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This review presents a comprehensive overview of various ultrasound imaging techniques employed in the evaluation of the canine knee joint. It critically analyzes studies conducted on both human and animal subjects, with a focus on the diagnostic accuracy of B-mode ultrasound, Doppler examination, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and elastography in both normal and pathological conditions. The review underscores the necessity of strict adherence to the protocols of each ultrasound modality and emphasizes the importance of a thorough understanding of the anatomical region to achieve optimal outcomes. The findings suggest that these ultrasound techniques can significantly enhance the diagnostic process, providing valuable insights into anatomy, size, blood supply, and tissue elasticity. Additionally, in cases where advanced imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are cost-prohibitive or less accessible, ultrasound serves as a reliable alternative, delivering high diagnostic accuracy and critical information regarding mechanical changes in the joint and neovascularization. Full article

11 pages, 260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Association of the COL27A1 rs946053 and TNC rs2104772s with Tendinopathies: A Case–Control Study in High-Level Croatian Athletes

by Goran Vrgoč, Saša Janković, Damir Knjaz, Ivana Duvnjak Orešković, Gordan Lauc and Nina Šimunić-Briški

Genes 2025, 16(8), 935; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16080935 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The increased risk of developing tendinopathies in athlete populations has led to investigations of several genes associated with tendon properties, suggesting that some individuals have a greater genetic predisposition for developing tendinopathies. The main purpose of this study was to investigate how the functional polymorphisms within the COL5A1, COL27A1 and TNC genes impact the risk of developing tendinopathies in high-level Croatian athletes. Methods: For this case–control genetic study, we recruited 63 high-level athletes with a diagnosis of tendinopathies and 92 healthy asymptomatic individuals as controls. All individuals were genotyped for three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the COL5A1, COL27A1 and TNC genes using the pyrosequencing method. Results: TNC rs2104772 TT (p = 0.0089) and the T-T-T haplotype (p = 0.0234), constructed from rs12722, rs946053 and rs2104772, were significantly overrepresented in cases versus controls, implicating a predisposition for tendinopathies. COL27A1 rs946053 GG (p = 0.0118) and the G-A-C haplotype (p = 0.0424), constructed from rs12722, rs946053 and rs2104772, were significantly overrepresented in controls, implicating a protective role. Conclusions: These results further support associations between functional polymorphisms within the COL27A1 and TNC genes and the risk of tendinopathies in high-level athletes. Further research is needed to replicate these results in various populations and larger cohorts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Genetics and Genomics)

20 pages, 2267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Properties of Collagen Implant Used in Neurosurgery Towards Industry 4.0/5.0 Reflected in ML Model

by Marek Andryszczyk, Izabela Rojek and Dariusz Mikołajewski

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8630; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158630 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

Collagen implants in neurosurgery are widely used due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to support tissue regeneration, but their mechanical properties, such as low tensile strength and susceptibility to enzymatic degradation, remain challenging. Current technologies are improving these implants through cross-linking, synthetic reinforcements, and advanced manufacturing techniques such as 3D bioprinting to improve durability and predictability. Industry 4.0 is contributing to this by automating production, using data analytics and machine learning to optimize implant properties and ensure quality control. In Industry 5.0, the focus is shifting to personalization, enabling the creation of patient-specific implants through human–machine collaboration and advanced biofabrication. eHealth integrates digital monitoring systems, enabling real-time tracking of implant healing and performance to inform personalized care. Despite progress, challenges such as cost, material property variability, and scalability for mass production remain. The future lies in smart biomaterials, AI-driven design, and precision biofabrication, which could mean the possibility of creating more effective, accessible, and patient-specific collagen implants. The aim of this article is to examine the current state and determine the prospects for the development of mechanical properties of collagen implant used in neurosurgery towards Industry 4.0/5.0, including ML model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Applications in Medical Data Analysis and Healthcare Virtual Assistants)

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36 pages, 7197 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microfluidic Platforms for Ex Vivo and In Vivo Gene Therapy

by Sungjun Kwak, Hyojeong Lee, Dongjun Yu, Tae-Joon Jeon, Sun Min Kim and Hyunil Ryu

Biosensors 2025, 15(8), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15080504 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

