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6G low-power and lossy network (6G LLN) is a kind of distributed network designed for IoT and edge computing scenarios of the sixth-generation mobile communication technology. Its routing technologies should fully consider characteristics of green and low carbon, constrained nodes, lossy links, etc. This paper proposes an improved routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (I-RPL) to better suit the characteristics of 6G LLN and meet its application requirements. I-RPL has designed new context-aware routing metrics, which include the residual energy indicator, buffer utilization ratio, ETX, delay, and hop count to meet multi-dimensional network QoS requirements. The candidate parent and its preferred parent’s residual energy indicator and buffer utilization ratio are calculated recursively to reduce the effect of upstream parents. ETX and delay calculating methods are improved to ensure a better performance. Moreover, I-RPL has optimized the network construction process to improve energy and protocol efficiency. I-RPL has designed scientific multiple routing metrics evaluation theories (Lagrangian multiplier theories), proposed new rank computing and optimal route selecting mechanisms to simplify protocol, and optimized broadcast suppression and network reliability. Finally, theoretical analysis and experiment results show that the average end-to-end delay of I-RPL is 13% lower than that of RPL; the average alive node number increased 11% and so on. So, I-RPL can be applied well to the 6G LLN and is superior to RPL and its improvements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Networks)

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16 pages, 9500 KB

Open AccessArticle

Added Resistance and Motion Predictions for a Medium-Sized RoPax Ferry

by Ermina Begovic, Raffaele Ponzini, Francesco Salvadore, Gennaro Rosano and Arianna Bionda

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2006; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102006 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

The present paper reports the comparison of the ship motions and added resistance assessment using high fidelity RANSE simulations in virtual towing tank LincoSim, using 2D strip theory as implemented in ShipX v4.4.0 and 3D BEM potential flow software Hydrostar v8.2.1. All calculations are performed for a medium-sized RoPax ferry of Levante Ferries fleet, which operates daily routes in the Ionian Sea. Calculations by ShipX are performed in frequency domain (using strip-theory and direct pressure integration) and in time domain. The high-fidelity RANSE seakeeping modeling is based on the open-source CFD code OpenFOAM v12 using a standardized framework, tailored to take advantage of HPC facilities and based on a forcing zone formulation. The CFD simulations are performed for six wave periods in head and beam seas at the constant wave height of 3 m. Comparison of the obtained results shows that potential-flow methods are very efficient and reliable tools, suitable for the massive calculations in the first stages of the project. High-fidelity RANSE modeling seems to be more suited for selected cases such as analysis of roll and added resistance in beam waves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

8 pages, 510 KB

Open AccessViewpoint

Psychological Integrity and Ecological Repair: The Impact on Planetary Public Mental Health (A Narrative Review)

by Matthew Jenkins and Sabine Egger

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(10), 1586; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22101586 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Human rights frameworks have historically emphasised physical integrity, yet psychological integrity, the right to mental stability, identity, and emotional safety all remain neglected in health policy and law. This narrative review and commentary argues that psychological integrity is inseparable from ecological integrity, and that contemporary mental health crises are rooted in ruptured human–nature attachments. Drawing on Mother Nature Attachment Theory (MNAT) and supported by emerging empirical evidence, this review traces a trajectory from pre-attachment, through rupture via colonisation, displacement, and ecological collapse, to reconnection through cultural and ecological repair. Gaza exemplifies a contemporary site of deliberate ecological–psychological rupture, where environmental destruction compounds trauma and erodes cultural continuity. In contrast, Indigenous frameworks in Australasia, such as Te Whare Tapa Whā, provide culturally grounded models of reconnection that demonstrate how ecological repair and psychological restoration can proceed together. These contrasting cases illustrate MNAT’s trajectory and emphasise that safeguarding psychological integrity requires embedding ecological security into public health systems. The review concludes that planetary mental health depends on recognising healing of mind and Earth as an indivisible task. Healing mind and Earth must be understood as a single, urgent task within planetary public mental health. Full article

24 pages, 700 KB

Open AccessArticle

Active and Reactive Power Coordinated Optimization of Distribution Network–Microgrid Clusters Considering Three-Phase Imbalance Mitigation

by Zhenhui Ouyang, Hao Zhong, Yongjia Wang, Xun Li and Tao Du

Energies 2025, 18(20), 5514; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205514 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

