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  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
4,117 Views
20 Pages

Outcome of Communication Training in Veterinary Studies: Influence on the Perception of the Relevance of Veterinary Competencies and Self-Assessment of Communication Skills

  • Mahtab Bahramsoltani,
  • Sonja Bröer,
  • Susann Langforth,
  • Corinna Eule,
  • Alina Prior,
  • Lena Vogt,
  • Ting-Ting Li,
  • Rebecca Schirone,
  • Alina Pohl and
  • Katharina Charlotte Jensen

30 April 2023

Since communication skills contribute significantly to professional success among veterinarians, there is a particular focus on developing communication classes in veterinary curricula. At Freie Universität Berlin, an e-learning course covering...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Education and Communication in Veterinary Clinical Practice)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
5,337 Views
20 Pages

Developing Communication Competency in the Veterinary Curriculum

  • Ingrid van Gelderen (Mabin) and
  • Rosanne Taylor

27 November 2023

Veterinary graduates require effective clinical communication skills for a successful transition to practice. The ways of teaching and assessing veterinary communication skills have developed and are increasingly supported by research. However, some...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Education and Communication in Veterinary Clinical Practice)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
6,903 Views
12 Pages

3 December 2018

Client communication is a core clinical skill that is taught as part of the required curriculum at many veterinary colleges. Although much client communication occurs face-to-face, telephone communication is used to provide patient updates, relay res...

  • Review
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,304 Views
13 Pages

Communication Skills Training in Veterinary Education: A Scoping Review of Programs and Practices

  • Verónica López-López,
  • Montserrat Poblete Hormazábal,
  • Sergio Cofré González,
  • Constanza Sepúlveda Pérez,
  • Carolina Muñoz Pérez and
  • Rafael Zapata Lamana

9 January 2026

Background: Effective communication is a fundamental competency in veterinary medicine that shapes the quality of veterinarian–client relationships, shared decision-making, and animal welfare. However, consistent and systematic integration of c...

  • Article
  • Open Access
28 Citations
13,324 Views
16 Pages

Pet Grief: Tools to Assess Owners’ Bereavement and Veterinary Communication Skills

  • Ines Testoni,
  • Loriana De Cataldo,
  • Lucia Ronconi,
  • Elisa Silvia Colombo,
  • Cinzia Stefanini,
  • Barbara Dal Zotto and
  • Adriano Zamperini

21 February 2019

In Italy, there are still very few studies on the psychological impact of losing a pet. The need to fill this gap springs from the fact that pet loss counseling services are increasingly being activated. The aim of this study is the Italian adaptatio...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,137 Views
14 Pages

Research of veterinary communication education is a relatively rare but important field, and its importance has been increasingly noticed recently. This study aims to describe the existing veterinary education research literature by adopting the syst...

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)
  • Review
  • Open Access
29 Citations
15,010 Views
15 Pages

15 July 2015

Despite the fact that health communication is a discipline developed only recently, its importance in human medicine is well recognized. However, it is less considered in veterinary medicine, even if it has the potential to improve public health beca...

  • Project Report
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,846 Views
20 Pages

Evaluation of an Interprofessional Blended Learning Course Focusing on Communication within Veterinary Teams

  • Sylva Agnete Charlotte Heise,
  • Sandra Wissing,
  • Verena Nerschbach,
  • Ellen Preussing,
  • Andrea Tipold and
  • Christin Kleinsorgen

27 February 2024

Based on the importance of communication and teamwork in veterinary practice, we explored the impact of a blended learning course designed to enhance interprofessional communication skills among veterinary students and apprentice assistants. The blen...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Education and Communication in Veterinary Clinical Practice)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,642 Views
40 Pages

Impact of a Spanish for Specific Purposes in Agriculture Curriculum for Animal Science and Veterinary Students on Animal Welfare Knowledge of Spanish-Speaking Livestock Workers

  • Allen Jimena Martinez Aguiriano,
  • Leonor Salazar,
  • Silvana Pietrosemoli,
  • Babafela Awosile,
  • Pablo Lamino and
  • Arlene Garcia

26 August 2025

This study evaluates the impact that Spanish for Specific Purposes in Agriculture (SSPA) courses taken by animal science and veterinary medicine students have on animal welfare knowledge among Spanish-speaking livestock workers in Texas. The paper de...

