Search Results (1,065)

Background/Objectives: Recently, a randomized clinical trial evaluated whether a six-month probiotic administration could reduce symptom severity in preschool children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), with (GI) or without (NGI) gastrointestinal symptoms. Significant positive changes were observed only in NGI children. A second explorative study on children prior to intervention identified a fecal metabolome fingerprint associated with ASD severity. Building on these findings, the present study aimed to assess whether metabolomics could monitor changes in ASD severity following probiotic administration using a subset of samples from the same trial. Second, this study aimed to identify fecal metabolites to be monitored in children to predict whether their autism severity may decrease after probiotic or placebo treatment. Methods: Evaluations of the fecal metabolome and microbiota could be completed on 57 children before and after a double-blind administration of a probiotic mixture or a placebo. Results: In NGI children the probiotic was found to influence the concentration of the amino acids aspartate, leucine, tryptophan, and valine, together with nicotinate and the short chain fatty acids acetate, butyrate, isobutyrate, and propionate. Lactobacilli and Sutterella showed significant changes in response to probiotic administration (p < 0.05). Acetate, 4-hydroxyphenyl, galactose, proline, and tyramine were identified as key fecal metabolites for prediction purposes. Conclusions: The present exploratory analysis, despite the small sample size, suggests that fecal metabolomics may provide a useful approach for monitoring and potentially for predicting changes in ASD severity following probiotics administration. Full article

Objectives: Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is curative in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) but is limited by relapse and non-relapse mortality (NRM). Metabolomic prognostic value is unclear. We assessed whether plasma metabolite profiles at diagnosis, pre-transplant, and post-transplant are associated with overall survival (OS) and cause-specific mortality. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed plasma metabolites from 63 AML patients undergoing HSCT (263 samples). Results: Higher levels of valine (hazard ratio [HR] 24.454), citrulline (HR 20.478), 5-oxoproline (HR 11.766), and glutamine (HR 8.701) associated with higher NRM, while inosine diphosphate (HR 0.091) and pyridoxamine-5′-phosphate (HR 0.313) associated with lower NRM. For relapse-related mortality (RRM), higher levels of phenylalanine (HR 26.585), leucine/isoleucine (HR 10.755), indolepyruvate (HR 7.676), and creatinine (HR 13.874) were associated with higher RRM, while trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (HR 0.101) was associated with lower RRM. Higher post-transplant ornithine (HR 0.063), 3-sulfocatechol (HR 0.590), and indole-3-acetate (HR 0.359) were associated with improved OS. Mixed-effects modelling identified lower dehydroascorbate and citrate in relapsed patients, with dehydroascorbate remaining significant after false discovery rate adjustment. Conclusions: Metabolomic profiling nominated candidate metabolites for validation in larger prospective studies and elucidated mechanistic pathways, potentially informing novel interventions or risk-adapted monitoring strategies in HSCT. Full article

Moringa oleifera leaves are recognized as a nutrient-dense plant material of compositional and nutritional interest. This study aimed to characterize the nutritional and physicochemical properties of M. oleifera dried leaves through nutritional assessment and spectroscopic fingerprinting. Amino acid profiling, antioxidant activity assessment using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays, chromatographic analysis of organic acids and sugars, color measurement, techno-functional characterization, and vibrational spectroscopy including Fourier Transform infrared with attenuated total reflectance (FT-IR/ATR) and Raman were employed. The crude protein content was 16.13 ± 0.43%. Moringa leaves contained all essential amino acids, with notably high tryptophan content (amino acid score, AAS = 200.00%). The amino acids limiting the nutritional value of the protein were primarily sulfur-containing amino acids (AAS = 49.57%) and lysine (AAS = 49.79%). Histidine, leucine, and valine also showed levels below the reference protein. Antioxidant activity exhibited solvent-dependent patterns: the 80% ethanolic extract demonstrated significantly higher FRAP activity (27.05 ± 1.05 mg Trolox Equivalent (TxE)/g dry matter (DM)) and ORAC values (107.24 ± 6.80 mg TxE/g DM), while no statistically significant differences between extracts were observed for DPPH, ABTS, or total phenolic content. Chromatographic profiling identified fructose and glucose as the predominant sugars, alongside citric, succinic, lactic, and acetic acids. The leaves exhibited favorable techno-functional properties, including high water holding capacity and water solubility index. Spectroscopic analysis revealed bands consistent with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and glycoside-related structures, while the preserved green-yellow coloration (hue angle 101.68°) indicated retention of pigment-related features during processing. These findings provide compositional and physicochemical characteristics of Moringa leaves relevant to their evaluation as a plant-derived food material. Full article

