Advances in Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: From Physiological Mechanisms to Clinical Practice, 2nd Edition

Abstract submission deadline

25 July 2026

Manuscript submission deadline

20 December 2026

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Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

The management of gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases is constantly evolving. The progressive understanding of pathogenic mechanisms has improved daily management, representing real translational medicine. For example, understanding the mechanisms underlying HCV virus infection has enabled the development of Direct-Acting Antivirals (DAAs), with a cure rate of 98%. However, patients with advanced liver disease, albeit cured from HCV infection, are still at risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Therefore, these patients will remain a medical challenge for years to come. New antiviral agents are currently under development for the treatment of chronic delta hepatitis (CHD).

Hopefully, in the near future we will be able to at least control liver disease progression in patients with CHD, the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis. In the coming decades, NAFLD/NASH will supplant viral hepatitis as the leading cause of chronic liver damage. Efforts are ongoing to identify novel biomarkers and tools for the detection of liver fibrosis and stratify the risk of liver disease progression. Moreover, novel molecules targeting several pathways involved in NAFLD onset and progression are under investigation. The decrease in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, the widespread use of proton pump inhibitors, and the relative ease of access to gastroscopies have reduced the incidence of peptic disease and stomach cancer, which was once the main gastrointestinal pathology. In many areas of the world, however, H. pylori infection remains widespread, and there is still room for improvement in eradication strategies. Understanding the inflammatory pathways involved in inflammatory bowel disease has enabled the development of target therapies (anti-TNF, anti-IL12/23, anti-JAK, S1P1 modulators). Increased understanding of the microbiome will lead to applications that will go beyond the confines of the gut, although the COVID-19 pandemic will continue to affect the management of all diseases.

The objective of this Topic is to present the most up-to-date data on the pathogenesis and management of gastrointestinal and hepatological diseases, with a view to an increasingly personalized management of patients.

Dr. Davide Giuseppe Ribaldone
Dr. Gian Paolo Caviglia
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Biomedicines biomedicines	3.9	6.8	2013	21 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Current Oncology curroncol	3.4	4.9	1994	22.8 Days	CHF 2200	Submit
Diagnostics diagnostics	3.3	5.9	2011	21.6 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Gastrointestinal Disorders gastrointestdisord	0.8	1.2	2019	22.2 Days	CHF 1400	Submit
Journal of Clinical Medicine jcm	2.9	5.2	2012	18.5 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Livers livers	2.4	3.2	2021	27 Days	CHF 1200	Submit
Transplantology transplantology	-	1.4	2020	29.2 Days	CHF 1200	Submit

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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All Biomedicines Current Oncology Diagnostics JCM Livers Transplantology Gastrointestinal Disorders

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17 pages, 782 KB  

Open AccessReview

TIPS in Older Adults: Reserve-Based Risk Stratification and Practical Approach

by Yi He, Yuanyuan Li, Langli Gao and Xiaoze Wang

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(8), 2928; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15082928 - 12 Apr 2026

Viewed by 324

Abstract

The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is a cornerstone intervention for complications of portal hypertension, including variceal bleeding and refractory ascites. As the population with cirrhosis ages, clinicians increasingly face the question of whether and how to perform TIPS safely in older adults. [...] Read more.

The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is a cornerstone intervention for complications of portal hypertension, including variceal bleeding and refractory ascites. As the population with cirrhosis ages, clinicians increasingly face the question of whether and how to perform TIPS safely in older adults. We reviewed observational cohorts, registry analyses, and systematic reviews/meta-analyses. Existing evidence does not support chronological age as an absolute contraindication; however, multiple studies suggest that advanced age is associated with higher rates of post-TIPS hepatic encephalopathy (HE), early mortality, and readmissions. These findings underscore the need to shift from a binary “eligible vs. ineligible” paradigm to a structured, actionable framework that addresses modifiable risks and anticipates age-related vulnerabilities. Recent clinical practice guidance emphasizes comprehensive pre-TIPS assessment and vigilant post-procedure care, with specific attention to HE risk factors (e.g., prior HE, hyponatremia, renal dysfunction, sarcopenia) and cardiopulmonary reserve. In this narrative review, we propose an elderly-focused clinical pathway built around a four-domain assessment (Liver–Brain–Body–Heart/Kidney) and a traffic-light risk tiering system to guide patient selection, procedural strategy, follow-up scheduling, and triggered management of HE, cardiac decompensation, and renal dysfunction. This pathway aims to preserve the benefits of portal decompression while reducing preventable complications and improving outcomes that are meaningful to older patients, including functional status and quality of life. This narrative review emphasizes that outcomes after TIPS in older adults are determined not by chronological age alone but by multidomain physiological reserve. The proposed pathway informs patient selection, procedural planning, and early post-discharge monitoring in older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: From Physiological Mechanisms to Clinical Practice, 2nd Edition)

