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Keywords = ultra-fast matter

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20 pages, 14292 KiB  
Article
Non-Fourier Thermoelastic Peridynamic Modeling of Cracked Thin Films Under Short-Pulse Laser Irradiation
by Tao Wu, Tao Xue, Yazhou Wang and Kumar Tamma
Modelling 2025, 6(3), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/modelling6030068 - 15 Jul 2025
Viewed by 253
Abstract
In this paper, we develop a peridynamic computational framework to analyze thermomechanical interactions in fractured thin films subjected to ultrashort-pulsed laser excitation, employing nonlocal discrete material point discretization to eliminate mesh dependency artifacts. The generalized Cattaneo–Fourier thermal flux formulation uncovers contrasting dynamic responses: [...] Read more.
In this paper, we develop a peridynamic computational framework to analyze thermomechanical interactions in fractured thin films subjected to ultrashort-pulsed laser excitation, employing nonlocal discrete material point discretization to eliminate mesh dependency artifacts. The generalized Cattaneo–Fourier thermal flux formulation uncovers contrasting dynamic responses: hyperbolic heat propagation (FT=0) generates intensified temperature localization and elevates transient crack-tip stress concentrations relative to classical Fourier diffusion (FT=1). A GSSSS (Generalized Single Step Single Solve) i-Integration temporal scheme achieves oscillation-free numerical solutions across picosecond-level laser–matter interactions, effectively resolving steep thermal fronts through adaptive stabilization. These findings underscore hyperbolic conduction’s essential influence on stress-mediated fracture evolution during ultrafast laser processing, providing critical guidelines for thermal management in micro-/nano-electromechanical systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 5th Anniversary of Modelling)
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11 pages, 6080 KiB  
Article
Single-Shot Femtosecond Raster-Framing Imaging with High Spatio-Temporal Resolution Using Wavelength/Polarization Time Coding
by Yang Yang, Yongle Zhu, Xuanke Zeng, Dong He, Li Gu, Zhijian Wang and Jingzhen Li
Photonics 2025, 12(7), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12070639 - 24 Jun 2025
Viewed by 301
Abstract
This paper introduces a single-shot ultrafast imaging technique termed wavelength and polarization time-encoded ultrafast raster imaging (WP-URI). By integrating raster imaging principles with wavelength- and polarization-based temporal encoding, the system uses a spatial raster mask and time–space mapping to aggregate multiple two-dimensional temporal [...] Read more.
This paper introduces a single-shot ultrafast imaging technique termed wavelength and polarization time-encoded ultrafast raster imaging (WP-URI). By integrating raster imaging principles with wavelength- and polarization-based temporal encoding, the system uses a spatial raster mask and time–space mapping to aggregate multiple two-dimensional temporal raster images onto a single detector plane, thereby enabling the effective spatial separation and extraction of target information. Finally, the target dynamics are recovered using a reconstruction algorithm based on the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem. Numerical simulations demonstrate the single-shot acquisition of four dynamic frames at 25 trillion frames per second (Tfps) with an intrinsic spatial resolution of 50 line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm) and a wide field of view. The WP-URI technique achieves unparalleled spatio-temporal resolution and frame rates, offering significant potential for investigating ultrafast phenomena such as matter interactions, carrier dynamics in semiconductor devices, and femtosecond laser–matter processes. Full article
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17 pages, 4106 KiB  
Review
Molecular Alignment Under Strong Laser Pulses: Progress and Applications
by Ming Wang, Enliang Zhang, Qingqing Liang and Yi Liu
Photonics 2025, 12(5), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12050422 - 28 Apr 2025
Viewed by 844
Abstract
Molecular alignment under strong laser pulses is an important tool for manipulating quantum states and investigating ultrafast phenomena. This review summarizes two decades of advancement in laser-driven alignment techniques, such as cross-polarized double pulses, optical centrifuges, and elliptically truncated fields. Given the prominent [...] Read more.
