Ultrasound Imaging Modalities in the Evaluation of the Dog’s Stifle Joint
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methodology of the Examination of the Stifle Joint
- Angle of insonation: The angle between the direction of blood flow and the ultrasound waves should be less than 60°.
- Doppler gate: The cursor is positioned in the center of the vessel, occupying half to two-thirds of its diameter [52].
- Doppler angle: Should be set between 45° and 60° [53].
- Pulse repetition frequency: Should be adjusted based on the blood flow velocity.
- PW Gain: Should be set to ensure optimal contrast between the Doppler waveform and the background [54].
- The time interval from contrast injection to its arrival at the region of interest and subsequent detection by ultrasound.
- The maximum intensity of the contrast agent, known as Peak Enhancement (PE), and the time taken to reach PE.
- The regional blood volume area.
- The maximum value of the enhancement curve, referred to as the Wash-In Rate.
- The time from contrast agent injection until PE.
- The duration during which the intensity exceeds the mean value.
3. Imaging of Normal and Pathological Musculoskeletal Structure of the Stifle
3.1. Imaging of Normal Musculoskeletal Structure
3.1.1. Muscle
3.1.2. Tendon and Ligament
3.1.3. Bone
3.1.4. Stifle Joint
- Cranial Cruciate Ligament (CCL)
- Patellar ligament
- Other tendons and ligaments
- Meniscus
3.1.5. Peripheral Nerve
3.1.6. Arteries
3.2. Imaging of Pathological Musculoskeletal Structure
3.2.1. Muscle
3.2.2. Tendon and Ligament
3.2.3. Bone
3.2.4. Stifle Joint
- Cranial Cruciate Ligament (CCL)
- Patellar Ligament
- Other tendons and ligaments
- Meniscus
3.2.5. Peripheral Nerve
3.2.6. Arteries
4. Other Imaging Modalities
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Karatrantos, A.T.; Sideri, A.I.; Gouletsou, P.G.; Bektsi, C.G.; Barbagianni, M.S. Ultrasound Imaging Modalities in the Evaluation of the Dog’s Stifle Joint. Vet. Sci. 2025, 12, 734. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080734
Karatrantos AT, Sideri AI, Gouletsou PG, Bektsi CG, Barbagianni MS. Ultrasound Imaging Modalities in the Evaluation of the Dog’s Stifle Joint. Veterinary Sciences. 2025; 12(8):734. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080734
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaratrantos, Anargyros T., Aikaterini I. Sideri, Pagona G. Gouletsou, Christina G. Bektsi, and Mariana S. Barbagianni. 2025. "Ultrasound Imaging Modalities in the Evaluation of the Dog’s Stifle Joint" Veterinary Sciences 12, no. 8: 734. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080734
APA StyleKaratrantos, A. T., Sideri, A. I., Gouletsou, P. G., Bektsi, C. G., & Barbagianni, M. S. (2025). Ultrasound Imaging Modalities in the Evaluation of the Dog’s Stifle Joint. Veterinary Sciences, 12(8), 734. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080734