Search Results (8)

In this study, cottonseed oil biodiesel and waste lard biodiesel were produced through a transesterification process and blended with conventional diesel at different ratios (B10 and B20). The performance and emission characteristics of these fuels were systematically evaluated in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled diesel engine operating at speeds of 1000–1800 rpm under a constant 50% load. The physicochemical properties of the fuels were analyzed, and engine parameters including brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), exhaust gas temperature (EGT), and emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were measured. The results demonstrated that, compared with diesel, biodiesel blends significantly reduced CO, HC, and CO₂ emissions. At 1800 rpm, the LB20 blend showed reductions of 31.03% in CO, 47.06% in HCs, and 19.14% in CO₂ relative to diesel. These reductions are mainly attributed to the higher oxygen content and lower hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of biodiesel, which promote more complete combustion. However, all biodiesel blends exhibited higher NOx emissions than diesel, with the increase being more pronounced at higher blend ratios. At 1800 rpm, the LB20 blend recorded the highest NOx emissions, which were 20.63% higher than those of diesel under the same condition. In terms of performance, biodiesel blends showed higher BSFC and lower BTE compared with diesel, mainly due to their lower calorific value and higher viscosity. The lowest BTE and the highest BSFC were both observed with the LB20 blend, at 22.64% and 358.11 g/kWh, respectively. Full article

Currently, solving global environmental problems is recognized as an important task for humanity. In particular, automobile exhaust gases, which are pointed out as the main cause of environmental pollution, are increasing environmental pollutants and pollution problems, and exhaust gas regulations are being strengthened around the world. In particular, when an engine is idling while a car is stopped and not running, a lot of fine dust and toxic gases are emitted into the atmosphere due to the unnecessary fuel consumption of the engine. These idling emissions are making the Earth’s environmental pollution more serious and depleting limited oil resources. Biodiesel, which can replace diesel fuel, generally has similar physical properties to diesel fuel, so it is receiving a lot of attention as an eco-friendly alternative fuel. Biodiesel can be extracted from various substances of vegetable or animal origin and can also be extracted from waste resources discarded in nature. In this study, we used biodiesel blended fuel (B20) in a CRDI diesel engine to study the characteristics of gases emitted during combustion in the engine’s idling state. There were a total of four types of biodiesels used in the experiment. New Soybean Oil and New Lard Oil extracted from new resources and Waste Soybean Fried Oil and Waste Barbecue Lard Oil extracted from waste resources were used, and the gaseous substances emitted during combustion with pure diesel fuel and with the biodiesels were compared and analyzed. It was confirmed that all four B20 biodiesels had a reduction effect on PM, CO, and HC emissions, excluding NOx emissions, compared to pure diesel in terms of the emissions generated during combustion under no-load idling conditions. In particular, New Soybean Oil had the highest PM reduction rate of 20.3% compared to pure diesel, and Waste Soybean Fried Oil had the highest CO and HC reduction rates of 36.6% and 19.3%, respectively. However, NOx was confirmed to be highest in New Soybean Oil, and Waste Barbecue Lard Oil was the highest in fuel consumption. Full article

The aim of the research is to assess changes in odour concentration in the ventilated air of a production hall, using different types of biofilter fillings and different types of membranes. Deodorisation was carried out using a mobile combined biofilter at a plant producing lard and liquid oils. Ventilated air from the hall contained organic and inorganic pollutants. Two types of fillings were used for technological tests: stumpwood chips mixed with pine bark and a mix of stumpwood chips with pine bark and green waste compost. Two types of membranes were also used, differing in thickness, permeability, and water resistance. The subjects of the research were the air supplied to the filter, lifted directly from the bed, and the air above the membranes. The deodorisation efficiency—the percentage reduction in the odour concentration value as a result of air flow through the bed and membranes—was calculated. The filtration methods used allowed the selection of the most advantageous technological variant from the point of view of deodorisation effectiveness: a mix of stumpwood chips with pine bark and the Pro Eko Tex UV membrane. It has a total odour reduction efficiency of 99.3–99.9% and has been added to full-scale implementation works. Full article