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,252 Views
16 Pages

15 October 2025

Medical errors in veterinary practice have a significant impact on veterinary staff, but the emotional experiences of pet owners remain largely unexplored. A total of 23 German pet owners participated in this qualitative study, which explored the imp...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Empirical Animal and Veterinary Medical Ethics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
7,376 Views
13 Pages

31 August 2021

Dental problems are increasingly recognised in cats although many problems are preventable by tooth brushing. However, the knowledge level and preventive measures performed by owners are unclear. Additionally, there is a shortage of information on th...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Nursing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,859 Views
24 Pages

17 December 2024

This study addresses the integration of Spanish for Specific Purposes in Agriculture (SSPA) into the curricula of English-speaking veterinary and animal sciences students at three collaborating universities (Texas Tech University School of Veterinary...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding the "Human Dimension" of Animal Health and Welfare)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
6,179 Views
19 Pages

Current Situation for Pharmacists in Japanese Veterinary Medicine: Exploring the Pharmaceutical Needs and Challenges of Veterinary Staff to Facilitate Collaborative Veterinary Care

  • Taisuke Konno,
  • Hiroyuki Suzuki,
  • Naoto Suzuki,
  • Kouji Okada,
  • Yosuke Nishikawa,
  • Daisuke Kikuchi,
  • Hitoshi Nakamura and
  • Yuriko Murai

29 November 2024

While veterinary pharmacy is common overseas, it has yet to gain traction in Japan. To clarify the actual situation in Japan, two surveys were conducted, targeting 4017 facilities (2000 pharmacies/drug stores, 2000 veterinary medical facilities, and...

  • Commentary
  • Open Access
2 Citations
5,778 Views
11 Pages

4 August 2024

The Calgary–Cambridge Guide is a widely recognised framework for teaching communication skills to healthcare professionals that has become a cornerstone of communication training programs in medicine and other healthcare fields. In the context...

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
6,002 Views
18 Pages

28 July 2025

Trauma-informed care (TIC) is an increasingly implemented approach in human services, but little research documents implementation within veterinary services. This study explored emotional experiences of veterinary clients and the perceived emotions/...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,205 Views
16 Pages

A Navigational Compass for Veterinary Professionalism: Integrating Stakeholder Perspectives to Guide Veterinary Care and Career Success

  • Stuart Gordon,
  • Heidi Janicke,
  • Kaylee Bradberry,
  • Jenny Weston,
  • Charlotte Bolwell,
  • Jackie Benschop,
  • Timothy Parkinson and
  • Dianne Gardner

14 February 2026

Professionalism is central to veterinary practice, shaping not only the quality of care provided to animals but also the wellbeing of practitioners, the satisfaction of clients, and the sustainability of the profession. Prior research has catalogued...

(This article belongs to the Section Curriculum and Instruction)
  • Article
  • Open Access
35 Citations
11,932 Views
15 Pages

6 November 2018

Loyalty is one of the greatest intangible assets that any organization can possess and improving client loyalty is a primary marketing goal that can have a significant financial impact on any business. This quantitative study examined the mediating r...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,898 Views
16 Pages

5 April 2026

Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition affecting aging dogs, characterized by impairments in learning, memory, spatial orientation, and behavior. Despite its substantial negative impact on dogs’ quality...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Complexity of the Human–Companion Animal Bond: Second Edition)
  • Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
736 Views
36 Pages

26 June 2026

Veterinary medicine fundamentally revolves around working with people to positively influence how they care for their animals. Veterinarians have traditionally used directive advice-giving when providing clients with recommendations, which can inadve...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Education and Communication in Veterinary Clinical Practice)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,805 Views
15 Pages

Medical disputes in veterinary practices are widespread; yet, a limited amount of research has been conducted to investigate the factors contributing to medical disputes. This study examined veterinarians’ and clients’ perceptions regardi...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Medical Education: Challenges and Perspectives)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,324 Views
14 Pages

Gaps Between Awareness and Prevention of West Nile Virus Among Horse Owners in an Endemic Country: A Cross-Sectional Study from Romania

  • Paula Nistor,
  • Livia Stânga,
  • Andreia Chirilă,
  • Vlad Iorgoni,
  • Vlad Cocioba,
  • Răzvan Grigore Cojocaru,
  • Alexandru Gligor,
  • Alexandru Cireșan,
  • Bogdan Florea and
  • Viorel Herman
  • + 4 authors

1 March 2026

West Nile virus (WNV) circulates endemically in Romania, yet prevention of WNV infection in horses largely depends on owner-driven decisions that require accurate risk perception and veterinary guidance. A cross-sectional online survey was carried ou...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-Emerging Viral Diseases in Animals: Molecular Insights, Diagnostic Innovations, and One Health Implications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
956 Views
18 Pages

5 June 2026

Euthanasia in companion animal practice represents one of the most emotionally and ethically challenging decisions in veterinary medicine, requiring clinical judgment, effective communication, and sensitivity toward both animal welfare and pet owner...

