Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Personalized Therapies and Beyond

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

ARDS was first recognized in 1967, and since then, significant strides have been made in the effort to find effective therapies. Nevertheless, despite more than 50 years of research, identifying new effective treatments for the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is challenging. Personalized therapy to biological and clinical sub-phenotypes seems promising. Personalized interventions offer the chance to reduce heterogeneity, thus reproposing or newly testing treatments in another perspective. Moreover, ARDS is very heterogeneous syndrome, and understanding the interaction between lungs and other organs could improve our knowledge. The aim of this Special Issue is to publish papers on emerging opportunities for personalizing therapy for ARDS, from the identification of treatable traits to the recognition of target mechanisms, lungs–organs interaction, supportive therapies, new etiologies, and innovative clinical trial designs. Topics of interest include biological phenotypes, omics, physiological phenotypes, clinical phenotypes, ARDS definition, ARDS complications, lung–organs interactions in ARDS, etiology, and microbiota. We look forward to review articles, physiological papers, original research, preclinical experimental studies, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews.

With sadness, we regret to inform you about the passing of Prof. Dr. Paolo Pelosi, Topic Editor of this Topic, in May 2023. We are grateful for his many contributions to the Topic and the legacy his research has left.

Dr. Denise Battaglini
Topic Editor

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Advances in Respiratory Medicine arm	1.8	2.6	1909	25.3 Days	CHF 1300
Clinics and Practice clinpract	1.7	2.6	2011	23.7 Days	CHF 1600
Diagnostics diagnostics	3.0	4.7	2011	20.5 Days	CHF 2600
Journal of Clinical Medicine jcm	3.0	5.7	2012	17.3 Days	CHF 2600
Journal of Personalized Medicine jpm	3.0	4.1	2011	16.7 Days	CHF 2600

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Open AccessSystematic Review

Inconsistent Methods Used to Set Airway Pressure Release Ventilation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis

by Mark R. Lutz, Jacob Charlamb, Joshua R. Kenna, Abigail Smith, Stephen J. Glatt, Joaquin D. Araos, Penny L. Andrews, Nader M. Habashi, Gary F. Nieman and Auyon J. Ghosh

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(9), 2690; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13092690 - 3 May 2024

Viewed by 1081

Abstract

Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) is a protective mechanical ventilation mode for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that theoretically may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) and ARDS-related mortality. However, there is no standard method to set and adjust the APRV mode [...] Read more.

Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) is a protective mechanical ventilation mode for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that theoretically may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) and ARDS-related mortality. However, there is no standard method to set and adjust the APRV mode shown to be optimal. Therefore, we performed a meta-regression analysis to evaluate how the four individual APRV settings impacted the outcome in these patients. Methods: Studies investigating the use of the APRV mode for ARDS patients were searched from electronic databases. We tested individual settings, including (1) high airway pressure (P_High); (2) low airway pressure (P_Low); (3) time at high airway pressure (T_High); and (4) time at low pressure (T_Low) for association with PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio and ICU length of stay. Results: There was no significant difference in PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio between the groups in any of the four settings (P_High difference −12.0 [95% CI −100.4, 86.4]; P_Low difference 54.3 [95% CI −52.6, 161.1]; T_Low difference −27.19 [95% CI −127.0, 72.6]; T_High difference −51.4 [95% CI −170.3, 67.5]). There was high heterogeneity across all parameters (P_hHgh I² = 99.46%, P_Low I² = 99.16%, T_Low I² = 99.31%, T_High I² = 99.29%). Conclusions: None of the four individual APRV settings independently were associated with differences in outcome. A holistic approach, analyzing all settings in combination, may improve APRV efficacy since it is known that small differences in ventilator settings can significantly alter mortality. Future clinical trials should set and adjust APRV based on the best current scientific evidence available. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Personalized Therapies and Beyond)

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16 pages, 320 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Management of Neuromuscular Blocking Agents in Critically Ill Patients with Lung Diseases

by Ida Giorgia Iavarone, Lou’i Al-Husinat, Jorge Luis Vélez-Páez, Chiara Robba, Pedro Leme Silva, Patricia R. M. Rocco and Denise Battaglini

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(4), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13041182 - 19 Feb 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2602

Abstract

The use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) is common in the intensive care unit (ICU). NMBAs have been used in critically ill patients with lung diseases to optimize mechanical ventilation, prevent spontaneous respiratory efforts, reduce the work of breathing and oxygen consumption, and [...] Read more.

