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Background: China’s influenza vaccine (InfV) has undergone multiple iterations and numerous technological breakthroughs, providing tremendous impetus and solid support for the development of China’s health sector. As the number of vaccinated individuals continues to rise, the importance of ongoing surveillance and evaluation of vaccine safety has become increasingly prominent, forming part of efforts to maintain public trust in the national immunization program and ensure its sustainability. Methods: From 2016 to 2025, data on suspected adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) related to InfV administration were extracted from the Chinese National Immunization Information System (CNIIS). Data on InfV vaccination doses were obtained from the Anhui Provincial Immunization Information Management System. A descriptive statistical method was used to analyze the distribution characteristics of AEFIs, and the chi-square test was applied to evaluate differences in reporting rates. Results: Between 2016 and 2025, a total of 4026 AEFI reports related to InfV were monitored through the CNIIS. The overall reporting rate was 34.40 per 100,000 doses. Specifically, common adverse reactions and rare adverse reactions accounted for 95.88% (3860 cases) and 3.38% (136 cases), with reporting rates of 32.98 per 100,000 doses and 1.16 per 100,000 doses, respectively. Among common adverse reactions, the reporting rates of fever (axillary temperature ≥ 38.6 °C), local redness and swelling at the injection site (diameter > 5.0 cm), and local induration (diameter > 5.0 cm) were 9.62 per 100,000 doses, 1.96 per 100,000 doses, and 1.20 per 100,000 doses, respectively. Among rare adverse reactions, the reporting rates of allergic rash, angioedema, anaphylactic shock, febrile convulsions, anaphylactoid purpura, thrombocytopenic purpura, epilepsy, Guillain–Barré syndrome, and aseptic abscess were 0.98, 0.05, 0.03, 0.03, 0.02, 0.02, 0.01, 0.01, and 0.01 per 100,000 doses, respectively. No cases were reported for subunit inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV, Subunit). Statistically significant differences were observed in the reporting rates of allergic rash across different types of InfV (χ² = 36.83, p < 0.05), with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3, Split) and trivalent live attenuated influenza virus vaccine (LAIV3) showing the highest reporting rates. Most adverse events following vaccination occurred within 24 h after inoculation. Conclusions: From 2016 to 2025, the overall reporting rate of AEFIs after InfV administration in Anhui Province was within an acceptable range. Common adverse reactions were common, while rare adverse reactions were few, mainly consisting of allergic reactions. These results indicate that InfV has a favorable safety profile, and continuous strengthening of AEFI surveillance for InfV and improvement of surveillance quality are warranted. Full article

Background/Objectives: Cervical cancer is mainly driven by persistent infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV), particularly HPV16 and HPV18. Despite advances in cytology, HPV-DNA testing and vaccination, challenges remain in the triage of HPV-positive individuals, prognostic stratification and prediction of treatment response. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs, together with host genetic factors influencing ncRNA expression and emerging lncRNA-encoded peptides, are increasingly recognized as regulators of HPV-associated carcinogenesis. This review summarizes their biological and potential clinical relevance. Methods: A structured literature search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus. Eligible studies included experimental, clinical, observational, genomic and translational investigations on ncRNA dysregulation, circulating or exosomal ncRNAs, treatment-response signatures, host genetic variation and lncRNA-encoded peptides in HPV-associated cervical precancer and cancer. Results: HPV oncoproteins can reshape host ncRNA networks through transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms. Several miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs are involved in cell-cycle control, apoptosis, senescence, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, immune regulation, DNA repair and treatment resistance. Circulating, exosomal and urinary ncRNA signatures have shown diagnostic or prognostic potential in exploratory cohorts. Specific lncRNAs, including ENSG00000267838/lnc-LENG9-5 and lncRNA-EME1, have been associated with chemoradiotherapy response and radioresistance. The lncRNA-encoded peptide TUBORF represents a novel preclinical therapeutic candidate, while genetic variation may further modulate lncRNA function in HPV-related cervical cancer. Conclusions: ncRNAs are promising candidates for risk stratification, non-invasive diagnosis, treatment-response prediction and therapeutic development in HPV-associated cervical disease. However, evidence remains exploratory, requiring prospective multicentre validation and standardized workflows before clinical implementation. Full article