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,746 Views
13 Pages

6 March 2023

This study compared the risk perceptions of medical disputes among veterinarians and veterinary students in Taiwan between 2014 and 2022. Online validity-tested questionnaires were used to collect data, with 106 (73 veterinarians and 33 students) and...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Medical Education: Challenges and Perspectives)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,221 Views
19 Pages

Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Human Brucellosis in a Farming and Animal Health Community in South Africa, 2015–2016

  • Jennifer Rossouw,
  • Anastasia N. Trataris-Rebisz,
  • Stefano Tempia,
  • Melinda K. Rostal,
  • William B. Karesh and
  • Veerle Msimang

Brucellosis is a widespread zoonotic disease and a major contributor to febrile illness, often underdiagnosed. This study investigated the seroprevalence of brucellosis and the associated exposure factors within South African farming and animal healt...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,963 Views
39 Pages

29 June 2023

The impact of nutrition on animal health requires effective diet-related treatment recommendations in veterinary medicine. Despite low reported rates of veterinary clients’ adherence with dietary recommendations, little is known about how clien...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Education and Communication in Veterinary Clinical Practice)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4,766 Views
26 Pages

2 June 2026

Dog behavior problems are a common source of stress for owners, yet the psychological mechanisms underlying this distress remain poorly understood. This cross-sectional study online survey examines relationships among dog behavioral characteristics,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,398 Views
21 Pages

Identification of Compassion Fatigue Risk Profiles in Veterinarians: Implications for Prevention and Professional Well-Being

  • David Cobos Sanchiz,
  • José María León-Pérez,
  • Francisco Javier Cantero-Sánchez and
  • José María León-Rubio

Compassion fatigue is a widely recognized phenomenon in human care settings, but it has been little explored in the veterinary field, despite sharing many of the same determinants. This study aimed to (1) identify distinct emotional risk profiles in...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
6,416 Views
15 Pages

Co-Produced Care in Veterinary Services: A Qualitative Study of UK Stakeholders’ Perspectives

  • Alison Z. Pyatt,
  • Keith Walley,
  • Gillian H. Wright and
  • Emma C. L. Bleach

1 October 2020

Changes in client behaviour and expectations, and a dynamic business landscape, amplify the already complex nature of veterinary and animal health service provision. Drawing on prior experiences, veterinary clients increasingly pursue enhanced involv...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,148 Views
18 Pages

Animal Abuse and Neglect in Companion-Animal Practice: The Role of Training, Legislation, and Veterinarian–Client Relationships in Romania

  • Adela Ioana Mustăţea,
  • Violeta Ștefania Rotărescu,
  • Adrian Gorbănescu and
  • Emilia Ciobotaru-Pîrvu

17 July 2026

Animal abuse and neglect represent important challenges in companion-animal practice, with veterinarians playing a central role in their identification and management. This study investigated how Romanian companion-animal veterinarians recognise and...

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
6,858 Views
10 Pages

Indoor–Outdoor Cats and the “One Health” Perspective: Veterinarian Insight and Influence

  • Jennifer M. Schoonmaker,
  • Luis Pablo Hervé Claude and
  • Jennifer K. Ketzis

23 July 2024

Veterinarian and client discussions about indoor–outdoor cats, although challenging, can impact decisions made regarding cat care and outdoor access. An online survey, exploring topics discussed with clients regarding indoor–outdoor cats...

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)
  • Review
  • Open Access
21 Citations
7,901 Views
11 Pages

17 October 2018

Collaborative learning activities are an increasingly prominent feature of veterinary curricula that have been redesigned to achieve competency-based graduate learning outcomes. This evolution challenges the traditional individualistic approach to ve...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Educating the Future of Veterinary Science and Medicine)
  • Review
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,997 Views
19 Pages

Advances in Donkey Disease Surveillance and Microbiome Characterization in China

  • Muhammad Zahoor Khan,
  • Yan Li,
  • Mingxia Zhu,
  • Mengmeng Li,
  • Tongtong Wang,
  • Zhenwei Zhang,
  • Wenqiang Liu,
  • Qingshan Ma and
  • Changfa Wang

This review article highlights the surveillance of bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases in donkey populations in China. Key findings highlight significant threats from Equine herpesviruses (EHV-8 and EHV-1), which cause encephalitis, abortion, an...