Molecular alignment under strong laser pulses is an important tool for manipulating quantum states and investigating ultrafast phenomena. This review summarizes two decades of advancement in laser-driven alignment techniques, such as cross-polarized double pulses, optical centrifuges, and elliptically truncated fields. Given the prominent emphasis on transformational applications in current alignment research, we outline its importance in cutting-edge applications under strong laser pulses, such as chiral discrimination, high-harmonic generation (HHG), photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) and ionization yields in photoionization, and Terahertz (THz) manipulation. These interdisciplinary developments provide fundamental insights into ultrafast molecular dynamics. They also establish frameworks for advanced light–matter interaction control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ultrafast Laser Science and Applications)
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11 pages, 4127 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Semiconductor Saturable Absorption Mirrors Using Subwavelength Dielectric Gratings for Fiber Lasers
by Chaoqun Wei, Xiansheng Jia, Hongmei Chen, Boyuan Liu, Ziyang Zhang and Cheng Jiang
Photonics 2025, 12(3), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12030213 - 28 Feb 2025
Viewed by 657
Abstract
Ultrafast fiber lasers have shown exceptional performance across various domains, including material processing, medical applications, and optoelectronic communication. The semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) is a key enabler of ultrafast laser operation. However, the narrow wavelength range and limited modulation depth of conventional [...] Read more.
Ultrafast fiber lasers have shown exceptional performance across various domains, including material processing, medical applications, and optoelectronic communication. The semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) is a key enabler of ultrafast laser operation. However, the narrow wavelength range and limited modulation depth of conventional SESAMs pose challenges to further advancing ultrafast fiber laser technology. To address these limitations, we explored the integration of guided mode resonance (GMR) effects to enhance light–matter interaction within the absorption layer. By incorporating subwavelength dielectric film gratings onto the cap layer of SESAMs, we excited GMR and formed a microcavity structure in conjunction with the distributed Bragg mirror (DBR). This design significantly improved the absorption efficiency of InAs quantum dots. The experimental results demonstrate that the modulation depth of the SESAM increased from 6.7% to 17.3%, while the pulse width was reduced by 2.41 times. These improvements facilitated the realization of a high-quality, stable ultrafast fiber laser. This study not only broadens the application potential of ultrafast lasers in diverse fields but also offers a practical pathway for advancing SESAM technology toward industrial-scale deployment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Lasers: Recent Advances and Applications)
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17 pages, 5027 KiB  
Article
Monitoring the Composting Process of Olive Oil Industry Waste: Benchtop FT-NIR vs. Miniaturized NIR Spectrometer
by Marta P. Rueda, Ana Domínguez-Vidal, Víctor Aranda and María José Ayora-Cañada
Agronomy 2024, 14(12), 3061; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14123061 - 22 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1024
Abstract
Miniaturized near-infrared (NIR) spectrometers are revolutionizing the agri-food industry thanks to their compact size and ultra-fast analysis capabilities. This work compares the analytical performance of a handheld NIR spectrometer and a benchtop FT-NIR for the determination of several parameters, namely, pH, electrical conductivity [...] Read more.
Miniaturized near-infrared (NIR) spectrometers are revolutionizing the agri-food industry thanks to their compact size and ultra-fast analysis capabilities. This work compares the analytical performance of a handheld NIR spectrometer and a benchtop FT-NIR for the determination of several parameters, namely, pH, electrical conductivity (EC25), C/N ratio, and organic matter as LOI (loss-on-ignition) in compost. Samples were collected at different stages of maturity from a full-scale facility that processes olive mill semi-solid residue together with olive tree pruning residue and animal manure. Using an FT-NIR spectrometer, satisfactory predictions (RPD > 2.0) were obtained with both partial least squares (PLS) and support vector machine (SVM) regression, SVM clearly being superior in the case of pH (RMSEP = 0.26; RPD = 3.8). The superior performance of the FT-NIR spectrometer in comparison with the handheld spectrometer was essentially due to the extended spectral range, especially for pH. In general, when analyzing intact samples with the miniaturized spectrometer, sample rotation decreased RMSEP values (~20%). Nevertheless, a fast and simple assessment of compost quality with reasonable prediction performance can also be achieved on intact samples by averaging static measurements acquired at different sample positions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Farming Sustainability)
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16 pages, 27934 KiB  
Article
The Study on the Propagation of a Driving Laser Through Gas Target Using a Neural Network: Interaction of Intense Laser with Atoms
by Xinyu Wang, Yuanyuan Qiu, Yue Qiao, Fuming Guo, Jun Wang, Gao Chen, Jigen Chen and Yujun Yang
Symmetry 2024, 16(12), 1670; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16121670 - 17 Dec 2024
Viewed by 928
Abstract
High-order harmonic generation is one of the ways to generate attosecond ultra-short pulses. In order to accurately simulate the high-order harmonic emission, it is necessary to perform fast and accurate calculations on the interaction between the atoms and strong laser fields. The accurate [...] Read more.