Recent studies have demonstrated the clinical potential of nucleic acid therapeutics (NATs). However, their efficient and scalable delivery remains a major challenge for both ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy. Microfluidic platforms have emerged as a powerful tool for overcoming these limitations by enabling precise intracellular delivery and consistent therapeutic carrier fabrication. This review examines microfluidic strategies for gene delivery at the cellular level. These strategies include mechanoporation, electroporation, and sonoporation. We also discuss the synthesis of lipid nanoparticles, polymeric particles, and extracellular vesicles for systemic administration. Unlike conventional approaches, which treat ex vivo and in vivo delivery as separate processes, this review focuses on integrated microfluidic systems that unify these functions. For example, genetic materials can be delivered to cells that secrete therapeutic extracellular vesicles (EVs), or engineered cells can be encapsulated within hydrogels for implantation. These strategies exemplify the convergence of gene delivery and carrier engineering. They create a single workflow that bridges cell-level manipulation and tissue-level targeting. By synthesizing recent technological advances, this review establishes integrated microfluidic platforms as being fundamental to the development of next-generation NAT systems that are scalable, programmable, and clinically translatable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microfluidics for Biomedical Applications (3rd Edition))

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19 pages, 94974 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Promotion of Bone Defect Repair Using Decellularized Antler Cancellous Bone Loaded with Deer Osteoglycin

by Yusu Wang, Ying Zong, Weijia Chen, Naichao Diao, Quanmin Zhao, Boyin Jia, Miao Zhang, Jianming Li, Yan Zhao, Zhongmei He and Rui Du

Biomolecules 2025, 15(8), 1124; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15081124 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

The combination of scaffold materials and bioactive factors is a promising strategy for promoting bone defect repair in tissue engineering. Previous studies have shown that osteoglycin (OGN) is highly expressed in the bone repair process using deer antler as an animal model of bone defects. It suggests that OGN may be a key active component involved in the bone repair process. The aim of this study was to investigate whether deer OGN (dOGN) could effectively promote bone regeneration. We successfully expressed dOGN using the E. coli pET30a system and evaluated its biological activity through cell proliferation and migration assays. At a concentration of 5 μg/mL, dOGN significantly promoted cell proliferation and migration. We then incorporated dOGN onto decellularized antler cancellous bone (DACB) scaffolds and assessed their osteogenic potential both in vitro and in vivo. The results indicated that dOGN loading enhanced cell proliferation, adhesion, and osteogenic activity. In vivo experiments confirmed that the dOGN-DACB scaffold significantly improved bone regeneration compared to DACB alone. This study demonstrates that dOGN-loaded DACB scaffolds hold great potential for clinical applications in treating critical-sized bone defects by mimicking the rapid regenerative properties of deer antlers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tissue Calcification in Normal and Pathological Environments)

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18 pages, 1684 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Data Mining and Biochemical Profiling Reveal Novel Biomarker Candidates in Alzheimer’s Disease

by Annamaria Vernone, Ilaria Stura, Caterina Guiot, Federico D’Agata and Francesca Silvagno

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7536; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157536 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

The search for the biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may prove essential in the diagnosis and prognosis of the pathology, and the differential expression of key proteins may assist in identifying new therapeutic targets. In this proof-of-concept (POC) study, a new approach of data mining and matching combined with the biochemical analysis of proteins was applied to AD investigation. Three influential online open databases (UniProt, AlzGene, and Allen Human Brain Atlas) were explored to identify the genes and encoded proteins involved in AD linked to mitochondrial and iron dysmetabolism. The databases were searched using specific keywords to collect information about protein composition, and function, and meta-analysis data about their correlation with AD. The extracted datasets were matched to yield a list of relevant proteins in AD. The biochemical analysis of their amino acid content suggested a defective synthesis of these proteins in poorly oxygenated brain tissue, supporting their relevance in AD progression. The result of our POC study revealed several potential new markers of AD that deserve further molecular and clinical investigation. This novel database search approach can be a valuable strategy for biomarker search that can be exploited in many diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurodegenerative Diseases: New Insights into Mechanisms, Prevention, Markers, and Therapeutic Targets)

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7 pages, 1853 KiB

Open AccessInteresting Images

Mucinous Carcinoma, Mucinous Borderline Tumor and Pseudomyxoma Ovarii in a Cystic Teratoma: A Histological Conundrum

by Cinzia Giacometti, Mariateresa Mirandola, Camillo Aliberti, Filippo Molinari, Lisa Marcolini, Daniele Mautone and Guido Martignoni

Diagnostics 2025, 15(15), 1957; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15151957 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