With the continuous increase in the penetration of single-phase microgrids in low-voltage distribution networks (LVDNs), the phase asymmetry of source–load distribution has made the problem of three-phase imbalance increasingly prominent. To address this issue, this paper proposes an active–reactive power coordinated optimization model for distribution network–microgrid clusters considering three-phase imbalance mitigation. The model is formulated within a master–slave game framework: in the upper level, the distribution network acts as the leader, formulating time-of-use prices for active and reactive power based on day-ahead forecast data with the objective of minimizing operating costs. These price signals guide the flexible loads and photovoltaic (PV) inverters of the lower-level microgrids to participate in mitigating three-phase imbalance. In the lower level, each microgrid responds as the follower, minimizing its own operating cost by determining internal scheduling strategies and power exchange schemes with the distribution network. Finally, the resulting leader–follower game problem is transformed into a unified constrained model through strong duality theory and formulated as a mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) problem, which is efficiently solved using the commercial solver Gurobi. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model fully exploits the reactive power compensation potential of PV inverters, significantly reducing the degree of three-phase imbalance. The maximum three-phase voltage unbalance factor decreases from 3.98% to 1.43%, corresponding to an overall reduction of 25.87%. The proposed coordinated optimization model achieves three-phase imbalance mitigation by leveraging existing resources without the need for additional control equipment, thereby enhancing power quality in the distribution network while ensuring economic efficiency of system operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control, Optimization, Stability and Reliability of Microgrids and Power Systems)

21 pages, 702 KB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Carbon Cooperative Operation of Integrated Energy Systems Considering Joint Green Certificate and Carbon Emission Trading

by Qiying Xu, Shiheng Ding, Yongsheng Zhu, Yanhong Meng, Junlin Yang and Yang Liu

Energies 2025, 18(20), 5509; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205509 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Carbon emission trading and green certificate trading mechanisms constitute the cornerstone of low-carbon transitions in integrated energy systems (IESs). However, independent operation of these mechanisms creates coordination barriers that limit their synergistic emission reduction and economic potential. To address this problem, this paper propose a novel low-carbon cooperative operation model based on a green certificate and carbon emission trading mechanism. First, to maximize the environmental value benefits of the system, a dual-market linkage mechanism is constructed, which is mediated by the carbon reduction attributes of green certificates. Second, a multi-operator cooperative alliance is established based on cooperative game theory, and the Shapley value method is employed to rationally allocate cooperative surplus, thereby enhancing the multi-energy complementarity of the IES. Case analysis indicates that under this strategy, the system’s carbon emissions intensity decreased by 30%, while the alliance’s overall operating revenue increased by 22.6%, achieving low-carbon economic operation of IES. Full article

18 pages, 575 KB

Open AccessArticle

Teachers’ Well-Being and Innovative Work Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Model of Perceived Insider Status and Principal Authentic Leadership

by Chao Lu, Zeqing Xu and Qinrui Tian

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1419; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101419 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Teacher innovation is critical for fostering student creativity, enhancing school effectiveness, and advancing national talent strategies. Grounded in the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions and social information processing theory, this study develops a moderated mediation model to explore the motivational mechanisms underlying teachers’ innovative work behavior. Using survey data from 508 teachers in mainland China, the analysis reveals that teacher well-being positively influences innovative work behavior, and this relationship is mediated by perceived insider status. Furthermore, principal authentic leadership enhances the impact of perceived insider status on innovation and strengthens the indirect effect of well-being through this mediator. These findings underscore the importance of both emotional pathways and contextual signals in shaping teacher innovation, offering theoretical contributions to education leadership and teacher work behavior research while providing practical implications for creating supportive and innovation-conducive school environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Educator Well-Being and Resilience: Paradigms, Pathways, and Possibilities)

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25 pages, 1639 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Adaptive Dynamic Defense Strategy for Microservices Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning

by Yuanbo Li, Yuanmou Li, Guoqiang Wang and Hongchao Hu

Electronics 2025, 14(20), 4096; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14204096 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