H9N2 avian influenza viruses inherently carry cross-species transmission potential, making continuous surveillance critical for pandemic prevention. This study focused on monitoring the 2024 H9N2 epidemic in Jiangsu Province’s external environment, analyzing its molecular evolution and receptor binding properties, assessing cross-species transmission and pandemic risks, and investigating serological antibody levels across different human populations. Environmental samples were collected from live poultry markets, farms, slaughterhouses, and bird habitats across Jiangsu, screened via quantitative PCR (qPCR), with positive samples used for virus isolation and whole-genome sequencing. Receptor binding properties were tested by hemagglutination assay, and H9N2 antibody levels were measured in 370 occupationally exposed individuals and 240 non-exposed individuals using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. Among the 5779 collected samples, 6.89% tested H9N2-positive, and 12 strains belonging to the Eurasian lineage Y280-like clade G57 genotype were successfully isolated. All strains carried the HA-Q226L mutation, with 11 showing preferential binding to human α-2,6 receptors and one strain possessing dual receptor binding capability. Internal genes harbored mammalian adaptation mutations, and M2 proteins contained mutations conferring complete resistance to amantadine-class antiviral drugs. Serological tests revealed antibody positive rates of 4.05% in exposed populations and 2.5% in non-exposed populations, with no statistically significant difference between groups. These findings confirm that Jiangsu’s circulating H9N2 viruses have acquired human receptor preference and mammalian adaptation, posing silent infection and pandemic risks. Enhanced surveillance and the development of candidate vaccine stockpiles are strongly recommended. Full article

The genetic and antigenic diversity of H5Nx HPAI Gs/GD lineage continues to be a great challenge facing conventional inactivated vaccines. To overcome this challenge, a recombinant herpes virus of turkey (rHVT) vaccine expressing the viral protein 2 (VP2) of infectious bursal disease (IBD) and H5, rHVT+IBD+H5, was developed using computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) technology. In the current study, the protective efficacy of a commercially available vector trivalent vaccine rHVT+IBD+H5 using COBRA technology was assessed. A total of 120 commercial broilers were divided equally into six groups (G1B–G6B). The chickens in G1B–G3B were challenged with the most recent circulating HPAI-H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4.b Egyptian isolate (GenBank accession No. OQ933425) at 28 days old (DO), while the chickens in G4B and G5B were kept as vaccinated (as G1B and G2B, respectively) and non-challenged, and G6B was the non-vaccinated non-challenged group. In G1B, the chickens were vaccinated with Vaxxitek^® rHVT+IBD+H5 at 1 DO and boostered with a commercially available subunit Baculovirus bivalent inactivated H5+ND (Volvac^® B.E.S.T AI+ND) at 10 DO and had a 100% survival rate. The standalone vaccinated chicken G2B, using rHVT+IBD+H5 at 1 DO, had a highly significant survival rate (90%) vs. 0% (100% mortality) in the non-vaccinated challenged control, G3B. All the vaccinated groups had higher seroconversion at 45 DO especially using H5-coated antigen plates for the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. The viral shedding titers and time were evaluated using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in the collected oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs at 3, 5, 7, and 10 days post-challenge (DPC). In conclusion, vaccination with rHVT+IBD+H5 either as a standalone or when boostered with subunit Baculovirus bivalent inactivated ND+H5 resulted in 90 and 100% protection, respectively, without significant difference in the quantity and duration of viral shedding between both groups against HPAI-H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4.b experimental challenge in broilers. Full article

The re-emergence of Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) as a predominant pathogen in hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) underscores the need for ongoing molecular surveillance to clarify local evolutionary dynamics. This study aimed to characterize the genetic features of CV-A6 strains circulating in Baotou, Inner Mongolia, from 2023 to 2024. Throat swabs collected from HFMD patients were screened using real-time quantitative PCR; the VP1 region and complete genomes of representative CV-A6-positive samples were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic and recombination analyses were subsequently performed. Among 266 clinical specimens, 169 (63.53%) tested positive for enterovirus, of which 146 (86.39%) were identified as CV-A6. The local epidemic displayed an autumn–winter seasonality and predominantly affected children aged 4–6 years. Phylogenetic reconstruction of 133 VP1 sequences revealed that all Baotou CV-A6 isolates belonged to subgenotype D3c, and analysis of complete genomes identified a predominant recombinant form. These findings demonstrate that the D3c subgenotype, characterized by a specific recombinant structure, was responsible for HFMD outbreaks in Baotou during the study period, providing essential molecular evidence for regional public health strategies and vaccine development. Full article