Mature teratomas account for approximately 20% of all ovarian tumors identified in pathological studies. Benign or malignant somatic neoplasms developing within teratomas can arise from any tissue in up to 2% of mature cystic teratomas, including low-grade malignant mucinous neoplasms. This report presents the case of a 34-year-old woman with no previous gynecological or general health issues, who was admitted to our Hospital after an asymptomatic pelvic mass was detected during a routine exam. A transvaginal ultrasound revealed a unilateral pelvic mass in the left adnexal region, measuring 8 cm. The CT scan showed a cystic-appearing formation measuring nearly 12 cm, which indented the bladder dome. Final diagnosis indicated a mucinous carcinoma arising from a mucinous borderline lesion within the context of a mature ovarian teratoma. No other involvement or lymphadenopathies were detected on 18FDG-PET CT scan, and the patient is now well and free of recurrences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathology and Diagnosis of Gynecologic Diseases, 3rd Edition)

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21 pages, 6387 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Dot-Enhanced Doxorubicin Liposomes: A Dual-Functional Nanoplatform for Cancer Therapy

by Corina-Lenuta Logigan, Cristian Peptu, Corneliu S. Stan, Gabriel Luta, Crina Elena Tiron, Mariana Pinteala, Aleksander Foryś, Bogdan Simionescu, Constanta Ibanescu, Adrian Tiron and Catalina A. Peptu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7535; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157535 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

Liposomes (LPs) represent one of the most effective nanoscale platforms for drug delivery in cancer therapy due to their favorable pharmacokinetic and various body tissue compatibility profiles. Building on recent findings showing that carbon dots derived from N-hydroxyphthalimide (CDs-NHF) possess intrinsic antitumor activity, herein, we investigate the possibility of preparing complex nano-platforms composed of LPs encapsulating CDs-NHF and/or doxorubicin (DOX) for breast and lung cancer. Various LP formulations were prepared and characterized using Cryo-TEM and Cryo-SEM for morphological analysis, while zeta potential and fluorescence assessments confirmed their stability and optical properties. Cellular effects were evaluated through immunofluorescence microscopy and proliferation assays. LPs-CDs-NHF significantly reduced cancer cell viability at lower concentrations compared to free CDs-NHF, and this effect was further amplified when combined with doxorubicin. Mechanistically, the liposomal formulations downregulated key signaling molecules including pAKT, pmTOR, and pERK, indicating the disruption of cancer-related pathways. These findings suggest that LPs containing CDs-NHF, either alone or in combination with DOX, exhibit synergistic antitumor activity and hold strong promise as multifunctional nanocarriers for future oncological applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Innovations in Green Monomers and Macromolecular Materials)

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16 pages, 4427 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Garlic-Derived Allicin Attenuates Parkinson’s Disease via PKA/p-CREB/BDNF/DAT Pathway Activation and Apoptotic Inhibition

by Wanchen Zeng, Yingkai Wang, Yang Liu, Xiaomin Liu and Zhongquan Qi

Molecules 2025, 30(15), 3265; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153265 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

Allicin (ALC), a naturally occurring organosulfur compound derived from garlic (Allium sativum), exhibits potential neuroprotective properties. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and motor dysfunction. This study utilized bioinformatics and network pharmacology methods to predict the anti-PD mechanism of ALC and established in vivo and in vitro PD models using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) for experimental verification. Network pharmacological analysis indicates that apoptosis regulation and the PKA/p-CREB/BDNF signaling pathway are closely related to the anti-PD effect of ALC, and protein kinase A (PKA) and dopamine transporter (DAT) are key molecular targets. The experimental results show that ALC administration can alleviate the cytotoxicity of SH-SY5Y induced by 6-OHDA and simultaneously improve the motor dysfunction and dopaminergic neuron loss in PD mice. In addition, ALC can also activate the PKA/p-CREB/BDNF signaling pathway and increase the DAT level in brain tissue, regulate the expression of BAX and Bcl-2, and reduce neuronal apoptosis. These results indicate that ALC can exert anti-PD effects by up-regulating the PKA/p-CREB/BDNF/DAT signaling pathway and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis, providing theoretical support for the application of ALC in PD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Natural Products and Drug Discovery—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 2073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological Mechanisms of the Enhanced UV-B Radiation Triggering Plant-Specific Peroxidase-Mediated Antioxidant Defences

by Yijia Gao, Ling Wei, Chenyu Jiang, Shaopu Shi, Jiabing Jiao, Hassam Tahir, Minjie Qian and Kaibing Zhou

Antioxidants 2025, 14(8), 957; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14080957 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