High-order harmonic generation is one of the ways to generate attosecond ultra-short pulses. In order to accurately simulate the high-order harmonic emission, it is necessary to perform fast and accurate calculations on the interaction between the atoms and strong laser fields. The accurate profile of the laser field is obtained from the propagation through the gas target. Under the conditions of longer wavelength driving lasers and higher gas densities, the calculation of the laser field becomes more challenging. In this paper, we utilize the driving laser electric field information obtained from numerically solving the three-dimensional Maxwell’s equations as data for machine learning, enabling the prediction of the propagation process of intense laser fields using an artificial neural network. It is found that the simulation based on frequency domain can improve the accuracy of electric field by two orders of magnitude compared with the simulation directly from time domain. On this basis, the feasibility of the transfer learning scheme for laser field prediction is further studied. This study lays a foundation for the rapid and accurate simulation of the interaction between intense laser and matter by using an artificial neural network scheme. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physics)
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15 pages, 5323 KiB  
Article
A Platform for Ultra-Fast Proton Probing of Matter in Extreme Conditions
by Luca Volpe, Teresa Cebriano Ramírez, Carlos Sánchez Sánchez, Alberto Perez, Alessandro Curcio, Diego De Luis, Giancarlo Gatti, Berkhahoum Kebladj, Samia Khetari, Sophia Malko, Jose Antonio Perez-Hernandez and Maria Dolores Rodriguez Frias
Sensors 2024, 24(16), 5254; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165254 - 14 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1144
Abstract
Recent developments in ultrashort and intense laser systems have enabled the generation of short and brilliant proton sources, which are valuable for studying plasmas under extreme conditions in high-energy-density physics. However, developing sensors for the energy selection, focusing, transport, and detection of these [...] Read more.
Recent developments in ultrashort and intense laser systems have enabled the generation of short and brilliant proton sources, which are valuable for studying plasmas under extreme conditions in high-energy-density physics. However, developing sensors for the energy selection, focusing, transport, and detection of these sources remains challenging. This work presents a novel and simple design for an isochronous magnetic selector capable of angular and energy selection of proton sources, significantly reducing temporal spread compared to the current state of the art. The isochronous selector separates the beam based on ion energy, making it a potential component in new energy spectrum sensors for ions. Analytical estimations and Monte Carlo simulations validate the proposed configuration. Due to its low temporal spread, this selector is also useful for studying extreme states of matter, such as proton stopping power in warm dense matter, where short plasma stagnation time (<100 ps) is a critical factor. The proposed selector can also be employed at higher proton energies, achieving final time spreads of a few picoseconds. This has important implications for sensing technologies in the study of coherent energy deposition in biology and medical physics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)
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19 pages, 402 KiB  
Article
Ultrafast Modulations in Stellar, Solar and Galactic Spectra: Dark Matter and Numerical Ghosts, Stellar Flares and SETI
by Fabrizio Tamburini and Ignazio Licata
Particles 2024, 7(3), 576-594; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles7030032 - 29 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1108
Abstract
Background: From new results presented in the literature we discuss the hypothesis, presented in an our previous work, that the ultrafast periodic spectral modulations at fS=0.607±0.08 THz found in the spectra of 236 stars of the Sloan Digital [...] Read more.
