A New Look at the Most Successful Prodrugs for Active Vitamin D (D Hormone): Alfacalcidol and Doxercalciferol
Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-1-1, Nihonbashi-Muromachi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8324, Japan
Molecules 2009, 14(10), 3869-3880; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14103869
Received: 10 September 2009 / Revised: 28 September 2009 / Accepted: 28 September 2009 / Published: 29 September 2009
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prodrugs)
Alfacalcidol (1α-hydroxyvitamin D3) has been widely used since 1981 as a prodrug for calcitriol (1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) in the treatment of hypocalcemia, chronic renal failure, hypoparathyroidism and osteoporosis. More recently, doxercalciferol (1α-hydroxyvitamin D2) has been used since 1999 as a prodrug for 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Currently, six forms of vitamin D are known. They range from vitamin D2 to vitamin D7 and are distinguished by their differing side chains. Only vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 have been found to be biologically active based on the elucidation of activation pathways. Alfacalcidol and osteoporosis/doxercalciferol and secondary hyperparathyroidism are discussed, with a new look at old compounds including their practical syntheses.
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Keywords:
prodrugs; vitamin D; D hormone; alfacalcidol; doxercalciferol; practical syntheses
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MDPI and ACS Style
Kubodera, N. A New Look at the Most Successful Prodrugs for Active Vitamin D (D Hormone): Alfacalcidol and Doxercalciferol. Molecules 2009, 14, 3869-3880. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14103869
AMA Style
Kubodera N. A New Look at the Most Successful Prodrugs for Active Vitamin D (D Hormone): Alfacalcidol and Doxercalciferol. Molecules. 2009; 14(10):3869-3880. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14103869
Chicago/Turabian StyleKubodera, Noboru. 2009. "A New Look at the Most Successful Prodrugs for Active Vitamin D (D Hormone): Alfacalcidol and Doxercalciferol" Molecules 14, no. 10: 3869-3880. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14103869
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