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32 pages, 1455 KB  

Open AccessReview

The Future of Liver-Targeted Protein Synthesis Inhibition: Current Treatments, Emerging Strategies, and Next-Generation Therapeutics

by Julia Horwacik, Mateusz Maligłówka, Łukasz Bułdak and Bogusław Okopień

Livers 2026, 6(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/livers6020025 - 1 Apr 2026

Viewed by 1047

Abstract

The liver produces the majority of plasma proteins, maintaining the metabolic homeostasis. The dysregulation of liver protein synthesis underlies many systemic conditions. Therefore, there is a great potential in therapies that inhibit the hepatic protein production. This is the mechanism of action of [...] Read more.

The liver produces the majority of plasma proteins, maintaining the metabolic homeostasis. The dysregulation of liver protein synthesis underlies many systemic conditions. Therefore, there is a great potential in therapies that inhibit the hepatic protein production. This is the mechanism of action of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and small interfering RNA (siRNA). These therapeutics have undergone rapid development and are revolutionizing the pharmacological landscape of many liver-related diseases (e.g., inclisiran in familial hypercholesterolemia). Furthermore, gene-editing technologies that allow a direct correction of impaired genes in the liver are currently being evaluated. They hold a promise for future advances in treatment, especially of monogenic disorders such as hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis or alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. In this review, we describe the most relevant systemic diseases caused by dysfunction of protein synthesis in liver cells, in which significant therapeutic progress has been made over the last decades. Moreover, we present currently available drugs and their mechanisms of action, including six siRNA agents and five ASOs that have been approved to date. Finally, we discuss emerging strategies, focusing on novel RNA-based therapeutics that are the subjects of ongoing clinical trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: From Physiological Mechanisms to Clinical Practice, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 823 KB  

Open AccessReview

Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Contemporary Approaches to Surgical, Systemic, and Liver-Directed Therapy

by Kizuki Yuza, Miho Akabane and Timothy M. Pawlik

Livers 2026, 6(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/livers6020024 - 27 Mar 2026

Viewed by 671

Abstract

Background: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is an uncommon but increasingly recognized primary liver malignancy with a poor prognosis. Although surgical resection offers the only realistic opportunity for cure, recurrence is common and the optimal integration of surgery with systemic and liver-directed therapies continues to [...] Read more.

Background: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is an uncommon but increasingly recognized primary liver malignancy with a poor prognosis. Although surgical resection offers the only realistic opportunity for cure, recurrence is common and the optimal integration of surgery with systemic and liver-directed therapies continues to evolve. Summary: This review summarizes contemporary evidence on the diagnosis and multidisciplinary management of ICC with particular emphasis on surgical, systemic, locoregional, and transplant-based strategies. Cross-sectional imaging plays a central role in staging and assessing resectability including evaluation of vascular invasion and the future liver remnant. Upfront resection is appropriate for selected patients with resectable disease and preserved liver function, with margin-negative resection and lymphadenectomy remaining key oncologic goals. Systemic therapy continues to evolve with cytotoxic chemotherapy forming the backbone of treatment for advanced disease and immunotherapy and targeted agents demonstrating promise in biomarker-defined subgroups. Locoregional modalities such as hepatic arterial infusion therapy and radioembolization may provide disease control in liver-dominant ICC and are increasingly used within a multidisciplinary framework. Liver transplantation remains investigational but may offer favorable outcomes in highly selected early-stage disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: From Physiological Mechanisms to Clinical Practice, 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 1298 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Sampling Extension, Chronic Infiltrates, and Eosinophils: Support for the Evaluation of Histological Healing in Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Endoscopic Remission