Aiming at the problem that it is difficult to balance security defense and quality of service in a dynamic cloud-native environment, an adaptive dynamic defense strategy (AD2S) for microservices based on deep reinforcement learning is proposed. First, a microservice attack graph model is constructed to extract security threats from multiple dimensions. Combined with queuing theory, the relationships among security performance, quality of service, cleaning cycle, and replica quantity are established to quantitatively model the effectiveness of defense. Subsequently, an adaptive defense framework is designed, which includes state monitoring, policy deployment, and optimization algorithms based on deep reinforcement learning, providing a rapid update solution for the optimal system configuration of microservices under dynamic traffic requests. The experimental results show that under dynamic traffic requests, compared with the existing DSEOM and OADSF strategies, AD2S improves the defense effectiveness by 34.38% and 10.29%, respectively, while ensuring the quality of service, significantly enhancing the system’s security adaptive ability. Full article

20 pages, 367 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Set of Master Variables for the Two-Star Random Graph

by Pawat Akara-pipattana and Oleg Evnin

Entropy 2025, 27(10), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27101081 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

The two-star random graph is the simplest exponential random graph model with nontrivial interactions between the graph edges. We propose a set of auxiliary variables that control the thermodynamic limit where the number of vertices N tends to infinity. Such `master variables’ are usually highly desirable in treatments of `large N’ statistical field theory problems. For the dense regime when a finite fraction of all possible edges are filled, this construction recovers the mean-field solution of Park and Newman, but with explicit control over the

1 / N

corrections. We use this advantage to compute the first subleading correction to the Park–Newman result, which encodes the finite, nonextensive contribution to the free energy. For the sparse regime with a finite mean degree, we obtain a very compact derivation of the Annibale–Courtney solution, originally developed with the use of functional integrals, which is comfortably bypassed in our treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Statistical Physics)

14 pages, 2443 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study on Infrared Radiation Signatures of Debris During Projectile Impact Damage Process

by Wenqiang Gao, Teng Zhang and Qinglin Niu

Computation 2025, 13(10), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/computation13100244 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025

Abstract

High-speed impact is a critical mechanism for structural damage. The infrared signatures generated during fragment formation provide essential data for damage assessment, protective system design, and target identification. This study investigated an aluminum alloy blunt projectile penetrating a target plate by employing smoothed particle hydrodynamics to simulate the debris ejection thermal and infrared properties. The infrared signatures of the debris clouds were calculated using Mie scattering theory under a spherical particle approximation. The reverse Monte Carlo methodology was applied to solve the radiative transfer equations and quantify the infrared emission characteristics. The infrared radiation characteristics of the debris cloud were investigated for projectile impact velocities of 800, 1000, and 1200 m/s. The results showed that the anterior debris regions reached peak temperatures of approximately 1200 K, with a temperature rise of 150–200 K per 200 m/s velocity increase behind the target. The medium-wave (3–5 μm) infrared intensity of the debris cloud was higher than the long-wave (8–12 μm) infrared intensity. The development of debris clouds enhanced the dispersion effect and slowed the increase in infrared radiation intensity in the same time interval. This study provides theoretical foundations for the dynamic infrared radiation characteristics of fragments generated by high-velocity projectile impacts. The infrared radiation characteristics within typical spectral bands can be utilized to assess hit probability and kill effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computational Engineering)

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36 pages, 1152 KB

Open AccessArticle

Adopting Generative AI in Higher Education: A Dual-Perspective Study of Students and Lecturers in Saudi Universities

by Doaa M. Bamasoud, Rasheed Mohammad and Sara Bilal

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2025, 9(10), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9100264 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