The global push towards sustainable energy solutions has intensified research into alternative fuels, such as biodiesel. This study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel derived from waste swine oil in comparison to traditional diesel fuel. Using an engine running at 75% load across a range of speeds (1200 rpm to 1800 rpm), various metrics such as Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), and emissions including Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon Dioxide (CO₂₎, Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), and smoke opacity were measured. The biodiesel demonstrated a higher BSFC (270 g/kWh) compared to diesel (245 g/kWh) but showed reduced Brake Thermal Efficiency (28.5% vs. 29.8%) compared to diesel. In terms of emissions, biodiesel blends recorded lower levels of CO, HC, and smoke opacity, but elevated levels of CO₂ and NOx. The results indicate that while biodiesel from waste swine oil presents some environmental benefits, such as reduced CO, HC, and smoke emissions, challenges remain in terms of higher NOx emissions and less efficient fuel consumption. Full article

The influence of biodiesel blending on the emission parameters of a one-cylinder engine using waste swine oil was investigated in this research. This research focused on particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide emissions at various engine speeds and biodiesel mixing percentages. According to the results, increasing the amount of biodiesel in diesel blends might result in considerable reductions in particulate matter emissions while potentially raising nitrogen oxide emissions due to biodiesel’s higher oxygen content. Engine speed considerably affects hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions, with biodiesel mixes benefiting more at higher engine speeds. This study also discovered that when the amount of biodiesel in a fuel blend grows, so do carbon dioxide emissions, but brake thermal efficiency drops. These findings indicate that using waste swine oil biodiesel as a fuel source has both advantages and disadvantages in terms of engine emissions, and more study is needed to optimize biodiesel consumption and reduce nitrogen oxide emissions. Full article

The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using several lipid-rich food industry wastes in the culture medium on the growth of Candida cylindracea DSM 2031 yeast strain. Four lipid wastes from the food industry: waste fish oil, rancid ghee, waste pork lard, and waste duck processing oil were investigated. It has been shown in the laboratory scale that the above-mentioned wastes can be used to obtain biomass and produce lipolytic enzymes by the tested strain and the C. cylindracea extracellular lipase is not constitutive. High yields of biomass (12.84, 12.75, and 12.24 g/dm³) were obtained in media containing waste duck processing oil, olive oil, and waste pork lard, respectively. The highest lipolytic activity was obtained in the media containing waste fish oil and rancid ghee (0.050 and 0.047 U/cm³). During 192-h flask cultures the highest extracellular lipase activity and biomass yield were observed in the late logarithmic phase. The study showed that there is a potential for waste management to produce lipolytic enzymes or to produce yeast biomass. The use of waste substrates may contribute to lowering the costs of commercial production, and such a solution is part of the sustainable development strategy. Full article

A new protocol for biodiesel production is proposed, based on a binary ZnO/TBAI (TBAI = tetrabutylammonium iodide) catalytic system. Zinc oxide acts as a heterogeneous, bifunctional Lewis acid/base catalyst, while TBAI plays the role of phase transfer agent. Being composed by the bulk form powders, the whole catalyst system proved to be easy to use, without requiring nano-structuration or tedious and costly preparation or pre-activation procedures. In addition, due to the amphoteric properties of ZnO, the catalyst can simultaneously promote transesterification and esterification processes, thus becoming applicable to common vegetable oils (e.g., soybean, jatropha, linseed, etc.) and animal fats (lard and fish oil), but also to waste lipids such as cooking oils (WCOs), highly acidic lipids from oil industry processing, and lipid fractions of municipal sewage sludge. Reusability of the catalyst system together with kinetic (Ea) and thermodynamic parameters of activation (ΔG^‡ and ΔH^‡) are also studied for transesterification reaction. Full article

Vertical graphene (VG) sheets were single-step synthesized via inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using waste lard oil as a sustainable and economical carbon source. Interweaved few-layer VG sheets, H₂, and other hydrocarbon gases were obtained after the decomposition of waste lard oil. The influence of parameters such as temperature, gas proportion, ICP power was investigated to tune the nanostructures of obtained VG, which indicated that a proper temperature and H₂ concentration was indispensable for the synthesis of VG sheets. Rich defects of VG were formed with a high $I_D/I_G$ ratio (1.29), consistent with the dense edges structure observed in electron microscopy. Additionally, the morphologies, crystalline degree, and wettability of nanostructure carbon induced by PECVD and ICP separately were comparatively analyzed. The present work demonstrated the potential of our PECVD recipe to synthesize VG from abundant natural waste oil, which paved the way to upgrade the low-value hydrocarbons into advanced carbon material. Full article