Background/Objectives: Previous studies have compared nutritional deficiency parameters in patients with venous leg ulcers (VLUs) to healthy individuals or those with unrelated conditions. This single-center study assessed blood levels of factors involved in ulcer healing and compared patients with VLUs to those with chronic venous insufficiency without ulcers. Methods: A total of 24 patients were included: 17 with VLUs formed the study group, and 7 with lower-limb venous insufficiency without ulcers served as controls. Disease severity was assessed using the CEAP classification, and all participants underwent ankle–brachial index (ABI) measurement. Venous blood samples were analyzed for selected vitamins, proteins, ions, protein electrophoresis, and amino acid profiles. Results: Strong correlations were identified (r > 0.5 or r < −0.5), some of which were statistically significant. Positive associations in the study group included BMI with waist circumference (r = 0.85, p < 0.05), tyrosine with proline (r = 0.84, p < 0.05), and valine with leucine (r = 0.82, p < 0.05). Negative correlations included albumin with folic acid (r = −0.73, p < 0.05), albumin with vitamin B6 (r = −0.71, p < 0.05), and folic acid with waist circumference (r = −0.65, p < 0.05). No significant differences in blood concentrations were observed between groups. Conclusions: Statistically significant correlations were observed between selected biochemical parameters, including albumin and alpha-1 globulins, as well as amino acid and vitamin concentrations, in both patients with VLUs and controls with chronic venous insufficiency without ulcers. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings and clarify their relevance to venous leg ulcers. Full article

Background/Objectives: Western and Mediterranean diets have divergent effects on the brain. The gut microbiome may mediate diet effects, and specific microbes may be particularly significant contributors to these processes. Oscillospira, a genus of gut-dwelling bacteria, has been implicated as a key microbial target. Other peripheral contributors may include short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), insulin resistance, and microbial translocation. Methods: We determined the effects of long-term (31 months, ~9 human years) consumption of a Mediterranean or Western-type diet on Oscillospira abundance, fecal SCFAs, plasma BCAAs, soluble CD14 (sCD14), and insulin responses in a randomized trial of 38 middle-aged female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). We determined diet effects and associations between dependent variables. For variables that were affected by diet composition and significantly associated with Oscillospira, we tested whether Oscillospira abundance mediated the effects of diet. Results: The Mediterranean diet resulted in higher Oscillospira (p = 0.004) and SCFAs (acetate p = 0.002; propionate p = 0.049) and lower BCAAs (isoleucine p = 0.035; leucine p = 0.007; valine p < 0.001). The Western diet increased insulin resistance (p = 0.040) and WM loss (p = 0.011). Oscillospira abundance was negatively associated with BCAAs (leucine p = 0.007; valine p = 0.005) and insulin resistance (insulin AUC: p = 0.024; increase in insulin AUC from pretreatment: p = 0.020), with trends for isoleucine (p = 0.066) and sCD14 (p = 0.103). Oscillospira abundance was positively associated with acetate (p = 0.032) and WM volume changes (p = 0.012). Oscillospira abundance significantly mediated the effects of diet on white matter volume changes (p = 0.020) and on insulin resistance (insulin AUC: p = 0.012 at study end; increase in insulin AUC during study: p = 0.020), presenting potential pathways through which diet may influence the brain. Conclusions: These findings suggest that diet-driven differences in Oscillospira are linked to metabolic regulation and white matter integrity, and Oscillospira may mediate the relationships. The results highlight a potential role for diet–microbiome interactions in shaping metabolic and brain aging trajectories. Full article