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
5,067 Views
25 Pages

Tracking Community Timing: Pattern and Determinants of Seasonality in Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Northern Florida

  • Agustin I. Quaglia,
  • Erik M. Blosser,
  • Bethany L. McGregor,
  • Alfred E. Runkel,
  • Kristin E. Sloyer,
  • Dinesh Erram,
  • Samantha M. Wisely and
  • Nathan D. Burkett-Cadena

25 August 2020

Community dynamics are embedded in hierarchical spatial–temporal scales that connect environmental drivers with species assembly processes. Culicoides species are hematophagous arthropod vectors of orbiviruses that impact wild and domestic rumi...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,200 Views
10 Pages

The Toxicity Exerted by the Antibiotic Sulfadiazine on the Growth of Soil Bacterial Communities May Increase over Time

  • Vanesa Santás-Miguel,
  • Laura Rodríguez-González,
  • Avelino Núñez-Delgado,
  • Montserrat Díaz-Raviña,
  • Manuel Arias-Estévez and
  • David Fernández-Calviño

The toxicity exerted by the antibiotic sulfadiazine on the growth of soil bacterial communities was studied in two agricultural soils for a period of 100 days. In the short-term (2 days of incubation), the effect of sulfadiazine on bacterial growth w...

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Science and Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
350 Views
20 Pages

Responsible Ownership and Welfare Indicators for Dogs and Cats in Rural Lithuania: Self-Reported Practices and In-Person Assessment

  • Eglė Marija Ramanauskaitė,
  • Snieguolė Malakauskienė,
  • Tautvilė Šukytė and
  • Alvydas Malakauskas

23 September 2026

Dogs and cats are increasingly regarded as companion animals and family members, but companionship requires more than affection: it also entails responsibility for their health, reproduction, housing and behavioural needs. Responsible ownership and w...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Explorations of Pet Owners’, Veterinarians’, Farmers’, and Animal Experimenters’ Relationship to Animals)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,606 Views
24 Pages

Epidemiological Survey on Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WaSH) in Uganda’s Karamoja Sub-Region, Using a KAP Questionnaire Within a One Health Framework

  • Davide Ceccarelli,
  • Silvana Diverio,
  • Pier Giorgio Lappo,
  • Carlo Ruspantini,
  • Simon Peter Losike,
  • Alma Rosa Pareschi and
  • Maria Luisa Marenzoni

Background: The Karamoja sub-region of Uganda addresses significant challenges in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH), deeply linked to public and environmental health and regional development. Objectives: This study applied a Knowledge, Attitudes,...

  • Perspective
  • Open Access
592 Views
18 Pages

Dynamising One Health Through a Structured Global Networking Model

  • Ulrich Laaser,
  • Nedjeljko Karabasil,
  • Helmut Wenzel and
  • Vesna Bjegović Mikanović

22 July 2026

Global environmental change, biodiversity loss, emerging infectious diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and widening social inequalities increasingly interact to create complex risks for human, animal, and ecosystem health. Although international One...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue One World, One Health: Combatting the Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens at the Human–Animal–Environment Interface)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
6,093 Views
18 Pages

Rabies Realities: Navigating Barriers to Rabies Control in Rural Zambia—A Case Study of Manyinga and Mwansabombwe Districts

  • Muma Chipo Misapa,
  • Eugene C. Bwalya,
  • Ladslav Moonga,
  • Josiah Zimba,
  • Emmanuel S. Kabwali,
  • Mwenya Silombe,
  • Edgar Chilanzi Mulwanda,
  • Christopher Mulenga,
  • Martin C. Simuunza and
  • Walter Muleya
  • + 2 authors

Rabies persists as a longstanding issue in Zambia, despite being preventable. The current control measures, including dog vaccination, population control, and movement restriction, guided by ‘The Control of Dogs Act Chapter 247 of the Laws of Z...

(This article belongs to the Section Neglected and Emerging Tropical Diseases)
  • Article
  • Open Access
64 Citations
13,848 Views
19 Pages

5 January 2021

(1) Background: An important aspect of dog ownership is providing veterinary care. However, features of dog ownership differ across demographic groups and these may influence veterinary client decision making and behavior. The purpose of the present...