Background: From new results presented in the literature we discuss the hypothesis, presented in an our previous work, that the ultrafast periodic spectral modulations at fS=0.607±0.08 THz found in the spectra of 236 stars of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) were due to oscillations induced by dark matter (DM) cores in their centers that behave as oscillating boson stars. Two other frequencies were found by Borra in the redshift-corrected SDSS galactic spectra, f1,G=9.710.19+0.20 THz and f2,G=9.170.16+0.18 THz; the latter was then shown by Hippke to be a spurious frequency introduced by the data analysis procedure. Results: Within the experimental errors, the frequency f1,G is the beating of the two frequencies, the spurious one, f2,G and fS that was also independently detected in a real solar spectrum, but not in the Kurucz’s artificial solar spectrum by Hippke, suggesting that fS could actually be a real frequency. Independent SETI observations by Isaacson et al., taken at different epochs, of four of these 236 stars could not confirm with high confidence—without completely excluding—the presence of fS in their power spectra and with the same power initially observed. Instead, the radio SETI deep-learning analysis with artificial intelligence (AI) gave an indirect confirmation of the presence of fS through the detection of a narrowband Doppler drifting of the observed radio signals in two stars, over a sample of 7 with a high S/N. These two stars belong to the set of the 236 SDSS stars. Numerical simulations confirm that this drifting can be due to frequency and phase modulation in time of the observed frequencies (1.3–1.7 GHz) with fS. Conclusions: Assuming the DM hypothesis, the upper mass limit of the axion-like DM particle is ma2.4×103μeV, in agreement with the results from the gamma ray burst GRB221009A, laser interferometry experiments, suggesting new physics with additional axion-like particle fields for the muon g-2 anomaly. Full article
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13 pages, 4169 KiB  
Article
Electronic Population Reconstruction from Strong-Field-Modified Absorption Spectra with a Convolutional Neural Network
by Daniel Richter, Alexander Magunia, Marc Rebholz, Christian Ott and Thomas Pfeifer
Optics 2024, 5(1), 88-100; https://doi.org/10.3390/opt5010007 - 26 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1666
Abstract
We simulate ultrafast electronic transitions in an atom and corresponding absorption line changes with a numerical, few-level model, similar to previous work. In addition, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is employed for the first time to predict electronic state populations based on the [...] Read more.
We simulate ultrafast electronic transitions in an atom and corresponding absorption line changes with a numerical, few-level model, similar to previous work. In addition, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is employed for the first time to predict electronic state populations based on the simulated modifications of the absorption lines. We utilize a two-level and four-level system, as well as a variety of laser-pulse peak intensities and detunings, to account for different common scenarios of light–matter interaction. As a first step towards the use of CNNs for experimental absorption data in the future, we apply two different noise levels to the simulated input absorption data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ultrafast Light-Matter Interaction)
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12 pages, 745 KiB  
Article
Valley-Selective High Harmonic Generation and Polarization Induced by an Orthogonal Two-Color Laser Field
by Xi Liu, Dongdong Liu, Yan Sun, Yujie Li and Cui Zhang
Photonics 2023, 10(10), 1126; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10101126 - 8 Oct 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1773
Abstract
The valley pseudospin properties of electrons in two-dimensional hexagonal materials result in many fascinating physical phenomena, which opens up the new field of valleytronics. The valley-contrasting physics aims at distinguishing the valley degree of freedom based on valley-dependent effects. Here, we theoretically demonstrate [...] Read more.
The valley pseudospin properties of electrons in two-dimensional hexagonal materials result in many fascinating physical phenomena, which opens up the new field of valleytronics. The valley-contrasting physics aims at distinguishing the valley degree of freedom based on valley-dependent effects. Here, we theoretically demonstrate that both of the valley-selective high harmonic generation and valley-selective electronic excitation can be achieved by using an orthogonal two-color (OTC) laser field in gapped graphene. It is shown that the asymmetry degrees of harmonic yields in the plateaus, cutoff energies of generated harmonics and electron populations from two different valleys can be precisely controlled by the relative phase of the OTC laser field. Thus, the selectivity of the dominant valley for the harmonic radiation and electronic polarization can be switched by adjusting the relative phase of the OTC laser field. Our work offers an all-optical route to produce the valley-resolved high harmonic emissions and manipulate the ultrafast valley polarization on a femtosecond timescale in condensed matter. Full article
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25 pages, 32156 KiB  
Review
Modification of Diamond Surface by Femtosecond Laser Pulses
by Vitali V. Kononenko
Photonics 2023, 10(10), 1077; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10101077 - 25 Sep 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3644
Abstract
The basic mechanisms of laser interaction with synthetic diamond are reviewed. The characteristics of the main regimes of diamond surface etching are considered. In addition to the well-known graphitization and ablation processes, nanoablation and accumulative graphitization, which have attracted relatively recent attention, are [...] Read more.