Corn glutelin is the main protein component of corn processing by-products, with a wide range of sources and low cost. However, its hydrophobic molecular structure, poor solubility, foaming and emulsifying properties limit its application in the food industry. Enzymatic hydrolysis can effectively improve its solubility, but the functional properties of hydrolysis products still need further improvement. The plastein reaction is a mild enzymatic modification method that can recondense small peptides in hydrolysis products under the catalysis of protease, meanwhile introducing exogenous amino acids to achieve the targeted regulation of product structure and function. Corn glutelin was hydrolyzed to obtain corn glutelin hydrolysate (CGH). Corn glutelin hydrolysate (CGH) with exogenous amino acids (valine, tyrosine, cysteine and threonine) was mediated by plastein reaction in order to gain modified products enriched with these amino acids, which are Val-CGH, Tyr-CGH, Cys-CGH and Thr-CGH, respectively. This study mainly investigated the functional properties and structural characteristics of these modified peptides. Simultaneously, the modified peptides with superior solubility, foaming ability and foaming stability were screened and applied to bread formulas to evaluate potential application of plastein reaction modifiers in the baking field. The effects of modified peptides on the specific volume of dough, texture and sensory properties of bread were assessed. Among the modified peptides, Cys-CGH had the best foaming property and foaming stability, and fine solubility. Compared with CGH, the solubility of Cys-CGH increased by 4.16%, foaming performance (FC) increased by 41.5%, foaming stability at 10 min (FS10) increased by 10.44%, foaming stability at 20 min (FS20) improved by 12.67%, and bubble stability at 30 min (FS30) improved by 16.63%. In addition, the baking loss rate of the bread sample containing 0.5% Cys-CGH decreased by 0.93%, the specific volume enhanced by 0.27 cm³/g, the hardness lowered by 0.3 N, the springiness raised by 1.03, the chewiness improved by 7.5 N. The sensory acceptance of bread samples with 0.5% Cys-CGH was significantly optimized. In brief, this also demonstrates that adding modifiers with good functional properties can improve the quality of baked products, highlighting their potential as a green food additive in baked goods. Full article

Few studies have investigated the effects of L-valine (L-Val) supplementation on in vitro rumen fermentation parameters and methane (CH₄) production in low-nitrogen diets for ruminants. Therefore, we examined the impact of L-Val supplementation in low-protein diets on in vitro rumen fermentation parameters, CH₄ production, and microbial community structure. Two crude protein (CP) levels and 4 L-Val levels were tested as follows: CON group (Control group with 14.05% CP), LD group (low-nitrogen diets with 11.26% CP), LVA group (LD group + 0.25% L-Val), LVB group (LD group + 0.5% L-Val), LVC group (LD group + 0.75% L-Val), and LVD group (LD group + 1% L-Val). The experiment was conducted at five time points (2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h), with three replicates per treatment at each time point. Results indicated the following: (1) Fermentation pH decreased overall with time; at each time point, the LVB group exhibited the highest pH, significantly higher than the LD, LVC, and LVD groups (p < 0.05). (2) Ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) concentration increased over time, with LVA~LVD groups showing higher levels than the LD group at 24 h, while showing no difference compared to the CON group (p > 0.05). (3) Microbial protein (MCP) trends aligned with NH₃-N, with the LVB group exhibiting higher MCP than the LD group, while showing no difference compared to the CON group (p > 0.05). (4) Compared to the LD group, adding 0.5~1% L-Val increased acetic acid, total VFA (TVFA), and isobutyric acid concentrations at 4 h, 8 h, and 24 h fermentation (p < 0.05). (5) The LVB group exhibited higher proportions of protozoa and Fibrobacter succinogenes (F. succinogenes) compared to the LD group (p < 0.05). The proportion of F. succinogenes showed no significant difference from the CON group (p > 0.05), while the proportion of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (B. fibrisolvens) decreased when L-Val addition exceeded 0.5%. (6) Correlation analysis revealed positive correlation between protozoa and TVFA (R = 0.512, p = 0.030). Isobutyric acid showed positive correlations with protozoa, B. fibrisolvens, and F. succinogenes (p < 0.05). In summary, under the present experimental conditions, the addition of 0.5% L-Val to a low-nitrogen diet did not affect predicted CH₄ production, but improved other in vitro rumen fermentation parameters, including acetate, isobutyrate and MCP. Meanwhile, it favored the growth and proliferation of the fibrolytic bacteria (B. fibrisolvens and F. succinogenes). This provides a theoretical basis for the rational formulation of low-nitrogen diets for sheep. Full article