In this study, an artificially simulated enhanced UV-B radiation treatment of 96 kJ/m²·d⁻¹ was applied with natural sunlight as the control. By observing changes in biological tissue damage, peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity, and hormone content, combined with transcriptome analysis and quantitative fluorescence PCR validation, this study preliminarily elucidated the physiological mechanisms of plant-specific peroxidase (POD) in responding to enhanced UV-B radiation stress. Enhanced UV-B treatment significantly inhibited biological tissue growth, particularly during the rapid growth stage. At this stage, the treatment exhibited higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content, indicating increased oxidative stress due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite the inhibition in growth, the treatment showed improvements in the accumulation of organic nutrients as well as the contents of abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Additionally, an increase in POD activity and lignin content was observed in the treatment, especially during the middle period of the rapid growth period. Transcriptome analysis revealed that two POD multigene family members, LOC123198833 and LOC123225298, were significantly upregulated under enhanced UV-B radiation, which was further validated through qPCR. In general, enhanced UV-B radiation triggered a defence response in biological tissue by upregulating POD genes, which can effectively help to scavenge excess ROS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Plant Stress and Plant Physiology)

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17 pages, 5839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Salvianolic Acid A Activates Nrf2-Related Signaling Pathways to Inhibit Ferroptosis to Improve Ischemic Stroke

by Yu-Fu Shang, Wan-Di Feng, Dong-Ni Liu, Wen-Fang Zhang, Shuang Xu, Dan-Hong Feng, Guan-Hua Du and Yue-Hua Wang

Molecules 2025, 30(15), 3266; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153266 - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

Ischemic stroke is a serious disease that frequently occurs in the elderly and is characterized by a complex pathophysiology and a limited number of effective therapeutic agents. Salvianolic acid A (SAL-A) is a natural product derived from the rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza, which possesses diverse pharmacological activities. This study aims to investigate the effect and mechanisms of SAL-A in inhibiting ferroptosis to improve ischemic stroke. Brain injury, oxidative stress and ferroptosis-related analysis were performed to evaluate the effect of SAL-A on ischemic stroke in photochemical induction of stroke (PTS) in mice. Lipid peroxidation levels, antioxidant protein levels, tissue iron content, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and mitochondrial morphology changes were detected to explore its mechanism. SAL-A significantly attenuated brain injury, reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and long-chain acyl-CoA synthase 4 (ACSL4) levels. In addition, SAL-A also amplified the antioxidative properties of glutathione (GSH) when under glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and the reduction in ferrous ion levels. In vitro, brain microvascular endothelial cells (b.End.3) exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) were used to investigate whether the anti-stroke mechanism of SAL-A is related to Nrf2. Following OGD/R, ML385 (Nrf2 inhibitor) prevents SAL-A from inhibiting oxidative stress, ferroptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in b.End.3 cells. In conclusion, SAL-A inhibits ferroptosis to ameliorate ischemic brain injury, and this effect is mediated through Nrf2. Full article

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23 pages, 5970 KiB

Open AccessReview

Practical Review on Aetio-Pathogenesis and Symptoms in Pigs Affected by Clinical and Subclinical Oedema Disease and the Use of Commercial Vaccines Under Field Conditions

by Juan Hernandez-Garcia, Isaac Ballarà Rodriguez, Ramon Jordà Casadevall, Sergi Bruguera, David Llopart and Emili Barba-Vidal

Animals 2025, 15(15), 2275; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152275 - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

The impact of Oedema Disease produced by Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) in swine is increasing in some production countries due to increasing limitations on treatment with antimicrobials and zinc oxide, either because of the increased prevalence of multi-resistant strains or because of legal restrictions. The main pathological effect of Shiga toxin 2e is represented by damage to the endothelial cells of the blood vessel walls, leading to liquid extravasation and oedema formation in multiple tissues. These oedemas are generally easily identifiable in acute clinical cases. However, disease caused by Shiga toxin can occur without any externally visible oedema in the pigs, as observed in the subclinical presentation of Oedema Disease. It also causes productive losses, so it is important to identify and/or diagnose cases to set up control measures in order to optimize production and health. This article includes a comprehensive review of lesions and signs caused by Shiga toxin toxicosis in pigs, as well as other insights about the aetiology and epidemiology of STEC in pigs, and the effect of Shiga toxin recombinant toxoid vaccines in reducing these clinical and subclinical signs under field conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