The basic mechanisms of laser interaction with synthetic diamond are reviewed. The characteristics of the main regimes of diamond surface etching are considered. In addition to the well-known graphitization and ablation processes, nanoablation and accumulative graphitization, which have attracted relatively recent attention, are described in detail. The focus is on femtosecond (fs) laser exposure, which allows for the formation of a dense cold electron–hole plasma in the focal zone and minimal overheating in the surrounding area. This potentially opens the way to the development of unique laser-based technologies that combine physical and chemical processes for precise surface treatment and functionalization. The physical limitations that determine how precisely the diamond surface can be treated by short-pulsed laser radiation and possible ways to overcome them with the ultimate goal of removing ultrathin layers of the material are discussed. Special attention is paid to the novel possibility of inducing the local formation of point active defects—nitrogen vacancy (NV) complexes in the laser-irradiated zone. Such defects have been at the forefront of solid-state physics for the past thirty years due to continuous attempts to exploit their unique properties in quantum optics, quantum computing, magnetometry, probing, and other fields. Both regimes of NV center formation with and without graphitization of the diamond lattice are considered. Thus, it is shown that intense pulsed laser irradiation is a perfect tool for the processing of synthetic diamonds at the micro-, nano-, and even at the atomic level, which can be well controlled and managed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ultrafast Laser Systems)
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25 pages, 6778 KiB  
Review
Integrated Graphene Heterostructures in Optical Sensing
by Phuong V. Pham, The-Hung Mai, Huy-Binh Do, Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy and Feng-Chuan Chuang
Micromachines 2023, 14(5), 1060; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14051060 - 17 May 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3527
Abstract
Graphene—an outstanding low-dimensional material—exhibited many physics behaviors that are unknown over the past two decades, e.g., exceptional matter–light interaction, large light absorption band, and high charge carrier mobility, which can be adjusted on arbitrary surfaces. The deposition approaches of graphene on silicon to [...] Read more.
Graphene—an outstanding low-dimensional material—exhibited many physics behaviors that are unknown over the past two decades, e.g., exceptional matter–light interaction, large light absorption band, and high charge carrier mobility, which can be adjusted on arbitrary surfaces. The deposition approaches of graphene on silicon to form the heterostructure Schottky junctions was studied, unveiling new roadmaps to detect the light at wider-ranged absorption spectrums, e.g., far-infrared via excited photoemission. In addition, heterojunction-assisted optical sensing systems enable the active carriers’ lifetime and, thereby, accelerate the separation speed and transport, and then they pave new strategies to tune high-performance optoelectronics. In this mini-review, an overview is considered concerning recent advancements in graphene heterostructure devices and their optical sensing ability in multiple applications (ultrafast optical sensing system, plasmonic system, optical waveguide system, optical spectrometer, or optical synaptic system) is discussed, in which the prominent studies for the improvement of performance and stability, based on the integrated graphene heterostructures, have been reported and are also addressed again. Moreover, the pros and cons of graphene heterostructures are revealed along with the syntheses and nanofabrication sequences in optoelectronics. Thereby, this gives a variety of promising solutions beyond the ones presently used. Eventually, the development roadmap of futuristic modern optoelectronic systems is predicted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A:Physics)
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32 pages, 13176 KiB  
Review
A Review on Ultrafast Laser Microwelding of Transparent Materials and Transparent Material–Metals
by Jiayi Xu, Qing Jiang, Jin Yang, Jiangmei Cui, Yixuan Zhao, Min Zheng, J. P. Oliveira, Zhi Zeng, Rui Pan and Shujun Chen
Metals 2023, 13(5), 876; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13050876 - 1 May 2023
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4456
Abstract
Transparent hard and brittle (THB) materials have generated significant interest due to their excellent properties, such as wide spectral transmittance, heat resistance, chemical inactivity and high mechanical strength. To further explore the application of THB materials, it is inevitable to be confronted with [...] Read more.