Background: Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is widely used after major gastrointestinal surgery; however, its early systemic metabolic effects and temporal adaptation patterns remain incompletely characterized. This study applied a longitudinal plasma metabolomics approach to investigate time-dependent metabolic changes during early TPN administration. Methods: Plasma samples were collected from patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery before TPN initiation (baseline, T0) and at 24 h (T1), 48 h (T2), and 72 h (T3). Untargeted metabolomic profiling was performed using complementary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) platforms. In total, 111 metabolites were detected. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with baseline (T0) as the reference identified time-point–specific metabolic alterations during TPN administration. Results: At 24 h (T1), nominally significant increases were observed in glycine, tryptophan, isoleucine, and methionine, accompanied by decreases in sarcosine and oxalic acid. At 48 h (T2), elevated levels of glycine, isoleucine, valine, and phenylalanine persisted, while sarcosine, oxalic acid, and myo-inositol remained decreased. By 72 h (T3), sustained increases in glycine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, proline, alanine, and tryptophan were accompanied by reduced levels of sarcosine, oxalic acid, and glucopyranose, reflecting coordinated alterations across multiple metabolite classes. Conclusions: Overall, the results demonstrated a distinct longitudinal metabolomic pattern characterized by increases in circulating amino acids and time-dependent changes in carbohydrate- and lipid-related metabolites within the first 72 h of TPN. This exploratory, time-resolved metabolomic study in 37 patients highlights the utility of untargeted metabolomics for characterizing early metabolic adaptation to parenteral nutrition and supporting postoperative metabolic monitoring. Full article

This study evaluated the effects of dietary protein levels during late gestation on nutrient digestibility, plasma amino acid profiles in jennies, and donkey foal growth performance. Twenty-four pregnant jennies were randomly assigned to one of three diets with different crude protein (CP) contents during late gestation: 12.48% (HP), 11.52% (MP), and 10.54% (LP) on a dry matter basis. All animals received the same diet immediately after parturition for a duration of 30 days. During the trial, two digestion experiments were conducted, blood samples were collected at 28 and 7 days prepartum, and weekly weight measurements of jennies and foals were recorded. The results indicated that the dietary protein level did not significantly affect feed intake in late gestation. However, apparent nutrient digestibility of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP), and ether extract (EE), and calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) was generally higher in the MP and LP groups than in the HP group, with MP showing the most consistent improvements across nutrients and timepoints (p < 0.05). Although the HP diet increased plasma concentrations of certain amino acids, including glutamic acid (Glu), valine (Val), methionine (Met), leucine (Leu), essential amino acids (EAAs), functional amino acids (FAAs), and branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), and elevated serum levels of glucose (GLU), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine (CRE), it failed to improve postpartum weight recovery in jennies, highlighting that weight dynamics during this period are governed by factors beyond dietary protein content alone. Specifically, the LP group exhibited significantly higher cumulative postpartum weight loss over weeks 1–4 than the HP group (p = 0.004). Regarding offspring performance, both HP and MP diets improved foal birth weight, weekly body weight up to 4 weeks, average daily gain, and body height compared to the LP group (p < 0.05), with no significant differences observed between the HP and MP groups. In conclusion, for jennies under the current confined feeding system, a late-gestation diet containing 11.52% CP was adequate to support higher nutrient digestibility in the jennies and better growth performance in their foals, compared to a lower protein level (10.54% CP). However, increasing the dietary CP to 12.48% provided no additional benefits in nutrient utilization or overall productivity. Full article