The use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) is common in the intensive care unit (ICU). NMBAs have been used in critically ill patients with lung diseases to optimize mechanical ventilation, prevent spontaneous respiratory efforts, reduce the work of breathing and oxygen consumption, and avoid patient–ventilator asynchrony. In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), NMBAs reduce the risk of barotrauma and improve oxygenation. Nevertheless, current guidelines and evidence are contrasting regarding the routine use of NMBAs. In status asthmaticus and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, NMBAs are used in specific conditions to ameliorate patient–ventilator synchronism and oxygenation, although their routine use is controversial. Indeed, the use of NMBAs has decreased over the last decade due to potential adverse effects, such as immobilization, venous thrombosis, patient awareness during paralysis, development of critical illness myopathy, autonomic interactions, ICU-acquired weakness, and residual paralysis after cessation of NMBAs use. The aim of this review is to highlight current knowledge and synthesize the evidence for the effects of NMBAs for critically ill patients with lung diseases, focusing on patient–ventilator asynchrony, ARDS, status asthmaticus, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Personalized Therapies and Beyond)

20 pages, 2278 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Lung Imaging and Artificial Intelligence in ARDS

by Davide Chiumello, Silvia Coppola, Giulia Catozzi, Fiammetta Danzo, Pierachille Santus and Dejan Radovanovic

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(2), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13020305 - 5 Jan 2024

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Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) can make intelligent decisions in a manner akin to that of the human mind. AI has the potential to improve clinical workflow, diagnosis, and prognosis, especially in radiology. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a very diverse illness that is [...] Read more.

Artificial intelligence (AI) can make intelligent decisions in a manner akin to that of the human mind. AI has the potential to improve clinical workflow, diagnosis, and prognosis, especially in radiology. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a very diverse illness that is characterized by interstitial opacities, mostly in the dependent areas, decreased lung aeration with alveolar collapse, and inflammatory lung edema resulting in elevated lung weight. As a result, lung imaging is a crucial tool for evaluating the mechanical and morphological traits of ARDS patients. Compared to traditional chest radiography, sensitivity and specificity of lung computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound are higher. The state of the art in the application of AI is summarized in this narrative review which focuses on CT and ultrasound techniques in patients with ARDS. A total of eighteen items were retrieved. The primary goals of using AI for lung imaging were to evaluate the risk of developing ARDS, the measurement of alveolar recruitment, potential alternative diagnoses, and outcome. While the physician must still be present to guarantee a high standard of examination, AI could help the clinical team provide the best care possible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Personalized Therapies and Beyond)

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Open AccessArticle

Categorizing Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome with Different Severities by Oxygen Saturation Index

by Shin-Hwar Wu, Chew-Teng Kor, Shu-Hua Chi and Chun-Yu Li

Diagnostics 2024, 14(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14010037 - 24 Dec 2023

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Abstract

The oxygen saturation index (OSI), defined by F_IO₂/S_pO₂ multiplied by the mean airway pressure, has been reported to exceed the Berlin definition in predicting the mortality of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The OSI has served [...] Read more.

The oxygen saturation index (OSI), defined by F_IO₂/S_pO₂ multiplied by the mean airway pressure, has been reported to exceed the Berlin definition in predicting the mortality of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The OSI has served as an alternative to the Berlin definition in categorizing pediatric ARDS. However, the use of the OSI for the stratification of adult ARDS has not been reported. A total of 379 invasively ventilated adult ARDS patients were retrospectively studied. The ARDS patients were classified into three groups by their incidence rate of mortality: mild (OSI < 14.69), moderate (14.69 < OSI < 23.08) and severe (OSI > 23.08). OSI-based categorization was highly correlated with the Berlin definition by a Kendall’s tau of 0.578 (p < 0.001). The Kaplan–Meier curves of the three OSI-based groups were significantly different (p < 0.001). By the Berlin definition, the hazard ratio for 28-day mortality was 0.58 (0.33–1.05) and 0.95 (0.55–1.67) for the moderate and severe groups, respectively (compared to the mild group). In contrast, the corresponding hazard ratio was 1.01 (0.69–1.47) and 2.39 (1.71–3.35) for the moderate and severe groups defined by the OSI. By multivariate analysis, OSI-based severe ARDS was independently associated with 28-D or 90-D mortality. In conclusion, we report the first OSI-based stratification for adult ARDS and find that it serves well as an alternative to the Berlin definition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Personalized Therapies and Beyond)

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14 pages, 923 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Treatment with Helmet CPAP in Respiratory Intermediate Care Unit by Pulmonologists in the Three Italian Pandemic Waves

by Martina Piluso, Clarissa Ferrari, Silvia Pagani, Pierfranco Usai, Stefania Raschi, Luca Parachini, Elisa Oggionni, Chiara Melacini, Francesca D’Arcangelo, Roberta Cattaneo, Cristiano Bonacina, Monica Bernareggi, Serena Bencini, Marta Nadalin, Mara Borelli, Roberto Bellini, Maria Chiara Salandini and Paolo Scarpazza

Adv. Respir. Med. 2023, 91(5), 383-396; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm91050030 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2823

Abstract

COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) is the most serious complication of COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks rapidly saturated intensive care unit (ICU), forcing the application of non-invasive respiratory support (NIRS) in respiratory intermediate care unit (RICU). The primary aim of this study is [...] Read more.

COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) is the most serious complication of COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks rapidly saturated intensive care unit (ICU), forcing the application of non-invasive respiratory support (NIRS) in respiratory intermediate care unit (RICU). The primary aim of this study is to compare the patients’ clinical characteristics and outcomes (Helmet-Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (H-CPAP) success/failure and survival/death). The secondary aim is to evaluate and detect the main predictors of H-CPAP success and survival/death. A total of 515 patients were enrolled in our observational prospective study based on CARDS developed in RICU during the three Italian pandemic waves. All selected patients were treated with H-CPAP. The worst ratio of arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂) and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO₂) PaO₂/FiO₂ during H-CPAP stratified the subjects into mild, moderate and severe CARDS. H-CPAP success has increased during the three waves (62%, 69% and 77%, respectively) and the mortality rate has decreased (28%, 21% and 13%). H-CPAP success/failure and survival/death were related to the PaO₂/FiO₂ (worst score) ratio in H-CPAP and to steroids’ administration. D-dimer at admission, FiO₂ and positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) were also associated with H-CPAP success. Our study suggests good outcomes with H-CPAP in CARDS in RICU. A widespread use of steroids could play a role. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Personalized Therapies and Beyond)

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Open AccessArticle

Epidemiology, Ventilation Management and Outcomes of COPD Patients Receiving Invasive Ventilation for COVID-19—Insights from PRoVENT-COVID

by Athiwat Tripipitsiriwat, Orawan Suppapueng, David M. P. van Meenen, Frederique Paulus, Markus W. Hollmann, Chaisith Sivakorn and Marcus J. Schultz

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(18), 5783; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12185783 - 5 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1554

Abstract

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a risk factor for death in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) for respiratory support. Previous reports suggested higher mortality in COPD patients with COVID-19. It is yet unknown whether patients with COPD were treated differently [...] Read more.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a risk factor for death in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) for respiratory support. Previous reports suggested higher mortality in COPD patients with COVID-19. It is yet unknown whether patients with COPD were treated differently compared to non-COPD patients. We compared the ventilation management and outcomes of invasive ventilation for COVID-19 in COPD patients versus non-COPD patients. This was a post hoc analysis of a nation-wide, observational study in the Netherlands. COPD patients were compared to non-COPD patients with respect to key ventilation parameters. The secondary endpoints included adjunctive treatments for refractory hypoxemia, and 28-day mortality. Of a total of 1090 patients, 88 (8.1%) were classified as having COPD. The ventilation parameters were not different between COPD patients and non-COPD patients, except for FiO₂, which was higher in COPD patients. Prone positioning was applied more often in COPD patients. COPD patients had higher 28-day mortality than non-COPD patients. COPD had an independent association with 28-day mortality. In this cohort of patients who received invasive ventilation for COVID-19, only FiO₂ settings and the use of prone positioning were different between COPD patients and non-COPD patients. COPD patients had higher mortality than non-COPD patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Personalized Therapies and Beyond)

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18 pages, 2646 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

The Outcome Relevance of Pre-ECMO Liver Impairment in Adults with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

by Stany Sandrio, Manfred Thiel and Joerg Krebs

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(14), 4860; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12144860 - 24 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1231

Abstract

We hypothesize that (1) a significant pre-ECMO liver impairment, which is evident in the presence of pre-ECMO acute liver injury and a higher pre-ECMO MELD (model for end-stage liver disease) score, is associated with increased mortality; and (2) the requirement of veno-veno-arterial (V-VA) [...] Read more.

