3 * | 2.7 ± 2.1 * | 1.7 ± 0.6 * | 10 | / |
Lincomycin | Concentration (mg/L) | 6 | 12 | 18 | 24 | 30 | 0 |
Total Gross Dry Weight (g) | 0.0033 ± 0.0008 | 0.0046 ± 0.0012 | 0.0040 ± 0.0030 | 0.0031 ± 0.0011 | 0.0074 ± 0.0007 | 0.0045 | |
Max. Plant Height (cm) | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 3.0 ± 2.8 | 2.9 ± 1.4 | 4.2 ± 1.3 | 3.6 | |
Roxarsone | Concentration (mg/L) | 5 | 25 | 45 | 65 | 80 | 0 |
Total Gross Dry Weight (g) | 0.0038 ± 0.0045 | 0.0010 ± 0.0005 | 0.0011 ± 0.0012 | 0.0019 ± 0.0005 | 0.0005 ± 0.0004 | 0.0045 | |
Max. Plant Height (cm) | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 0. 8± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 3.6 |
Monensin | Concentration (mg/L) | 9.5 | 14.7 | 20.0 | 22.7 | 35.0 | 0 |
Daphnia inhibited | 0 | 1.0 ± 0 | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 8.0 ± 0 | 0 | |
Roxarsone | Concentration (mg/L) | 250.0 | 268.9 | 289.3 | 311.1 | 334.7 | 0 |
Daphnia inhibited | 0 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 5.7 ± 0.6 | 8.0 ± 0 | 0 |
Drug Concentration (mg/L) | 0 | 250 | 300 | 350 | 400 | 450 |
Mortality | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 |
Monensin | Concentration (mg/L) | 4 | 4.34 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 5.53 | 0 |
Mortality | 0 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 0 | |
Roxarsone | Concentration (mg/L) | 400 | 423 | 447 | 473 | 500 | 0 |
Mortality | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 0 |
Monensin | Dose (g/kg Dry Soil) | CK 1 | 200 | 258 | 332 | 427 | 550 | |
Average Mortality | 7 d | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | |
14 d | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 10 | ||
Roxarsone | Dose (g/kg Dry Soil) | CK | 4 | 5.03 | 6.33 | 7.95 | 10 | |
Average Mortality | 7 d | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 10 | |
14 d | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 10 |
Monensin | Drug Dose (mg/kg) | 0 | 80 | 400 | 800 | 1100 | 1500 | |
Mortality | Male | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 5 | |
Female | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
Roxarsone | Drug Dose (mg/kg) | 0 | 30 | 52.7 | 100 | 162.3 | 284.8 | |
Mortality | Male | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | |
Female | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 |
Species | Roxarsone | Monensin | Lincomycin | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Data | Category | Data | Category | Data | Category | |
S. obliquus EC50 (96 h) mg/L | 13.15 | low | 1.085 | medium | 0.813 | medium |
A. thaliana EC50 (14 d) mg/kg dry soil | 32.18 | low | <25 | / | 35.40 | low |
E. fetida LC50 (14 d) g/kg dry soil | 5.74 | low | 0.346 | low | >15 | low |
D. rerio LC50 (96 h) mg/L | 452.7 | low | 4.76 | medium | >2800 | low |
D. magna EC50 (48 h) mg/L | 292.6 | low | 21.1 | low | >400 | low |
C. coturnix LD50 (7 d) mg/kg | 103.9 | medium | 672.8 | low | >2000 | low |
Test Soil | pH | Organic Matter (g/kg) | Electrical Conductance (μS/cm) | Total P (g/kg) | NH4+-N (mg/kg) | Total K (g/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Podzol soil | 6.876 | 26.00 | 180.3 | 0.958 | 12.50 | 2.53 |
Laterite soil | 6.710 | 3.62 | 58.5 | 0.070 | 7.13 | 11.40 |
Black soil | 5.257 | 263.69 | 605.5 | 1.980 | 19.74 | 6.97 |
Soil | Lincomycin | Monensin | Roxarsone | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ratio | Time (h) | Ratio | Time (h) | Ratio | Time (h) | |
Podzol soil | 50:1 | 24 | 100:1 | 48 | 50:1 | 24 |
Laterite soil | 50:1 | 24 | 20:1 | 24 | 50:1 | 48 |
Black soil | 50:1 | 24 | 50:1 | 24 | 50:1 | 48 |
Drug | Podzol Soil | Laterite Soil | Black Soil | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recovery | RSD | Recovery | RSD | Recovery | RSD | |
Lincomycin | 73.2–97.4 | 0.801–3.10 | 71.7–108 | 1.21–4.83 | 78.1–98.6 | 0.344–2.12 |
Monensin | 84.6–91.8 | 1.98–4.62 | 81.0–111 | 0.620–4.62 | 90.3–106 | 1.72–5.10 |
Roxarsone | 89.9–92.6 | 1.15–3.18 | 91.2–99.3 | 1.34–1.69 | 79.4–96.7 | 1.36–3.87 |
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Li, P.; Wu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Qiu, J.; Li, Y. Soil Behaviour of the Veterinary Drugs Lincomycin, Monensin, and Roxarsone and Their Toxicity on Environmental Organisms. Molecules 2019, 24, 4465. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244465
Li P, Wu Y, Wang Y, Qiu J, Li Y. Soil Behaviour of the Veterinary Drugs Lincomycin, Monensin, and Roxarsone and Their Toxicity on Environmental Organisms. Molecules. 2019; 24(24):4465. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244465
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Peiyi, Yizhao Wu, Yali Wang, Jiangping Qiu, and Yinsheng Li. 2019. "Soil Behaviour of the Veterinary Drugs Lincomycin, Monensin, and Roxarsone and Their Toxicity on Environmental Organisms" Molecules 24, no. 24: 4465. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244465