Background/Objectives: Bacterial biofilms are structured communities of sessile cells embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix. Within biofilms, bacteria become highly tolerant toenvironmental stressors such as host immune responses and antimicrobial treatments. In response to specific cues, however, biofilm cells can revert to a planktonic free-swimming lifestyle through a process termed biofilm dispersal. When dispersed cells escape the biofilm matrix, they lose biofilm-associated antibiotic tolerance, a major barrier to treating medical biofilms. As such, dispersal-inducing compounds like nitric oxide (NO) are actively investigated as adjuvants to potentiate the biofilm-eradicating activity of existing antibiotics. We recently characterised the transcriptomic responses elicited during spontaneous biofilm dispersal in closed culture-grown Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Here, we evaluated the transcriptional profiles of P. aeruginosa biofilms treated with the NO donor Spermine-NONOate (SP-NONO) and the nitroxide C-TEMPO, an NO analogue, to determine potential pathways involved in NO-mediated dispersal. Methods: Dispersal activity on P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms by SP-NONOate and C-TEMPO was quantified by crystal violet staining. Cellular responses to each compound were profiled by RNA-seq on treated and untreated cells. Results: While both compounds disrupted the transcription of ANR-regulated energy metabolism pathways, only SP-NONO activated canonical NO-regulated responses. Considering that only SP-NONO showed biofilm dispersal activity in this culture system, we investigated shared transcriptional shifts in SP-NONO-treated and spontaneously dispersed biofilms to identify pathways likely involved in central dispersal responses. These mostly included genes involved in the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (leucine, valine, isoleucine) and lysine, as well as 9 of 14 genes previously defined as transcriptional biomarkers of spontaneous biofilm dispersal. Conclusions: This study suggests that NO disrupts biofilm maturation by prematurely stimulating central pathways of spontaneous biofilm dispersal and highlights this set of biomarkers as robust indicators of dispersal responses. Full article

Performance of Osmia bicornis larvae fed on six diets with different pollen species composition (one wild collected by foraging adults), each with known levels of nine essential amino acids (EAA; leucine, lysine, valine, arginine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine, histidine, methionine), was investigated. Four of the pollen diets consisted of individual pollen species and two were mixtures of either four or five species (including one naturally foraged by adult O. bicornis). The diets fell into four statistically distinct groups with different EAA contents (ranked from Group I (highest EAA) to Group IV (lowest EAA; pine pollen). The highest larval survival rate was recorded with the wild-foraged diet (Group III) with no survival in Group IV. Similar survival occurred for all other diets. Where larvae survived (Group I–III), there was no effect of diet on the time to commencement of larval stages, cocoon completion or larval development time (egg hatch to pupation), or on pupal weight. The findings provide corroborative evidence of the existence of amino acid thresholds for larval success, but the need for further work is discussed in relation to their multidimensional nutritional requirements and variation of the nutritional content of pollen. Full article

Huwentoxin-XI (HWTX-XI) is a 55-amino acid peptide belonging to the family of spider Kuntiz-type toxins (KTTs), isolated from the venom of the Chinese tarantula Cyriopagopus schmidti. Under whole-cell voltage-clamp conditions, HWTX-XI was found to block Kv1.1 potassium channels but had no effect on other potassium channel subunits (Kv1.4, Kv2.1, Kv3.1 and Kv4.2), sodium channels or calcium channels. In the present study, it was found that the substitution of Tyr379 by the valine in the filter region significantly decreased the affinity of toxin HWTX-XI by about 90-fold, indicating that the Kv1.1 filter region is a critical determinant of HWTX-XI potassium channel activity. After intrathecal or intraplantar injections, HWTX-XI decreased the mechanical nociceptive threshold (hyperalgesia) for a long-lasting period. HWTX-XI also significantly increased the firing frequency in mouse DRG neurons. The novel function of HWTX-XI makes it a new tool for studying the relationship between spider toxins and Kv1.1 channels and suggests that Kv1.1 channels might be a novel potential target for preventing and/or treating neuropathic pain. Full article

