Organic Bee Pollen: Botanical Origin, Nutritional Value, Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activity and Microbiological Quality
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Palynological Identification
Family | Pollen type | Found (n a) | Frequency (%) | Range (%) | Mean ± SD b (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cistaceae | Cistus | 17 | 77.3 | 5.2–90.6 | 44.0 ± 30.0 |
Boraginaceae | Echium | 16 | 72.7 | 24.5–60.5 | 24.5 ± 18.7 |
Rosaceae | Prunus | 12 | 54.5 | 0.8–10.3 | 5.8 ± 2.7 |
Fagaceae | Castanea | 11 | 50.0 | 1.2–65.8 | 23.6 ± 22.6 |
Asteraceae | Leontodon | 10 | 45.5 | 3.2–49.5 | 21.6 ± 12.3 |
Fabaceae | Trifollium | 10 | 45.5 | 4.4–45.6 | 13.3 ± 12.3 |
Ericaceae | Erica | 8 | 36.4 | 6.4–68.0 | 32.7 ± 24.4 |
Fagaceae | Quercus | 7 | 31.8 | 1.2–16.0 | 8.3 ± 4.9 |
Mimosaceae | Mimosa | 7 | 31.8 | 1.2–11.2 | 5.3 ± 3.6 |
Myrtaceae | Eucalyptus | 4 | 18.2 | 1.3–5.6 | 3.2 ± 1.8 |
Rosaceae | Rubus | 3 | 13.6 | 2.1–5.6 | 4.0 ± 1.8 |
Pollen Types | Samples | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | ||
Rosaceae | Prunus | 5.0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.8 | 0.8 | 5.4 | 2.8 | 5.9 | 7.1 | ND | 3.8 | 10.3 | ND | 6.0 | ND | ND | 6.7 | ND | ND | 6.7 |
I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | I | ||||||||||||
Rubus | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.1 | ND | 5.6 | ND | 4.4 | ND | ND | |
I | I | I | |||||||||||||||||||||
Cistaceae | Cistus | 68.2 | 56.0 | 5.4 | 80.6 | 54.8 | ND | 90.6 | 16.8 | 69.8 | 6.5 | ND | 5.2 | ND | 11.5 | 32.8 | 13.2 | 65.0 | ND | 67.9 | 25.7 | 74.5 | ND |
D | D | P | D | D | D | A | D | I | I | I | A | I | D | P | A | D | |||||||
Boraginaceae | Echium | 2.5 | 23.2 | 26.6 | 18.2 | ND | ND | 5.4 | 19.8 | 2.6 | 18.7 | 48.9 | ND | 53.6 | ND | 49.6 | 17.1 | 21.2 | ND | 18.5 | ND | 6.9 | 60.5 |
I | A | A | A | I | A | I | A | D | D | D | A | I | A | I | D | ||||||||
Fagaceae | Castanea | 19.9 | 10.8 | ND | 12 | 18.8 | 65.8 | ND | ND | 24.8 | ND | ND | ND | 4.5 | 54.6 | 5.2 | ND | ND | 48.9 | ND | ND | 5.4 | ND |
A | I | I | A | D | A | I | D | I | D | I | |||||||||||||
Quercus | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9.4 | 7.8 | 16.0 | 5.3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 12.5 | ND | 5.6 | |
I | I | I | A | I | I | I | |||||||||||||||||
Fabaceae | Trifolium | 4.4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.6 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 7.8 | 45.6 | ND | ND | 9.0 | 14.7 | 12.5 | 19.8 | 6.9 | ND | 6.8 | ND |
I | I | I | D | I | I | I | A | I | I | ||||||||||||||
Asteraceae | Leontondon | ND | 10.0 | ND | ND | 19.6 | 17.6 | 3.2 | ND | ND | ND | 28.4 | 25.4 | 17.8 | 23.6 | ND | ND | ND | 21.3 | ND | 49.5 | ND | ND |
I | A | A | I | A | A | A | A | A | D | ||||||||||||||
Ericaceae | Erica | ND | ND | 68.0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 46.8 | ND | 54.3 | ND | 6.5 | 6.8 | ND | ND | 45.9 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6.4 | 27.2 |
D | D | D | I | I | D | I | A | ||||||||||||||||