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a lethal disease of poultry that has recently spilled over into mammals, including dairy cattle and humans, heightening concerns for livestock health, food security, and pandemic emergence. While vaccines that induce neutralizing antibodies against hemagglutinin and neuraminidase provide strain-specific protection, durable cross-subtype immunity requires T-cell responses targeting conserved internal antigens such as nucleoprotein (NP). To leverage these conserved targets, we utilized a previously engineered mosaic nucleoprotein (MNP) incorporating T-cell epitopes from thousands of influenza A virus (IAV) strains, conferring broad protection against epidemic (H3N2) and pandemic (H1N1) IAV in mice. Here, we tested whether precision adjuvancy could differentially imprint adaptive immunity to MNP in cattle. Combination formulations paired the carbomer-based nano-emulsion Adjuplex (ADJ) with either a STING agonist (cyclic dinucleotides; CdN) or a TLR4 agonist (glucopyranosyl lipid A; GLA) to program distinct inflammatory milieus. Both formulations elicited circulating IFN-γ–producing T cell responses and NP-specific antibodies in serum and milk. However, STING activation via CdN generated more potent and consistent cellular and humoral immunity than TLR4 engagement. These data demonstrate that selective activation of innate sensing pathways functionally imprints adaptive immune magnitude and quality in a large animal host. By advancing a broadly protective, T-cell-focused vaccine strategy in cattle, this work supports a One Health framework to mitigate H5N1 transmission risk at the human–animal interface. Full article

Background/Objectives: Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a major global health challenge requiring novel prevention strategies. This study aims to developed an immunoinformatics-guided framework coupled with experimental screening to prioritize for multi-epitope mRNA vaccine design. Methods: Eight immunologically relevant antigens were computationally analyzed to predict cytotoxic (CTL) epitopes and helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes. Population coverage, immune simulation, molecular docking, and normal mode analysis (NMA) were performed in silico. To evaluate peptide immunoreactivity, human IFN-γELISPOT assays were conducted using the candidate peptides, though HLA restriction was not experimentally validated. Results: The workflow identified 14 candidate CTL and 8 HTL epitopes, yielding an estimated global population coverage of 82.6% (60.7% in China; 51.2% in Indonesia). Immune simulations predicted robust humoral and Th1-associated cellular responses, though sustained CD8⁺ memory responses appeared limited. Docking and NMA suggested favorable structural interactions with TLR3 and TLR4. Crucially, the IFN-γ ELISPOT assay validated eight reactive epitopes that partially coincided with computational predictions within the tested donor group. Conclusions: This study establishes an integrated computational–experimental workflow for T cell epitope prioritization. The identified reactive epitopes provide a preliminary immunological basis and candidate pool for the future design and evaluation of multi-epitope mRNA vaccine strategies against tuberculosis. Full article

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection remains a major global health challenge, particularly when persistent high-risk genotypes lead to oncogenic progression. While prophylactic vaccines are effective, their role in accelerating the clearance of existing infections is still being explored. This study aimed to investigate the potential efficacy of adjunctive Pidotimod therapy combined with the nonavalent HPV vaccine in reducing persistent genotypes and promoting clearance in men. This retrospective pilot study included 23 HIV-negative men with anal and/or genital HPV infections. Participants were divided into two groups: 7 received the standard nonavalent HPV vaccine alone (control), and 16 received oral Pidotimod (800 mg twice daily for 10 days surrounding each vaccine dose) in addition to the vaccine (treatment). HPV genotyping (28 types) was performed at baseline and 12 months using real-time PCR. At 12 months, the HPV-negative conversion rate was 62.5% in the Pidotimod + vaccine group compared to 28.6% in the control group (p = 0.19). While this primary difference in total clearance was not statistically significant due to the limited sample size, the treatment group showed a substantial per-patient reduction in the number of persistent genotypes, decreasing from a mean of 2.75 ± 2.05 to 0.50 ± 0.82, compared to a decrease from 3.43 ± 2.37 to 1.86 ± 1.07 in the control group. The Pidotimod group achieved a significantly lower number of persistent genotypes at 12 months compared to the control group (p = 0.008, Mann–Whitney U test). Additionally, the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) was significantly associated with a lower rate of HPV clearance (12.5% vs. 73.3%, p < 0.01). Adjunctive therapy with Pidotimod suggests a promising trend in facilitating the reduction in HPV strain burden when combined with the HPV vaccine in men. While larger prospective studies are needed to confirm these effects, this exploratory approach could represent a promising immunomodulatory strategy for managing multiple and persistent HPV infections, even in high-risk groups such as PrEP users. Full article