Background/Objectives: Human milk (HM) is recognized as the optimal source of infant nutrition, particularly during the first six months of life. While its nutritional aspects and bioactive components are well studied, the HM metabolome remains less understood, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study utilized targeted metabolomics for HM profiling and investigated associations of the HM metabolome with maternal and infant characteristics. Methods: In total, 267 HM samples and demographic data from mothers participating in the Maternal and environmental Impact assessment on Neurodevelopment in Early childhood years (MINE) study were collected during enrolment (up to 6-months postpartum) and analyzed using the MxP^® Quant 500 targeted metabolomics kit from Biocrates. Results: A total of 440 metabolites were quantified, mostly lipids such as triglycerides (59.73%), phosphatidylcholines (14.25%), and diglycerides (8.49%), and small molecules including amino acids (26.67%), amino acid-related compounds (21.33%), hexosylceramides (17.33%), and fatty acids (14.67%). Maternal age was positively correlated with a wide range of metabolites, mainly cholesteryl esters, sphingomyelins, triglycerides, and acylcarnitines, while child age was associated with metabolites belonging to acylcarnitine, phosphatidyl-choline, ceramide, diacylglycerol, sphingomyelin, and triglyceride classes. Child’s gender was associated with metabolites, including ceramides, phosphatidylcholines, and sphingomyelins. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the metabolites were significantly enriched in valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis; arginine biosynthesis; phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis; and glutathione metabolism; however, these reflect annotation-based clustering rather than evidence of active metabolic processes in HM. Conclusions: The HM metabolome varies with maternal and infant characteristics, particularly infant age, reflecting cross-sectional differences in milk composition among mother–infant dyads. Enrichment of metabolites annotated to amino acid and antioxidant-related pathways highlights coordinated representation of nutritionally relevant compounds. These findings provide new insight into the factors shaping HM composition in a low- and middle-income populations. Full article

Background/Objectives: This pilot study aimed to evaluate the metabolic profiles in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 14 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and plasma of a control group, using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR). Methods: Multivariate analysis, including orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), was used to analyze the metabolome composition. Results: Significant differences in plasma metabolic profiles were found between the ALL and control groups. We detected elevated levels of formate, citrate, and glycerophosphocholine (GPC), along with decreased concentrations of glutamine and myo-inositol. The OPLS-DA model showed stability, with R²Y = 69.7% and Q² = 45.15%. Additionally, we observed differences in chemical shifts for leucine, myo-inositol, alanine, phenylalanine, and valine between CSF and plasma in patients with ALL. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that metabolomic analysis with ¹H NMR is a promising tool for identifying potential molecular biomarkers and for deepening our understanding of metabolic reprogramming in pediatric ALL. The observed metabolic differences highlight the potential involvement of the central nervous system in the disease’s pathophysiology. Full article

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between genes and metabolites involved in glycogen metabolism across different tissues of Yili mares using joint transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Glycogen content was measured in various tissues (pincer, trapezius, latissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, semitendinosus, external abdominal obliques, liver, and heart) from seven Yili mares. The liver, as the visceral tissue with the highest glycogen content, and the gluteus medius, as the muscle with the highest glycogen content, were selected for transcriptomic sequencing and metabolomic analysis. KEGG pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes and metabolites in the liver and the gluteus medius revealed several key pathways associated with glycogen metabolism, including pentose and glucuronic acid interconversion, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, the TCA cycle, fructose and mannose metabolism, and the pentose phosphate pathway. The gluteus medius tissue exhibited differential expression of 1485 metabolites and 7366 genes compared to the liver, with correlation coefficients between some genes and metabolites in the aforementioned pathways exceeding 0.8. This study highlights the regulatory differences in glycogen synthesis between liver and muscle tissues in Yili horses from multiple perspectives. Notably, genes such as ACO1, ACLY, PCK2, and FBP1, along with metabolites like leucine, tyrosine, and valine, play significant roles in regulating glycogen synthesis in the liver. It is hypothesized that these genes and metabolites contribute to the observed differences in energy metabolism between liver and muscle tissues in Yili horses; however, further in vivo and in vitro experiments are needed to validate this hypothesis. Full article