Myrtaceae | Eucalyptus | ND | ND | ND | ND | 5.6 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.4 | ND | 1.3 | ND | ND | 2.5 | ND | ND |
I | I | I | I | ||||||||||||||||||||
Mimosaceae | Mimosa | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.2 | ND | 11.2 | ND | 5.2 | ND | 1.3 | 8.2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.4 | ND | 5.4 | ND | ND |
I | I | I | I | I | I | I |
2.2. Water Activity (aw), pH and Nutritional Composition
Sample | aw | pH | Ash | Proteins | Fat | Carbohydrates | Energy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | 0.44 | 4.9 | 2.4 | 23.1 | 5.7 | 66.2 | 407.9 |
S2 | 0.45 | 4.6 | 3.6 | 21.4 | 5.0 | 67.5 | 400.5 |
S3 | 0.44 | 4.7 | 3.4 | 25.6 | 6.1 | 62.0 | 405.2 |
S4 | 0.35 | 5.2 | 2.6 | 23.0 | 4.5 | 67.2 | 401.3 |
S5 | 0.45 | 5.0 | 2.1 | 21.9 | 5.5 | 67.9 | 408.9 |
S6 | 0.54 | 5.1 | 2.1 | 25.6 | 4.7 | 64.7 | 402.8 |
S7 | 0.22 | 4.6 | 3.3 | 27.1 | 5.2 | 61.2 | 400.1 |
S8 | 0.21 | 4.3 | 2.0 | 23.0 | 5.0 | 67.3 | 406.3 |
S9 | 0.22 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 19.1 | 6.3 | 68.4 | 406.6 |
S10 | 0.41 | 5.1 | 2.0 | 21.0 | 4.9 | 69.6 | 406.7 |
S11 | 0.42 | 4.8 | 2.2 | 19.2 | 5.8 | 70.6 | 411.1 |
S12 | 0.41 | 4.8 | 3.0 | 21.1 | 4.3 | 69.2 | 399.9 |
S13 | 0.40 | 5.0 | 2.4 | 20.3 | 5.0 | 69.9 | 406.1 |
S14 | 0.40 | 4.5 | 2.9 | 19.5 | 4.8 | 70.5 | 403.3 |
S15 | 0.40 | 4.6 | 2.5 | 22.2 | 5.3 | 67.4 | 406.0 |
S16 | 0.32 | 4.9 | 2.8 | 20.6 | 4.8 | 69.5 | 403.2 |
S17 | 0.44 | 4.8 | 4.0 | 21.3 | 5.0 | 67.2 | 399.1 |
S18 | 0.51 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 19.7 | 4.3 | 69.7 | 396.4 |
S19 | 0.44 | 5.1 | 4.0 | 19.3 | 5.7 | 68.8 | 403.2 |
S20 | 0.32 | 4.8 | 2.4 | 23.7 | 6.3 | 64.8 | 411.0 |
S21 | 0.52 | 4.9 | 3.0 | 22.2 | 5.4 | 66.9 | 404.8 |
S22 | 0.37 | 4.5 | 3.2 | 19.4 | 5.0 | 70.2 | 403.1 |
Mean | 0.39 | 4.8 | 2.9 | 21.8 | 5.2 | 67.6 | 404.3 |
a SD | 0.09 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 2.2 | 0.6 | 2.6 | 3.8 |
b Vmax | 0.54 | 5.2 | 4.0 | 27.1 | 6.3 | 70.6 | 411.1 |
c Vmin | 0.21 | 4.3 | 2.0 | 19.1 | 4.3 | 61.2 | 396.4 |
2.3. Nutrients Composition
Sample | C10:0 | C16:0 | C18:1n9c + t | C18:2n6c | C18:3n3 | C20:0 | C20:1c | Total a | Other | ∑SFA | ∑MUFA | ∑PUFA | ∑TUFA | PUFA/SFA | ω6/ω3 | ω3/ω6 | TUFA/SFA | SFA/TUFA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | 5.39 | 10.15 | 9.85 | 14.79 | 50.71 | 3.15 | 1.20 | 95.24 | 4.76 | 18.69 | 11.05 | 65.50 | 76.55 | 3.50 | 0.29 | 3.43 | 4.10 | 0.24 |
S2 | 7.68 | 7.83 | 9.42 | 17.02 | 48.19 | 0.51 | 3.10 | 93.74 | 6.26 | 16.02 | 12.52 | 65.21 | 77.72 | 4.07 | 0.35 | 2.83 | 4.85 | 0.21 |
S3 | 3.24 | 9.02 | 16.68 | 20.11 | 42.84 | 1.90 | 1.30 | 95.09 | 4.91 | 14.16 | 17.98 | 62.94 | 80.93 | 4.44 | 0.47 | 2.13 | 5.71 | 0.17 |
S4 | 3.87 | 10.45 | 20.61 | 18.66 | 40.08 | ND | ND | 93.66 | 6.34 | 14.32 | 20.61 | 58.74 | 79.34 | 4.10 | 0.47 | 2.15 | 5.54 | 0.18 |
S5 | 3.65 | 7.90 | 15.65 | 20.08 | 41.64 | 2.12 | 1.65 | 92.70 | 7.31 | 13.67 | 17.30 | 61.72 | 79.02 | 4.51 | 0.48 | 2.07 | 5.78 | 0.17 |
S6 | 3.87 | 10.45 | 20.61 | 18.66 | 40.08 | ND | ND | 93.66 | 6.34 | 14.32 | 20.61 | 58.74 | 79.34 | 4.10 | 0.47 | 2.15 | 5.54 | 0.18 |