Background: Although prolonged inflammatory symptoms are an infrequent and problematic adverse effect of vaccination that can occur in some people, the transient activation of acute phase reactants (APRs) is expected with adjuvanted vaccines and helps to potentiate immune responses. Methods: This experiment examined the association between vaccine reactogenicity and immunogenicity in monkeys immunized with an adjuvanted recombinant protein including a receptor binding domain–human IgG1-Fc fusion protein (RBD-Fc) sequenced from the ancestral Wuhan strain of SARS-CoV-2. The acute inflammatory reaction to immunization was assessed by determining the decline in serum iron levels at 24 h and the increase in the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as the adherent neutrophil pool trafficked into circulation. Results: Robust primary and secondary antibody responses were elicited. Larger decreases in serum iron and higher NLRs were associated with a stronger inhibition of RBD binding with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) when five early viral variants of SARS-CoV-2 were tested, including Wuhan, Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. Inhibition of ACE2-RBD binding was less evident when the Omicron variant was tested. Individual variation in the APR was also predictive of the persistence of cell-mediated immunity based on the number of interferon-expressing mononuclear cells activated by viral antigen in ELISpot assays. Conclusions: Rapid antibody responses to primary immunization and large secondary responses to booster immunizations were elicited by this adjuvanted recombinant RBD-Fc vaccine, and our analysis affirmed the view that a transient APR can enhance antibody binding with antigen proteins. Full article

Background: Cervical cancer is among the most common cancers affecting women worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries. In Saudi Arabia, most cases are diagnosed at a late stage despite the availability of free HPV vaccination and screening. Objectives: To identify Saudi women’s perceptions of the HPV vaccine using the Health Belief Model, estimate willingness to receive the HPV vaccine and the factors influencing it, assess uptake of Pap smear and HPV vaccine, and define barriers to both practices. Methodology: A cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of 1334 Saudi women aged 16 to 65 years, from all regions of Saudi Arabia, was conducted. Data were collected via an online questionnaire that included sociodemographic characteristics, beliefs about the HPV vaccine based on the Health Belief Model, vaccine hesitancy, and HPV vaccine and Pap smear uptake. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 29. Results: Only 6% completed their vaccination series or received at least one dose; 37.3% planned to get vaccinated; and 56.7% stated they do not intend to get vaccinated. The main reasons for vaccine refusal were lack of trust (41.8%) and fear of side effects (32.3%). Only 21% had undergone Pap smear testing, with barriers including embarrassment and fear. Among the HBM constructs, perceived susceptibility, benefits, and barriers remained statistically significant predictors of HPV vaccination. Increased perceived susceptibility and benefits raise the likelihood of accepting the HPV vaccine, while higher perceived barriers lessen it. Vaccine hesitancy had a significant negative effect on willingness to receive the HPV vaccine (OR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.69–0.90, p < 0.01). Additionally, Pap smear uptake was an independent predictor of the intent to get the HPV vaccine (OR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.25–2.54, p < 0.01). The independent factors influencing HPV vaccine uptake were largely similar to those affecting the willingness to receive the vaccine, except for age, perceived benefits, and Pap smear uptake. Conclusions: There is a gap between Saudi women’s intention to get HPV vaccinated and actual vaccination. Women who saw a high risk of HPV-related cancer, believed in vaccine efficacy, had a Pap smear, and were open to vaccination were more likely to vaccinate. Hesitant women and those perceiving barriers were less likely to vaccinate or consider it. The main gaps for future campaigns are perceptions of HPV severity and cultural factors influencing decision-making. Emphasizing HPV as a cancer-related virus rather than a sexually transmitted infection can reduce barriers and highlight its severity. Full article