by Gabriella Canavese, Enrico Costantino Falco and Davide Giuseppe Ribaldone

Diagnostics 2026, 16(5), 739; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16050739 - 2 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Histological healing, primarily assessed by the absence of neutrophils in mucosal biopsies, is increasingly used to evaluate treatment efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and may identify residual inflammation despite endoscopic mucosal healing. We aimed to quantify histological parameters commonly linked to [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Histological healing, primarily assessed by the absence of neutrophils in mucosal biopsies, is increasingly used to evaluate treatment efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and may identify residual inflammation despite endoscopic mucosal healing. We aimed to quantify histological parameters commonly linked to active disease in patients with endoscopic healing and to explore their association with neutrophil-defined histologic activity in endoscopically healed mucosa. Methods: We assessed 371 colonoscopies from IBD patients with an endoscopic report of mucosal healing at a reference center. For each procedure, we recorded the number of biopsy samples obtained and histologic features according to ECCO consensus/position statements, including neutrophil infiltration, lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, eosinophil infiltrate, and mucosal lesions. Results: Histologic activity was found in 21/98 (21.4%) procedures with one to three biopsy samples and in 89/273 (32.6%) procedures with more than three samples (p = 0.04). Neutrophils were absent in 207/212 (97.6%) procedures with normal lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate versus 55/159 (34.6%) with increased lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate (p < 0.00001). Eosinophils were below cut-off values in 122/168 (72.6%) procedures with normal lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate versus 90/203 (44.3%) with increased lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate (p < 0.00001). Eosinophils were below cut-off in 148/168 (88.1%) procedures without neutrophils and in 114/203 (56.2%) with neutrophils in the lamina propria (p < 0.00001). Conclusions: In IBD patients with endoscopic healing, the extent of biopsy sampling is associated with the detection of histologic activity. Lymphoplasmacytic and eosinophil infiltrates are strongly associated with neutrophil presence and are associated with neutrophil-defined activity and may serve as supportive indicators prompting closer pathological assessment in endoscopically healed mucosa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: From Physiological Mechanisms to Clinical Practice, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 1006 KB  

Open AccessArticle

The Predictive Value of TyG-BMI and TG/HDL-C for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Analysis

by Furong Lv, Tong Li, Fei Zou, Xiuli Chen, Haiying Tang and Jingwei Mao

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(5), 1859; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15051859 - 28 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of the triglyceride-glucose index with body mass index (TyG-BMI) and the triglyceride-to-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio for predicting the occurrence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods: [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of the triglyceride-glucose index with body mass index (TyG-BMI) and the triglyceride-to-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio for predicting the occurrence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods: Data from patients diagnosed with OSA were analyzed in this retrospective cohort study. The participants were stratified into two groups: OSA alone and OSA with MASLD. The clinical characteristics and polysomnography data were collected. TyG-BMI and TG/HDL-C ratios were categorized into tertiles. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were conducted to identify risk factors and assess their predictive performance for MASLD in OSA. Results: Among the 133 patients with OSA, 104 (78.2%) were diagnosed with MASLD. Multivariate analysis identified alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, and TyG-BMI as independent risk factors for MASLD development in patients with OSA. Both TyG-BMI and TG/HDL-C ratio were significant predictors of MASLD in this patient population. The optimal cut-off values for TyG-BMI and TG/HDL-C ratio were 0.546 (sensitivity, 79.6%; specificity, 75.0%) and 0.539 (sensitivity, 93.2%; specificity, 60.7%), respectively. Combining TyG-BMI with ALT improved the predictive accuracy, yielding a cutoff of 0.696 (sensitivity, 76.7%; specificity, 92.9%). Similarly, the combination of TG/HDL-C ratio with ALT resulted in a cutoff value of 0.728 (sensitivity, 83.5%; specificity, 89.3%). Conclusions: TyG-BMI and the TG/HDL-C ratio are effective predictors of MASLD in patients with OSA. A combined model incorporating these indices with ALT levels demonstrated enhanced predictive accuracy for MASLD in this population. These indices are well-suited for risk stratification in resource-constrained settings facing a rising dual burden of OSA and MASLD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: From Physiological Mechanisms to Clinical Practice, 2nd Edition)