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)
  • Communication
  • Open Access
1,651 Views
20 Pages

Natural and human-made disasters can severely impact communities and can result in high numbers of human injuries and deaths. Animals, both companion and livestock, are often injured as a result of these disasters and require veterinary care. Veterin...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contemporary Developments in Mixed, Augmented, and Virtual Reality: Implications for Teaching and Learning)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,211 Views
13 Pages

Hierarchically Structured Role-Playing Simulation as a Tool for Promoting Soft Skills in Veterinary Undergraduates

  • Alejandro Perez-Ecija,
  • Antonio Buzon-Cuevas,
  • Adelaida De Las Heras and
  • Francisco J. Mendoza

3 June 2025

Soft skills such as client-oriented communication, leadership, and teamwork skills are essential for veterinary clinicians. However, they are rarely addressed in the academic curriculum of most veterinary schools. Role-playing has been previously use...

(This article belongs to the Section Public Policy, Politics and Law)
  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
8,243 Views
15 Pages

7 May 2020

Dogs are important companions to people in many societies; however, dogs can also be associated with risks to public health and safety. Dog population management is therefore an important consideration globally. This study aimed to better understand...

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,920 Views
8 Pages

26 July 2024

Approximately 60% of the U.S. population own at least one pet, and many pet owners turn to the internet, including veterinary clinic websites, for pet health information. The pictures on these websites, and how accurately they reflect the racial dive...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
5,570 Views
9 Pages

Veterinary Pharmaceutics: An Opportunity for Interprofessional Education in New Zealand?

  • Arlene McDowell,
  • Rebekah Beard,
  • Anna Brightmore,
  • Lisa W. Lu,
  • Amelia McKay,
  • Maadhuri Mistry,
  • Kate Owen,
  • Emma Swan and
  • Jessica Young

Globally pharmacists are becoming increasingly involved in veterinary medicine; however, little is known about the level of interest for pharmacists playing a larger role in animal treatment in New Zealand. A key stakeholder in any progression of pha...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
7,032 Views
12 Pages

The First Shared Online Curriculum Resources for Veterinary Undergraduate Learning and Teaching in Animal Welfare and Ethics in Australia and New Zealand

  • Jane Johnson,
  • Teresa Collins,
  • Christopher Degeling,
  • Anne Fawcett,
  • Andrew D. Fisher,
  • Rafael Freire,
  • Susan J. Hazel,
  • Jennifer Hood,
  • Janice Lloyd and
  • Paul D. McGreevy
  • + 3 authors

29 May 2015

The need for undergraduate teaching of Animal Welfare and Ethics (AWE) in Australian and New Zealand veterinary courses reflects increasing community concerns and expectations about AWE; global pressures regarding food security and sustainability; th...

  • Review
  • Open Access
21 Citations
6,317 Views
13 Pages

Fostering the Development of Professionalism in Veterinary Students: Challenges and Implications for Veterinary Professionalism Curricula

  • Stuart Gordon,
  • Dianne Gardner,
  • Jenny Weston,
  • Charlotte Bolwell,
  • Jackie Benschop and
  • Tim Parkinson

9 November 2021

The importance of professional skills teaching and assessment within veterinary education has recently been highlighted in the veterinary education literature. This academic discourse follows the acknowledgement by both veterinary employers and gradu...

(This article belongs to the Collection Trends and Challenges in Higher Education)
  • Case Report
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,957 Views
9 Pages

21 November 2018

In 2017 the Abruzzo region, located in central Italy, was struck by a sequence of four moderately powerful seismic events (5.0 magnitude on Richter scale), in addition to heavy snowfall that caused a state of emergency affecting the resident populati...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
9,073 Views
22 Pages

22 December 2021

Veterinary team members encounter a wide range of ethically challenging situations (ECS) in their work. Inability to resolve ECS in accordance with their values may negatively impact the wellbeing of veterinary team members. We sought to determine th...

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,584 Views
14 Pages

Veterinary Telemedicine in Lithuania: Analysis of the Current Market, Animal Owner Knowledge, and Success Factors for Digital Transformation of Clinics

  • Dalia Juodžentė,
  • Evelina Burbaitė,
  • Rolandas Stankevičius,
  • Birutė Karvelienė,
  • Jūratė Rudejevienė and
  • Asta Daunorienė

28 June 2024

Veterinary telemedicine is used to provide animal health care information, education, and care remotely. Digital transformation of veterinary clinics is a fundamental process for the evolution of telemedicine and is changing the way veterinary care a...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Empirical Animal and Veterinary Medical Ethics)

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