We hypothesize that (1) a significant pre-ECMO liver impairment, which is evident in the presence of pre-ECMO acute liver injury and a higher pre-ECMO MELD (model for end-stage liver disease) score, is associated with increased mortality; and (2) the requirement of veno-veno-arterial (V-VA) ECMO support is linked to a higher prevalence of pre-ECMO acute liver injury, a higher pre-ECMO MELD score, and increased mortality. We analyze 187 ECMO runs (42 V-VA and 145 veno-venous (V-V) ECMO) between January 2017 and December 2020. The SAPS II score is calculated at ICU admission; hepatic function and MELD score are assessed at ECMO initiation (pre-ECMO) and during the first five days on ECMO. SOFA, PRESERVE and RESP scores are calculated at ECMO initiation. Pre-ECMO cardiac failure, acute liver injury, ECMO type, SAPS II and MELD, SOFA, PRESERVE, and RESP scores are associated with mortality. However, only the pre-ECMO MELD score independently predicts mortality (p = 0.04). In patients with a pre-ECMO MELD score > 16, V-VA ECMO is associated with a higher mortality risk (p = 0.0003). The requirement of V-VA ECMO is associated with the development of acute liver injury during ECMO support, a higher pre-ECMO MELD score, and increased mortality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Personalized Therapies and Beyond)

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12 pages, 1018 KiB  

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Response to Prone Position in COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Patients with Severe ARDS Supported by vvECMO

by Laura Textoris, Ines Gragueb-Chatti, Florence Daviet, Sabine Valera, Céline Sanz, Laurent Papazian, Jean-Marie Forel, Sami Hraiech, Antoine Roch and Christophe Guervilly

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(12), 3918; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12123918 - 8 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1406

Abstract

Background: For moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), lung-protective ventilation combined with prolonged and repeated prone position (PP) is recommended. For the most severe patients for whom this strategy failed, venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vv-ECMO) allows a reduction in ventilation-induced lung [...] Read more.

Background: For moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), lung-protective ventilation combined with prolonged and repeated prone position (PP) is recommended. For the most severe patients for whom this strategy failed, venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vv-ECMO) allows a reduction in ventilation-induced lung injury and improves survival. Some aggregated data have suggested a benefit regarding survival in pursuing PP during vv-ECMO. The combination of PP and vv-ECMO has been also documented in COVID-19 studies, although there is scarce evidence concerning respiratory mechanics and gas exchange response. The main objective was to compare the physiological response of the first PP during vv-ECMO in two cohorts of patients (COVID-19-related ARDS and non-COVID-19 ARDS) regarding respiratory system compliance (C_RS) and oxygenation changes. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective, and ambispective cohort study in the ECMO center of Marseille, France. ECMO was indicated according to the EOLIA trial criteria. Results: A total of 85 patients were included, 60 in the non-COVID-19 ARDS group and 25 in the COVID-19-related ARDS group. Lung injuries of the COVID-19 cohort exhibited significantly higher severity with a lower C_RS at baseline. Concerning the main objective, the first PP during vv-ECMO was not associated with a change in C_RS or other variation in respiratory mechanic variables in both cohorts. By contrast, oxygenation was improved only in the non-COVID-19 ARDS group after a return to the supine position. Mean arterial pressure was higher during PP as compared with a return to the supine position in the COVID-19 group. Conclusion: We found distinct physiological responses to the first PP in vv-ECMO-supported ARDS patients according to the COVID-19 etiology. This could be due to higher severity at baseline or specificity of the disease. Further investigations are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Personalized Therapies and Beyond)

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Open AccessArticle

Increased Alveolar Epithelial Damage Markers and Inflammasome-Regulated Cytokines Are Associated with Pulmonary Superinfection in ARDS

by Konrad Peukert, Andrea Sauer, Benjamin Seeliger, Caroline Feuerborn, Mario Fox, Susanne Schulz, Lennart Wild, Valeri Borger, Patrick Schuss, Matthias Schneider, Erdem Güresir, Mark Coburn, Christian Putensen, Christoph Wilhelm and Christian Bode

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(11), 3649; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12113649 - 24 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1584

Abstract

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening form of respiratory failure defined by dysregulated immune homeostasis and alveolar epithelial and endothelial damage. Up to 40% of ARDS patients develop pulmonary superinfections, contributing to poor prognosis and increasing mortality. Understanding what renders ARDS [...] Read more.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening form of respiratory failure defined by dysregulated immune homeostasis and alveolar epithelial and endothelial damage. Up to 40% of ARDS patients develop pulmonary superinfections, contributing to poor prognosis and increasing mortality. Understanding what renders ARDS patients highly susceptible to pulmonary superinfections is therefore essential. We hypothesized that ARDS patients who develop pulmonary superinfections display a distinct pulmonary injury and pro-inflammatory response pattern. Serum and BALF samples from 52 patients were collected simultaneously within 24 h of ARDS onset. The incidence of pulmonary superinfections was determined retrospectively, and the patients were classified accordingly. Serum concentrations of the epithelial markers soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) and surfactant protein D (SP-D) and the endothelial markers vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoetin-2 (Ang-2) as well as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin 18 (IL-18), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) were analyzed via multiplex immunoassay. Inflammasome-regulated cytokine IL-18 and the epithelial damage markers SP-D and sRAGE were significantly increased in ARDS patients who developed pulmonary superinfections. In contrast, endothelial markers and inflammasome-independent cytokines did not differ between the groups. The current findings reveal a distinct biomarker pattern that indicates inflammasome activation and alveolar epithelial injury. This pattern may potentially be used in future studies to identify high-risk patients, enabling targeted preventive strategies and personalized treatment approaches. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Application of Neuromuscular Blockers in Patients with ARDS in ICU: A Retrospective Study Based on the MIMIC-III Database