Background and Objectives: Despite global commitment to the World Health Organization triple elimination initiative, evidence on integrated antenatal service delivery models that simultaneously address human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), syphilis, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains fragmented, particularly across diverse health-system contexts. Eliminating vertical transmission of HIV, syphilis, and HBV is a global priority. Pregnant women are disproportionately affected by these infections, and untreated maternal disease leads to significant infant morbidity. Integrating antenatal screening and treatment provides an opportunity to address all three conditions simultaneously. Purpose: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify and synthesise evidence on integrated antenatal service delivery models addressing HIV, syphilis, and HBV simultaneously within maternal health services. It specifically examined model characteristics, screening uptake, treatment and follow-up outcomes, implementation barriers and facilitators, and evidence on cost-effectiveness. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420261342186). We searched Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Dimensions for studies published between January 2007 and January 2026. Of 423 records identified, 11 met the inclusion criteria after excluding two studies that did not provide empirical results for an integrated service model addressing all three target infections simultaneously. Data on study characteristics, service delivery, diagnostics, outcomes, and implementation factors were extracted. A random-effects meta-analysis of proportions was conducted using the DerSimonian–Laird estimator with logit transformation. Results: Eleven studies covered Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America, mostly in low- and lower-middle-income countries. Integration ranged from rapid test packages in community clinics to comprehensive programmes including STI treatment, malaria testing, and HBV birth-dose vaccination. Pooled triple testing uptake was 97% (95% CI 92 to 100%). Large programmes achieved over 99% coverage and reduced HIV vertical transmission to below 3%. Pilot studies showed feasibility but noted stockouts, data gaps, and weak treatment linkage. Economic analyses supported cost-effectiveness. Conclusions: Integrated antenatal services appear feasible and can achieve high testing uptake, particularly in well-supported programmes. However, evidence remains uneven regarding treatment completion, infant follow-up, HBV prophylaxis, long-term transmission outcomes, and sustainability in resource-constrained settings. Key challenges include supply constraints, workforce limitations, and follow-up gaps. Future research should evaluate the full care cascade, not screening uptake alone. Full article

Background. Newborn ruminants are born agammaglobulinemic, and colostrum quality (IgG concentration) is often insufficient, especially in heifers, leading to high morbidity and mortality from diarrheal infections. Objective. To develop and evaluate colostrum enrichment with specific egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgY) for the prevention of diarrhea in newborn calves. Methods. Hens were hyperimmunized with an inactivated vaccine against rotavirus, coronavirus, and E. coli. Yolk melange was prepared. Total and specific IgY were measured by chromatography and ELISA. Trials were conducted in three farms with high diarrhea incidence: experimental calves (n = 25) received 100 mL of melange (5 yolks) with the first two colostrum feedings; controls (n = 25) received native colostrum. Results. One yolk contained up to 100 mg of polyclonal IgY, with 8% specific antibodies. Diarrhea occurred in 12% of experimental calves (mild, no drugs) vs. 76% in controls (24% required antibiotics/rehydration). Testing in two other farms (n = 42, n = 38) reduced incidence 5.2–6.8-fold compared to the previous period. Conclusions. Enriching colostrum with specific IgY from hyperimmunized hens is highly effective and affordable for preventing diarrheal infections in newborn calves, especially in herds with poor colostrum quality in heifers. Full article