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10 pages, 2759 KB  

Open AccessCase Report

Steroid-Refractory Cholestatic Immune-Mediated Hepatitis Following Nivolumab Therapy in an Elderly Patient with Metastatic Melanoma: A Rare and Challenging Presentation

by Luis Posado-Dominguez, Jorge Feito-Perez, María Escribano-Iglesias, Miriam Bragado Pascual and Emilio Fonseca Sánchez

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(12), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32120663 - 27 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 654

Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment of advanced malignancies, but they may cause a wide range of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Hepatic toxicity occurs in approximately 1–6% of patients treated with nivolumab and usually presents with a hepatocellular pattern responsive to [...] Read more.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment of advanced malignancies, but they may cause a wide range of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Hepatic toxicity occurs in approximately 1–6% of patients treated with nivolumab and usually presents with a hepatocellular pattern responsive to corticosteroids. The cholestatic-predominant immune-mediated hepatitis seems to respond poorly to immunosuppression. We describe an 87-year-old man with metastatic melanoma treated with nivolumab who developed steroid-refractory, cholestatic-predominant immune-mediated hepatitis after 18 cycles of therapy. Laboratory tests revealed a mixed but predominantly cholestatic pattern (ALT 585 U/L, GGT 2261 U/L, total bilirubin 2.0 mg/dL). Imaging excluded biliary obstruction or hepatic metastases. Liver biopsy showed acute lobular hepatitis with intracanalicular cholestasis and mild bile duct injury, consistent with immune-mediated, drug-induced injury (Ishak score 5). Mycophenolate mofetil produced only partial biochemical improvement. The patient died one month later from influenza A pneumonia in the context of combined immunosuppressive therapy. This case illustrates a cholestatic-predominant phenotype of nivolumab-induced hepatitis, characterized by poor corticosteroid response and incomplete recovery despite second-line immunosuppression. Recognition of this entity is essential, as early introduction of agents such as mycophenolate may improve outcomes. In elderly and frail patients, however, the risks of intensified immunosuppression must be carefully balanced against infection risk, highlighting the need for individualized management and vigilant monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: From Physiological Mechanisms to Clinical Practice, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 530 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Adiposity and Metabolic Indices in the Diagnosis and Histological Stage Association of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease

by Lorena del Rocio Ibarra-Reynoso, Nemry Rodriguez-Hernandez, Maria-Luisa Lazo-de-la-Vega-Monroy, Juana Rosalba Garcia-Ramirez, Yeniley Ruiz-Noa, Benjamin Jordan-Perez, Serafin Garnelo-Cabañas, Veronica Muñoz-Cornejo and Monica del Carmen Preciado-Puga

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(23), 8365; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14238365 - 25 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 790

Abstract

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MALSD) is defined as the excessive accumulation of triglycerides in the liver in the presence of at least one cardiometabolic risk factor and liver biopsy remains the diagnostic gold standard. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic [...] Read more.

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MALSD) is defined as the excessive accumulation of triglycerides in the liver in the presence of at least one cardiometabolic risk factor and liver biopsy remains the diagnostic gold standard. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of adiposity and metabolism related indices for the non-invasive detection of MASLD and the metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 161 Mexican adults undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, during which liver biopsies were obtained for histological evaluation. Indices such as the Hepatic Steatosis Index (HSI), the Triglyceride–Glucose index (TyG), TyG-BMI (TyG adjusted for body mass index), and TyG-WC (TyG adjusted for waist circumference), among others, were calculated. Results: Of the 161 participants, 66 were diagnosed with MASLD, and 50 of them had histological evidence of MASH. All adiposity and metabolic indices evaluated were significantly higher in MASLD patients compared with controls. Logistic regression identified HSI, TyG, TyG-BMI, and TyG-WC as independently associated with MASLD and MASH, with TyG showing the strongest association. Correlation analyses demonstrated that TyG-BMI and TyG-WC were most strongly associated with histological features of MASH. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses showed that TyG-WC had the highest diagnostic accuracy for MASLD (AUC 0.721, 95% CI 0.641–0.802) and MASH (AUC 0.735, 95% CI 0.648–0.823), while TyG-BMI displayed high sensitivity (0.758 for MASLD; 0.780 for MASH). Conclusions: Triglyceride–glucose-based indices, particularly TyG-WC and TyG-BMI, showed the highest diagnostic performance for detecting MASLD and MASH, suggesting that these indices may serve as practical, non-invasive tools for identifying individuals at risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: From Physiological Mechanisms to Clinical Practice, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 1463 KB  