S7 | 3.87 | 10.00 | 14.80 | 24.80 | 35.82 | ND | 2.15 | 91.43 | 8.57 | 13.87 | 16.95 | 60.61 | 77.57 | 4.37 | 0.69 | 1.44 | 5.59 | 0.18 |
S8 | ND | 30.05 | 4.63 | 5.94 | 55.73 | ND | ND | 96.35 | 3.65 | 30.05 | 4.63 | 61.67 | 66.29 | 2.05 | 0.11 | 9.39 | 2.21 | 0.45 |
S9 | 2.98 | 12.54 | 11.69 | 7.89 | 56.90 | 1.54 | 1.23 | 94.77 | 5.23 | 17.06 | 12.92 | 64.79 | 77.71 | 3.80 | 0.14 | 7.21 | 4.56 | 0.22 |
S10 | ND | 17.50 | 6.97 | 15.06 | 55.73 | 2.10 | ND | 97.36 | 2.64 | 19.60 | 6.97 | 70.79 | 77.76 | 3.61 | 0.27 | 3.70 | 3.97 | 0.25 |
S11 | 3.55 | 10.56 | 13.34 | 19.08 | 42.69 | 1.12 | 2.01 | 92.35 | 7.66 | 15.23 | 15.35 | 61.77 | 77.12 | 4.06 | 0.45 | 2.24 | 5.06 | 0.20 |
S12 | 7.68 | 8.12 | 11.40 | 17.80 | 45.70 | 0.51 | ND | 91.21 | 8.79 | 16.31 | 11.40 | 63.50 | 74.90 | 3.89 | 0.39 | 2.57 | 4.59 | 0.22 |
S13 | 8.27 | 20.31 | 11.22 | 23.26 | 30.25 | 0.10 | ND | 93.40 | 6.60 | 28.68 | 11.22 | 53.51 | 64.73 | 1.87 | 0.77 | 1.30 | 2.26 | 0.44 |
S14 | 6.87 | 17.15 | 4.80 | 24.80 | 30.24 | 0.23 | 0.33 | 84.42 | 15.58 | 24.25 | 5.13 | 55.04 | 60.17 | 2.27 | 0.82 | 1.22 | 2.48 | 0.40 |
S15 | 3.25 | 10.56 | 17.88 | 22.11 | 37.53 | ND | 3.35 | 94.66 | 5.34 | 13.81 | 21.22 | 59.63 | 80.86 | 4.32 | 0.59 | 1.70 | 5.86 | 0.17 |
S16 | 6.87 | 22.15 | 4.80 | 24.80 | 25.82 | ND | ND | 84.43 | 15.57 | 29.02 | 4.80 | 50.61 | 55.42 | 1.74 | 0.96 | 1.04 | 1.91 | 0.52 |
S17 | 3.33 | 16.45 | 9.56 | 17.76 | 44.65 | 0.45 | 0.22 | 92.42 | 7.58 | 20.23 | 9.78 | 62.41 | 72.19 | 3.08 | 0.40 | 2.51 | 3.57 | 0.28 |
S18 | 5.24 | 20.64 | 7.89 | 24.46 | 34.15 | ND | ND | 92.37 | 7.63 | 25.88 | 7.89 | 58.60 | 66.49 | 2.26 | 0.72 | 1.40 | 2.57 | 0.39 |
S19 | 4.24 | 10.62 | 11.98 | 21.11 | 42.33 | 2.12 | 2.31 | 94.71 | 5.29 | 16.98 | 14.30 | 63.44 | 77.73 | 3.74 | 0.50 | 2.01 | 4.58 | 0.22 |
S20 | 8.47 | 20.15 | 5.80 | 20.80 | 28.83 | 1.04 | 1.33 | 86.42 | 13.58 | 29.66 | 7.13 | 49.63 | 56.76 | 1.67 | 0.72 | 1.39 | 1.91 | 0.52 |
S21 | 4.57 | 8.95 | 18.91 | 17.79 | 43.11 | ND | ND | 93.31 | 6.69 | 13.51 | 18.91 | 60.90 | 79.80 | 4.51 | 0.41 | 2.42 | 5.91 | 0.17 |
S22 | 6.00 | 10.54 | 12.79 | 20.36 | 40.53 | ND | 0.34 | 90.56 | 9.44 | 16.54 | 13.13 | 60.89 | 74.02 | 3.68 | 0.50 | 1.99 | 4.48 | 0.22 |
Mean | 4.68 | 13.73 | 11.88 | 18.96 | 41.52 | 0.77 | 0.93 | 92.47 | 7.53 | 19.18 | 12.81 | 60.48 | 73.29 | 3.44 | 0.50 | 2.65 | 4.23 | 0.27 |
* SD | 2.33 | 5.93 | 5.04 | 4.91 | 8.65 | 0.96 | 1.09 | 3.43 | 3.43 | 5.89 | 5.34 | 4.92 | 7.94 | 0.99 | 0.21 | 1.98 | 1.41 | 0.12 |
** Vmax | 8.47 | 30.05 | 20.61 | 24.80 | 56.90 | 3.15 | 3.35 | 97.36 | 15.58 | 30.05 | 21.22 | 70.79 | 80.93 | 4.51 | 0.96 | 9.39 | 5.91 | 0.52 |
*** Vmin | ND | 7.83 | 4.63 | 5.94 | 25.82 | ND | ND | 84.42 | 2.64 | 13.51 | 4.63 | 49.63 | 55.42 | 1.67 | 0.11 | 1.04 | 1.91 | 0.17 |
2.4. Fatty Acid Profile Determination
2.5. Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity
2.6. Microbial Quality
Sample | Aerobic mesophiles | Moulds and yeasts | Fecal coliforms | E. coli (in 1 g) | Sulphite-reducing clostridia (in 0.01 g) | Salmonella (in 25 g) | S. aureus (in 1 g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | 900 | 320 | <1 | absent | absent | absent | absent |