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a globally significant disease that adversely affects cattle health and productivity, including in India. It is caused by three bovine pestiviruses: bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), BVDV-2, and HoBi-like pestivirus (HoBiPeV), which belong to the Pestivirus genus within the Flaviviridae family. Despite the prevalence of all three pestivirus species in India, no commercial vaccine based on the local circulating strain is currently available. This study evaluates the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of an inactivated whole-virus BVD vaccine, based on an Indian BVDV-1 strain. The virus was propagated in MDBK cells, inactivated using 3 mM binary ethylenimine (BEI) for 24 h at 37 °C, and formulated with Montanide ISA 61 VG (SEPPIC) in a 50:50 water-in-oil emulsion. Vaccine safety was confirmed in both guinea pigs and bovine calves, with no adverse effects observed. Immunogenicity testing in guinea pigs (n = 6) showed neutralizing antibody titres up to 9 log₂ (1/512). In calves aged 9–12 months (n = 3), the vaccine elicited strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, with mean neutralizing antibody titres against the homologous BVDV-1 strain reaching 14 log₂ (1/16,384). Neutralizing antibody levels remained detectable for up to 12 months post vaccination with sustained mean titres of 7 log₂ (1/128). Notably, titres reported to be adequate for fetal protection (≥9 log₂ or ≥1/512 were maintained for five months following vaccination. Challenge studies demonstrated complete protection of vaccinated calves against homologous BVDV-1 acute infection. In addition, the vaccine conferred partial cross-protection against heterologous strains including BVDV-2 and HoBiPeV. In a field trial involving 125 cattle, 74% of animals developed protective neutralizing titres (≥7 log₂ or ≥1/128), while 48% achieved titres reported to be adequate for fetal protection (9 log₂ or 1/512). Furthermore, 92% of vaccinated cattle maintained neutralizing antibody titres of at least 6 log₂ (≥1/64) for up to six months post-booster vaccination. A strong positive correlation was observed between guinea pig and bovine antibody responses (R² = 0.6809; p < 0.0001), indicating the potential of guinea pigs as a predictive model. Vaccine stability was confirmed for up to 8 months when stored at 4 °C, as demonstrated by the immunogenicity in guinea pigs. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the locally developed inactivated BVDV-1 vaccine is safe, highly immunogenic, and capable of providing protective immunity against BVDV-1 infection, supporting its potential use in BVD control programs in India. Full article

Background/Objectives: Post-weaning diarrhea remains a major challenge in pig production worldwide. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) encoding fimbriae of the F4 type and producing the heat-stable enterotoxin, STb, are one of the important causes of this disease. The aim of the current study was to evaluate whether vaccination of pregnant sows with a novel capsid virus-like particle (cVLP)-based vaccine against F4 and STb (cVLP-FaeG/cVLP-STb) could enhance performance in piglets born after such vaccinated sows. Methods: A field trial was conducted in a commercial sow-to-finisher pig herd. Thirty-five sows were vaccinated twice with the cVLP-FaeG/cVLP-STb vaccine prior to farrowing, while thirty-five control sows were vaccinated twice with commercial vaccines normally used in the herd. Piglets were followed until eight weeks post-weaning to assess antibody responses, diarrhea and treatment incidences, pathogen shedding, and growth performance. Results: Piglets born from immunized sows receiving the cVLP vaccine showed significantly higher serum antibody levels against ETEC F4 throughout the post-weaning period (p ≤ 0.021). The frequency of pathogen detection was similar between groups, while piglets in the cVLP group exhibited significantly lower diarrhea scores at week 6 (p = 0.047), showed a trend of requiring fewer treatments (p = 0.06) and had significantly higher final body weight (p = 0.048). In addition, the cVLP group showed a significantly greater average daily gain over the study period (p = 0.037). Conclusion: Sow immunization with the cVLP vaccine enhanced passive immune protection of piglets, resulting in reduced antimicrobial treatment 2 weeks post-weaning and improved growth performance. Full article

Background: Measles has re-emerged in recent years as a public health concern in the context of insufficient vaccination coverage. Some children experience significant delays in receiving, or refuse to take, the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination, often due to concerns related to hen’s egg allergy (HEA). Methods: In this study, we retrospectively assessed the safety of MMR vaccination (Priorix^®, GlaxoSmithKline, Belgium) in patients with HEA hospitalised at our clinic. Detailed medical histories were collected, along with skin prick tests and measurements of specific IgE against milk and egg proteins or extracts. The study included 39 patients with a mean age of 19 months, of whom 15 had previously experienced an anaphylactic reaction after egg ingestion. Results: None of these patients experienced a systemic reaction to vaccination. One patient developed a generalised maculopapular rash, which resolved after a single dose of an antihistamine. Vaccination was postponed in 63% of patients, with the longest delay extending to 113 months. Conclusions: Severe adverse reactions following MMR vaccination in patients with HEA are generally rare and are outweighed by the risks associated with natural infection and its complications. Effective communication of vaccine safety data and strengthening public trust in healthcare professionals are crucial. Full article