Open AccessReview

Macrophages in Autoimmune Liver Diseases: From Immune Homeostasis to Precision-Targeted Therapy

by Tianfu Liu, Yizhe Wang, Yichen Huang, Rui Zhao and Haili Shen

Biomedicines 2025, 13(10), 2520; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13102520 - 16 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1999

Abstract

Autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs) represent a diverse spectrum of chronic inflammatory conditions characterized primarily by compromised hepatic immune tolerance, including autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Recent evidence positions macrophages as pivotal players in AILDs pathogenesis, attributable [...] Read more.

Autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs) represent a diverse spectrum of chronic inflammatory conditions characterized primarily by compromised hepatic immune tolerance, including autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Recent evidence positions macrophages as pivotal players in AILDs pathogenesis, attributable to their multifaceted roles in inflammation amplification, immune regulation, and fibrogenesis. In the context of AILDs, macrophages exhibit marked polarization imbalance, increased recruitment of monocytes, and impaired clearance of apoptotic cells. Through complex interactions with T lymphocytes and hepatic stellate cells, macrophages orchestrate a pathological milieu promoting inflammation and fibrosis. Notably, diverse programmed cell death (PCD) modalities—autophagy, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis—not only determine macrophage survival and functional phenotype but also significantly impact cytokine release, phenotypic plasticity, and the trajectory of immunopathological progression. This review synthesizes current understandings of macrophage-driven immunoregulatory mechanisms in AILDs, characterizes the regulatory attributes of various macrophage-related PCD processes, and evaluates their relevance in experimental disease models. Furthermore, we highlight recent advancements in biomarker identification and targeted therapeutic strategies. Comprehensive elucidation of the interplay between macrophage immunological activity and programmed cell death pathways promises to inform novel, personalized therapeutic approaches for patients with AILDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: From Physiological Mechanisms to Clinical Practice, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 1397 KB  

Open AccessReview

The Emerging Role of CKAP4 in GI Cancer: From Molecular Pathways to Clinical Applications

by Markos Despotidis, Orestis Lyros, Tatiana S. Driva, Panagiotis Sakarellos, René Thieme, Andreas Mamilos, Stratigoula Sakellariou and Dimitrios Schizas

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(10), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32100561 - 7 Oct 2025

Viewed by 2127

Abstract

Cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4) has emerged as a critical player in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer progression, diagnosis, and therapy. This comprehensive review synthesizes current knowledge on CKAP4′s multifaceted roles across GI malignancies, providing novel insights into its mechanisms of action and clinical potential. Its [...] Read more.

Cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4) has emerged as a critical player in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer progression, diagnosis, and therapy. This comprehensive review synthesizes current knowledge on CKAP4′s multifaceted roles across GI malignancies, providing novel insights into its mechanisms of action and clinical potential. Its interaction with DKK1 and subsequent activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway underscores its role in promoting tumor growth. This review also highlights novel insights into CKAP4′s mechanisms of action beyond the well-established DKK1-CKAP4 axis, including its interaction with integrin β1 and involvement in angiogenesis through the FMNL2/EGFL6/CKAP4/ERK pathway. CKAP4′s impact on tumor microenvironment and immune evasion is elucidated, offering a new perspective on its contribution to cancer progression. In addition, CKAP4 arises as a promising serum biomarker for early detection and prognosis across multiple GI cancers, emphasizing its potential superiority over traditional markers. The therapeutic potential of targeting CKAP4 is extensively explored, including novel approaches like anti-CKAP4 antibodies and aptamers, and their synergistic effects with existing treatments. By integrating findings from esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers, this review provides a unique, comprehensive overview of CKAP4 in GI oncology, underscoring CKAP4′s potential to revolutionize GI cancer diagnosis and treatment and paving the way for future translational research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: From Physiological Mechanisms to Clinical Practice, 2nd Edition)

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