The integration of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) tools, such as ChatGPT, into higher education has introduced new opportunities and challenges for students and lecturers alike. This study investigates the psychological, ethical, and institutional factors that shape the adoption of GenAI tools in Saudi Arabian universities, drawing on an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) that incorporates constructs from Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and ethical decision-making. A cross-sectional survey was administered to 578 undergraduate students and 309 university lecturers across three major institutions in Southern Saudi Arabia. Quantitative analysis using Structural Equation Modelling (SmartPLS 4) revealed that perceived usefulness, intrinsic motivation, and ethical trust significantly predicted students’ intention to use GenAI. Perceived ease of use influenced intention both directly and indirectly through usefulness, while institutional support positively shaped perceptions of GenAI’s value. Academic integrity and trust-related concerns emerged as key mediators of motivation, highlighting the ethical tensions in AI-assisted learning. Lecturer data revealed a parallel set of concerns, including fear of overreliance, diminished student effort, and erosion of assessment credibility. Although many faculty members had adapted their assessments in response to GenAI, institutional guidance was often perceived as lacking. Overall, the study offers a validated, context-sensitive model for understanding GenAI adoption in education and emphasises the importance of ethical frameworks, motivation-building, and institutional readiness. These findings offer actionable insights for policy-makers, curriculum designers, and academic leaders seeking to responsibly integrate GenAI into teaching and learning environments. Full article

26 pages, 875 KB

Open AccessReview

Digital Serious Games for Cancer Education and Behavioural Change: A Scoping Review of Evidence Across Patients, Professionals, and the Public

by Guangyan Si, Gillian Prue, Stephanie Craig, Tara Anderson and Gary Mitchell

Cancers 2025, 17(20), 3368; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17203368 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Gamification and game-based learning (GBL) have recently emerged as fresh and appealing ways of health education, and they have been shown to perform better in knowledge acquisition than traditional teaching approaches. Digital serious games are developing as innovative tools for cancer education and behaviour change, yet no review has systematically synthesized their use across key populations. This scoping review aimed to map evidence on serious games for cancer prevention, care, and survivorship among the public, patients, and healthcare professionals, framed through the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) model. Methods: Following Joanna Briggs Institute methodology, we searched Web of Science, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Eligible studies evaluated a serious game with a cancer focus and reported outcomes on knowledge, awareness, engagement, education, or behaviour. Data extraction and synthesis followed the PRISMA-ScR checklist. Results: Thirty-five studies met the inclusion criteria, covering diverse cancers, populations, and platforms. Most reported improvements in knowledge, engagement, self-efficacy, and communication. However, heterogeneity in study design and limited assessment of long-term behaviour change constrained comparability. Conclusions: Digital serious games show promise for enhancing cancer literacy and supporting behavioural outcomes across patients, professionals, and the public. By integrating multiple perspectives, this review highlights opportunities for theory-driven design, robust evaluation, and implementation strategies to maximize their impact in cancer education and awareness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nursing and Supportive Care for Cancer Survivors)

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13 pages, 888 KB

Open AccessArticle

Diet-Driven Variations in Longevity and Fecundity of the Endangered Tiger Beetle Cicindela anchoralis (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

by Deokjea Cha, Anya Lim and Jong-Kook Jung

Insects 2025, 16(10), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16101066 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Diet is a key factor modulating the trade-off between fecundity and longevity, a cornerstone of life-history theory. While laboratory studies have demonstrated that high-protein-to-carbohydrate (P:C) ratio diets increase reproductive output at the cost of lifespan, it remains unclear how this trade-off operates in species exposed to natural dietary variability and prey choice. We tested whether diet-mediated trade-offs between fecundity and longevity are modulated by prey-insect type in the endangered tiger beetle, Cicindela anchoralis, a species with a short adult lifespan. Tiger beetles were offered a choice between a high-P:C diet (cricket) and low-P:C diet (ant). Tiger beetles consuming the high-P:C diet exhibited increased fecundity and reduced longevity, while those feeding on the low-P:C diet showed the opposite pattern. Despite these consequences, both sexes showed a consistent preference for the high-P:C diet, suggesting that beetles prioritize reproductive output over lifespan. These results suggest that prey-insect selection might be an adaptive way to boost reproductive success within a limited adult lifespan, which may raise tiger beetles’ intrinsic rate of natural increase. Our findings highlight the ecological relevance of diet-driven life-history trade-offs and offer practical guidance for mass propagation strategies to support endangered tiger beetle recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beetles in Integrative Entomology: Biology, Taxonomy, and Conservation)

23 pages, 4642 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Sustainable Intelligent Design Framework: Integrating AIGC with AHP-QFD-TRIZ for Product Development

by Linna Zhu and Ningyu Xiang

Sustainability 2025, 17(20), 9260; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17209260 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