Transparent hard and brittle (THB) materials have generated significant interest due to their excellent properties, such as wide spectral transmittance, heat resistance, chemical inactivity and high mechanical strength. To further explore the application of THB materials, it is inevitable to be confronted with a range of joining THB materials and THB material–metals. Ultrafast (UF) laser microwelding enables a new means of joining THB materials and THB material–metals, due to a localized energy deposition method, which is dominated by nonlinear absorption. This process can realize high-quality micro-zone direct joining of THB materials or THB material–metals without the assistance of a light-absorbing intermediate layer. In this paper, we review the advances in UF laser microwelding of THB materials and THB material–metals considering the last two decades, from the analysis of the interaction mechanism between UF laser and matter to the key influencing factors and practical applications of this technology. Finally, the existing problems and the future research focus of UF laser microwelding technology of THB materials and THB material–metals are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Welding Technology in Metals II)
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25 pages, 13028 KiB  
Article
Innovative Methods of Centrifugal Separation
by J. J. H. Brouwers
Separations 2023, 10(3), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10030181 - 7 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6838
Abstract
Considered are: (i) separation of gaseous molecules of different weight by the Ultra Centrifuge with application to large scale uranium enrichment to fuel nuclear power plants; (ii) separation of micron-sized particulate matter from fluids in mechanical devices in which use is made of [...] Read more.
Considered are: (i) separation of gaseous molecules of different weight by the Ultra Centrifuge with application to large scale uranium enrichment to fuel nuclear power plants; (ii) separation of micron-sized particulate matter from fluids in mechanical devices in which use is made of inertial and centrifugal forces; (iii) separation of gaseous mixtures by fast expansion and cooling such that one of the gaseous components forms a mist of micron-sized droplets which are separated by centrifugation; and (iv) separation of components from gases by absorbing liquid films in small sized rotating channels. For each of these technologies we consider: physics of the separation process, assessment of the influence of fluid flow in the separation device, identification of leading parameters and their effect on design, experimental evidence, status of development, areas of application, position compared to other technologies, and economic value. Full article
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21 pages, 943 KiB  
Article
Ionization of Xenon Clusters by a Hard X-ray Laser Pulse
by Yoshiaki Kumagai, Weiqing Xu, Kazuki Asa, Toshiyuki Hiraki Nishiyama, Koji Motomura, Shin-ichi Wada, Denys Iablonskyi, Subhendu Mondal, Tetsuya Tachibana, Yuta Ito, Tsukasa Sakai, Kenji Matsunami, Takayuki Umemoto, Christophe Nicolas, Catalin Miron, Tadashi Togashi, Kanade Ogawa, Shigeki Owada, Kensuke Tono, Makina Yabashi, Hironobu Fukuzawa, Kiyonobu Nagaya and Kiyoshi Uedaadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(4), 2176; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042176 - 8 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2648
Abstract
Ultrashort pulse X-ray free electron lasers (XFFLs) provided us with an unprecedented regime of X-ray intensities, revolutionizing ultrafast structure determination and paving the way to the novel field of non-linear X-ray optics. While pioneering studies revealed the formation of a nanoplasma following the [...] Read more.
Ultrashort pulse X-ray free electron lasers (XFFLs) provided us with an unprecedented regime of X-ray intensities, revolutionizing ultrafast structure determination and paving the way to the novel field of non-linear X-ray optics. While pioneering studies revealed the formation of a nanoplasma following the interaction of an XFEL pulse with nanometer-scale matter, nanoplasma formation and disintegration processes are not completely understood, and the behavior of trapped electrons in the electrostatic potential of highly charged species is yet to be decrypted. Here we report the behavior of the nanoplasma created by a hard X-ray pulse interacting with xenon clusters by using electron and ion spectroscopy. To obtain a deep insight into the formation and disintegration of XFEL-ignited nanoplasma, we studied the XFEL-intensity and cluster-size dependencies of the ionization dynamics. We also present the time-resolved data obtained by a near-infrared (NIR) probe pulse in order to experimentally track the time evolution of plasma electrons distributed in the XFEL-ignited nanoplasma. We observed an unexpected time delay dependence of the ion yield enhancement due to the NIR pulse heating, which demonstrates that the plasma electrons within the XFEL-ignited nanoplasma are inhomogeneously distributed in space. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Science Opportunities at Short Wavelength Free Electron Lasers)
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