S2 | 560 | 300 | <1 | absent | absent | absent | absent |
S3 | 832 | 220 | <1 | absent | absent | absent | absent |
S4 | 1500 | 120 | <1 | absent | absent | absent | absent |
S5 | 500 | 240 | <1 | absent | absent | absent | absent |
S6 | 2450 | 132 | <1 | absent | absent | absent | absent |
S7 | 1700 | 2800 | 20 | absent | absent | absent | absent |
S8 | 650 | 3560 | 30 | absent | absent | absent | absent |
S9 | 1000 | 1672 | <1 | absent | absent | absent | absent |
S10 | <10 | <10 | <1 | absent | absent | absent | absent |
S11 | <10 | 450 | <1 | absent | absent | absent | absent |
S12 | 1980 | 1230 | <1 | absent | absent | absent | absent |
S13 | 750 | 1500 | <1 | absent | absent | absent | absent |
S14 | 2109 | 420 | <1 | absent | absent | absent | absent |
S15 | <10 | 100 | <1 | absent | absent | absent | absent |
S16 | 450 | 220 | <1 | absent | absent | absent | absent |
S17 | 670 | <10 | <1 | absent | absent | absent | absent |
S18 | 1250 | 2500 | <1 | absent | absent | absent | absent |
S19 | 2450 | 3000 | <1 | absent | absent | absent | absent |
S20 | 790 | 900 | <1 | absent | absent | absent | absent |
S21 | <10 | 100 | <1 | absent | absent | absent | absent |
S22 | <10 | <10 | <1 | absent | absent | absent | absent |
3. Experimental
3.1. Chemicals
3.2. Apian Pollen Material
3.3. Sample Floral-Type Identification
3.4. Water Activity and pH
3.5. Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value
3.6. Fatty Acid Profile Determination
3.7. Bioactive Compounds Quantification
3.7.1. Extracts Preparation
3.7.2. Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
3.7.3. Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)
3.8. Antioxidant Activity
3.8.1. Scavenging of DPPH Radicals
3.8.2. β-Carotene Bleaching (BCB) Assay
3.9. Microbiological Determinations
4. Conclusions
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgments
References
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Feás, X.; Vázquez-Tato, M.P.; Estevinho, L.; Seijas, J.A.; Iglesias, A. Organic Bee Pollen: Botanical Origin, Nutritional Value, Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activity and Microbiological Quality. Molecules 2012, 17, 8359-8377. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17078359
Feás X, Vázquez-Tato MP, Estevinho L, Seijas JA, Iglesias A. Organic Bee Pollen: Botanical Origin, Nutritional Value, Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activity and Microbiological Quality. Molecules. 2012; 17(7):8359-8377. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17078359
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeás, Xesús, M. Pilar Vázquez-Tato, Leticia Estevinho, Julio A. Seijas, and Antonio Iglesias. 2012. "Organic Bee Pollen: Botanical Origin, Nutritional Value, Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activity and Microbiological Quality" Molecules 17, no. 7: 8359-8377. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17078359