by Xiaojun Pan, Jiao Liu, Sheng Zhang, Sisi Huang, Limin Chen, Xuan Shen and Dechang Chen

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(5), 1878; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12051878 - 27 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2131

Abstract

Background: Although neuromuscular blocker agents (NMBAs) are recommended by guidelines as a treatment for ARDS patients, the efficacy of NMBAs is still controversial. Our study aimed to investigate the association between cisatracurium infusion and the medium- and long-term outcomes of critically ill patients [...] Read more.

Background: Although neuromuscular blocker agents (NMBAs) are recommended by guidelines as a treatment for ARDS patients, the efficacy of NMBAs is still controversial. Our study aimed to investigate the association between cisatracurium infusion and the medium- and long-term outcomes of critically ill patients with moderate and severe ARDS. Methods: We performed a single-center, retrospective study of 485 critically ill adult patients with ARDS based on the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) database. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to match patients receiving NMBA administration with those not receiving NMBAs. The Cox proportional hazards model, Kaplan–Meier method, and subgroup analysis were used to evaluate the relationship between NMBA therapy and 28-day mortality. Results: A total of 485 moderate and severe patients with ARDS were reviewed and 86 pairs of patients were matched after PSM. NMBAs were not associated with reduced 28-day mortality (hazard ratio (HR) 1.44; 95% CI: 0.85~2.46; p = 0.20), 90-day mortality (HR = 1.49; 95% CI: 0.92~2.41; p = 0.10), 1-year mortality (HR = 1.34; 95% CI: 0.86~2.09; p = 0.20), or hospital mortality (HR = 1.34; 95% CI: 0.81~2.24; p = 0.30). However, NMBAs were associated with a prolonged duration of ventilation and the length of ICU stay. Conclusions: NMBAs were not associated with improved medium- and long-term survival and may result in some adverse clinical outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Personalized Therapies and Beyond)

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10 pages, 580 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Biological Markers to Predict Outcome in Mechanically Ventilated Patients with Severe COVID-19 Living at High Altitude

by Jorge Luis Vélez-Páez, Paolo Pelosi, Denise Battaglini and Ivan Best

J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(2), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12020644 - 13 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2384

Abstract

Background: There is not much evidence on the prognostic utility of different biological markers in patients with severe COVID-19 living at high altitude. The objective of this study was to determine the predictive value of inflammatory and hematological markers for the risk of [...] Read more.

Background: There is not much evidence on the prognostic utility of different biological markers in patients with severe COVID-19 living at high altitude. The objective of this study was to determine the predictive value of inflammatory and hematological markers for the risk of mortality at 28 days in patients with severe COVID-19 under invasive mechanical ventilation, living at high altitude and in a low-resource setting. Methods: We performed a retrospective observational study including patients with severe COVID-19, under mechanical ventilation and admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) located at 2850 m above sea level, between 1 April 2020 and 1 August 2021. Inflammatory (interleukin-6 (IL-6), ferritin, D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)) and hematologic (mean platelet volume (MPV), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), MPV/platelet ratio) markers were evaluated at 24 h and in subsequent controls, and when available at 48 h and 72 h after admission to the ICU. The primary outcome was the association of inflammatory and hematological markers with the risk of mortality at 28 days. Results: We analyzed 223 patients (median age (1st quartile [Q1]–3rd quartile [Q3]) 51 (26–75) years and 70.4% male). Patients with severe COVID-19 and with IL-6 values at 24 h ≥ 11, NLR values at 24 h ≥ 22, and NLR values at 72 h ≥ 14 were 8.3, 3.8, and 3.8 times more likely to die at 28 days, respectively. The SOFA and APACHE-II scores were not able to independently predict mortality. Conclusions: In mechanically ventilated patients with severe COVID-19 and living at high altitude, low-cost and immediately available blood markers such as IL-6 and NLR may predict the severity of the disease in low-resource settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Personalized Therapies and Beyond)

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