In the context of deep AI–design integration, traditional methods struggle to translate multi-source requirements into sustainable engineering solutions while balancing innovation with practicality. This study proposes AQTA, an intelligent design framework that integrates Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Quality Function Deployment (QFD), Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), and AI-Generated Content (AIGC) to enable sustainable product development. AQTA employs a four-stage closed-loop process: requirement analysis, contradiction resolution, solution generation, and validation. QFD and AHP quantify user and sustainability requirements to identify key contradictions, TRIZ resolves technical conflicts and stimulates innovative solutions, while AIGC generates eco-efficient visual concepts through prompt engineering. Multi-criteria decision-making supports evaluation and optimization based on environmental and economic indicators. Empirical studies demonstrate that AQTA significantly enhances innovation quality, design efficiency, and sustainability performance. The framework provides a replicable, hybrid ‘theory-driven + AI-generated’ methodology, which is validated through the case study of urban fire trucks, contributing to sustainable manufacturing practices in the intelligent era. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Products and Services)

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17 pages, 340 KB

Open AccessArticle

O

-Regular Mappings on

C (C)

: A Structured Operator–Theoretic Framework

by Ji Eun Kim

Mathematics 2025, 13(20), 3328; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13203328 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Motivation. Analytic function theory on commutative complex extensions calls for an operator–theoretic calculus that simultaneously sees the algebra-induced coupling among components and supports boundary-to-interior mechanisms. Gap. While Dirac-type frameworks are classical in several complex variables and Clifford analysis, a coherent calculus aligning structural [...] Read more.

C (C) ≅ C^{4}

has not been systematically developed. Purpose and Aims. This paper develops such a calculus for

O

-regular mappings on

C (C)

and establishes three pillars of the theory. Main Results. (i) A fully coupled Cauchy–Riemann system characterizing

O

-regularity; (ii) identification of a canonical first derivative

g^{'} (z) = \partial_{x_{0}} g (z)

; and (iii) a Stokes-driven boundary annihilation law

\int_{\partial Ω} τ g = 0

for a canonical 7-form

τ

. On (pseudo)convex domains,

\bar{\partial}

-methods yield solvability under natural compatibility and regularity assumptions. Stability (under algebra-preserving maps), Liouville-type, and removability results are also obtained, and function spaces suited to this algebra are outlined. Significance. The results show that a large portion of the classical holomorphic toolkit survives, in algebra-aware form, on

C (C)

. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clifford Analysis: Theory, Methods, and Multidisciplinary Applications)

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17 pages, 291 KB

Open AccessArticle

Closed-Form Solutions of a Nonlinear Rational Second-Order Three-Dimensional System of Difference Equations

by Messaoud Berkal, Taha Radwan, Mehmet Gümüş, Raafat Abo-Zeid and Karim K. Ahmed

Mathematics 2025, 13(20), 3327; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13203327 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate the behavior of solutions to a nonlinear system of rational difference equations of order two, defined by [...] Read more.

In this paper, we investigate the behavior of solutions to a nonlinear system of rational difference equations of order two, defined by

x_{n + 1} = \frac{x_{n} y_{n - 1}}{y_{n} (a + b x_{n} y_{n - 1})}, y_{n + 1} = \frac{y_{n} z_{n - 1}}{z_{n} (c + d y_{n} z_{n - 1})}, z_{n + 1} = \frac{z_{n} x_{n - 1}}{x_{n} (e + f z_{n} x_{n - 1})},

where n denotes a nonzero integer; the parameters

a, b, c, d, e, f

are real constants; and the initial conditions

x_{- 1}, x_{0}, y_{- 1}, y_{0}, z_{- 1}, z_{0}

are nonzero real numbers. By applying a suitable variable transformation, we reduce the original coupled system to three independent rational difference equations. This allows for separate analysis using established methods for second-order nonlinear recurrence relations. We derive explicit solutions and examine the qualitative behavior, including boundedness and periodicity, under different conditions. Our findings contribute to the theory of rational difference equations and offer insights for higher-order systems in applied sciences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Dynamics, Chaos, and Mathematical Physics)

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