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17 pages, 11380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator in Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumours Treatment: A Simulation Study of Vibration and Temperature Field

by Ludovica Apa, Mauro Palmieri, Pietro Familiari, Emanuele Rizzuto and Zaccaria Del Prete

Bioengineering 2025, 12(8), 842; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12080842 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

The aim of this work is to analyse the effectiveness of the medical use of the Cavitron Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator (CUSA) in microsurgical treatment of Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors (IMSCTs), with a focus on the thermo-mechanical effects on neighbouring tissues to assess any potential damage. Indeed, CUSA emerges as an innovative solution, minimally invasive tumor excision technique, enabling controlled and focused operations. This study employs a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to simulate the vibratory and thermal interactions occurring during CUSA application. A computational model of a vertebral column segment affected by an IMSCT was developed and analysed using ANSYS 2024 software. The simulations examined strain distribution, heat generation, and temperature propagation within the biological tissues. The FEA results demonstrate that the vibratory-induced strain remains highly localised to the application site, and thermal effects, though measurable, do not exceed the critical safety threshold of 46 °C established in the literature. These findings suggest that CUSA can be safely used within defined operational parameters, provided that energy settings and exposure times are carefully managed to mitigate excessive thermal accumulation. These conclusions contribute to the understanding of the thermo-mechanical interactions in ultrasonic tumour resection and aim to assist medical professionals in optimising surgical protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical and Computational Modeling of Cancer Progression)

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28 pages, 2414 KiB

Open AccessReview

Breaking Down Osteoarthritis: Exploring Inflammatory and Mechanical Signaling Pathways

by Wafa Ali Batarfi, Mohd Heikal Mohd Yunus, Adila A. Hamid, Manira Maarof and Rizal Abdul Rani

Life 2025, 15(8), 1238; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081238 - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic progressive joint disease characterized by cartilage degradation, subchondral bone remodeling, and synovial inflammation. This complex disorder arises from the interplay between mechanical stress and inflammatory processes, which is mediated by interconnected molecular signaling pathways. This review explores the dual roles of inflammatory and mechanical signaling in OA pathogenesis, focusing on crucial pathways such as NF-kB, JAK/STAT, and MAPK in inflammation, as well as Wnt/β-catenin, Integrin-FAK, and Hippo-YAP/TAZ in mechanotransduction. The interplay between these pathways highlights a vicious cycle wherein mechanical stress exacerbates inflammation, and inflammation weakens cartilage, increasing its vulnerability to mechanical damage. Additionally, we discuss emerging therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways, including inhibitors of cartilage-degrading enzymes, anti-inflammatory biologics, cell-based regenerative approaches, and non-pharmacological mechanical interventions. By dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying OA, this review aims to provide insights into novel interventions that address both inflammatory and mechanical components of the disease, paving the way for precision medicine in OA management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Views on Knee Osteoarthritis: 3rd Edition)

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14 pages, 861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lipomatous Hypertrophy of the Interatrial Septum (LHIS) a Biomarker for Cardiovascular Protection? A Hypothesis Generating Case–Control Study

by Pietro G. Lacaita, Valentin Bilgeri, Fabian Barbieri, Yannick Scharll, Wolfgang Dichtl, Gerlig Widmann and Gudrun M. Feuchtner

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2025, 12(8), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd12080301 - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: While epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a known predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes, lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum (LHIS) is composed of metabolically active fat such as brown adipose tissue, which may exert a different effect. This study investigates the coronary atherosclerosis profile in patients with LHIS using CTA, compared with a propensity score-matched control group. Methods: A total of 142 patients were included (n = 71 with LHIS and n = 71 controls) and propensity score-matched for age, gender, BMI, and the major CV risk factors (matching level, <0.05). CTA imaging parameters included HRP, coronary stenosis severity (CADRADS), and CAC score. Results: The mean age was 60.9 years +/− 10.6, there were nine (6.3%) women, and the mean BMI is 28.04 kg/m² +/− 4.99. HRP prevalence was significantly lower in LHIS patients vs. controls (21.1% vs. 40.8%; p < 0.011), while CAC (p = 0.827) and CADRADS (p = 0.329) were not different, and there was no difference in the obstructive disease rate. There was no difference in lipid panels (cholesterol, LDL, HDL, TG) and statin intake rate. Conclusion: HRP prevalence is lower in patients with LHIS than controls, while coronary stenosis severity and CAC score are not different. Clinical relevance: LHIS may serve as imaging biomarker for reversed CV risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Imaging)

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