Search Results (5,879)

Lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) are considered among the most promising high-performance energy storage systems because lithium metal possesses extremely high theoretical capacity and the lowest electrochemical potential among anode materials. However, their practical implementation remains severely limited by several critical challenges at the nanoscale, including uncontrolled lithium dendrite growth, unstable solid-electrolyte interphase formation, low Coulombic Efficiency, and large volume fluctuations during repeated lithium plating and stripping processes. In recent years, nanostructured porous framework materials have emerged as effective host structures and interfacial regulators for stabilizing lithium metal anodes due to their high surface areas, tunable pore architectures, and functionalizable chemical environments. In this review, we systematically summarize the recent progress in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), covalent organic polymers (COPs) and other organic framework materials for lithium-metal anode applications. First, the fundamental working principles of LMBs and the major challenges associated with lithium metal anodes are discussed. Subsequently, the structural characteristics and advantages of MOFs, COFs, COPs and other framework materials are compared, followed by a detailed discussion of lithium storage mechanisms in porous frameworks, including lithium adsorption and nucleation, regulation of plating and stripping, dendrite suppression, and stabilization of the solid electrolyte interphase. Key design strategies, including hierarchical pore engineering, lithiophilic chemical functionalization, and electronic conductivity enhancement, are systematically highlighted. Representative advances in COF-based, MOF-based, and COP-based materials for lithium metal stabilization are critically summarized and compared. Finally, the remaining challenges and future research directions for porous framework materials in LMBs are discussed. This review aims to provide fundamental insights and design strategies for the rational development of advanced porous framework materials toward safe, stable, and high-energy LMBs. Full article

Steel strip surface defect detection remains challenging because defects are often elongated, weakly bounded, low-contrast, and sensitive to imaging degradation. To address these issues, this paper proposes Orthogonal Direction-Adaptive YOLOv8n (OAD-YOLOv8n), a lightweight detector based on You Only Look Once version 8 nano (YOLOv8n) and centered on Orthogonal Direction-Adaptive Efficient Multi-Scale Attention (OA-EMA), an orthogonal direction-adaptive attention module that combines debiased strip descriptors, adaptive direction selection, and local directional convolution. Dynamic upsampling by learning to sample (DySample), a lightweight neck structure (SlimNeck), and Adaptive Threshold Focal Loss (ATFL) are further integrated to improve detail-preserving upsampling, efficient multi-scale fusion, and hard-sample optimization. Across five independent runs on NEU-DET, OAD-YOLOv8n improves Precision, Recall, mAP50, and mAP50:95 by 5.0, 3.6, 4.4, and 3.7 percentage points over YOLOv8n, while reducing FLOPs and parameters by approximately 10.3% and 7.0%, respectively. Complementary experiments on GC10-DET, cross-dataset transfer/adaptation, simulated practical image perturbations, failure cases, and measured inference speed provide a broader characterization of the model’s benchmark-level generalization, robustness, and deployment-related behavior. These results indicate that OAD-YOLOv8n provides an effective accuracy–efficiency trade-off for lightweight steel strip surface defect detection. Full article

The performance and durability of lithium metal solid-state batteries are governed by the dynamic evolution of the lithium/solid-electrolyte (Li/SSE) interface, where electrochemical reactions, mass transport, and mechanical constraints are intrinsically coupled. This review presents an integrated electro-chemo-mechanical framework that links interfacial stripping dynamics to distinct degradation regimes controlled by current density, stack pressure, and thermal activation. We show that stable cycling emerges only within a narrow flux-balance window in which lithium creep and vacancy diffusion compensate stripping-induced volume loss without triggering electrolyte fracture or filament penetration. By synthesizing recent experimental, modeling, and materials engineering advances, the review maps the transitions between void-dominated instability, pressure-assisted stabilization, and stress-limited failure. Particular emphasis is placed on adaptive pressure strategies, compliant interlayer design, and microstructural interface engineering as pathways to expand the operational stability window. The analysis highlights that interfacial stability is not solely a materials property but a systems-level outcome arising from coupled electro-mechanical boundary conditions and temperature-dependent transport processes. This perspective provides design principles for developing next-generation solid-state batteries capable of stable high-rate cycling and long-term reliability. Full article

This study investigates the application of polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) for the removal/recovery of 1H-benzotriazole from aqueous solutions, via facilitated transport mechanism, using tri-n-octylamine as a carrier and NaOH as a stripping agent. The process efficiency was analyzed using 1H-benzotriazole flux and permeability through the membrane, its recovery percentage, and the transport process kinetic constant. PIM containing 40% cellulose triacetate, 30% o-nitrophenyl octyl ether and 30% tri-n-octylamine yielded the best results for all four parameters studied due to the role of o-nitrophenyl octyl ether and tri-n-octylamine in reducing the cellulose triacetate polarity, which leads to carrier solubilization on the plasticizer, creating continuous pathways within the membrane and facilitating 1H-benzotriazole transport. Reduced graphene oxide inclusion as the fourth PIM component increases its hydrophobicity, promoting continuous pathway formation and enhancing 1H-benzotriazole transport, which leads to an increase of 10% to 20% in the values of the four parameters analyzed. Ultrasound use in membrane preparation leads to a further increase of 9% to 20% in the values of the four parameters analyzed because the cavitation effect improves the molecular mixing of membrane components and results in a less ordered configuration of cellulose triacetate molecules, thereby reducing their crystallinity degree. All of this significantly improves the interaction between the membrane components and pathway formation, enhancing 1H-benzotriazole transport through the membrane. Full article

In inland river basins, the coupling relationship among water, sediment, and phosphorus is essentially the redistribution of phosphorus carried in the river system, and the presence of plants affects its transport and distribution. Meanwhile, fish are the most important component in river ecosystems, and the transport patterns of water, sediment, and phosphorus directly affect the living environment of fish. This study focuses on the coupling relationship among water–sediment–phosphorus and the suitability of fish habitats. By developing a sediment transport program and constructing a coupled movement model through numerical simulation, combined with the fuzzy mathematical theory, an evaluation model for fish habitat suitability is established to explore the coupling transport patterns of water–sediment–phosphorus near the riverbank plant areas and the distribution characteristics of fish habitats. The study found that the flow velocity near arbor is low and vortex structures exist, and the flow velocity values between the plants in the spanwise direction are high, leading to significant bank erosion. Among them, the erosion near arbor is severe, and the depth of erosion pits on the shallow water side is large. The transport of suspended sediment and phosphorus is closely related to water flow movement. In the spanwise direction between plants, sediment and phosphorus high-concentration areas are layered in a “strip” shape along the flow direction. Turbulent water flow drives the suspension of riverbed sediment and releases high phosphorus flux. Arbors have a significant impact on phosphorus transport, and the diffusion of dissolved phosphorus in pore water in some areas is prone to increase the concentration of phosphorus in the water body. The nitrogen–phosphorus ratio is regularly distributed, and the ratio between plants in the spanwise direction is close to the Redfield value, which is suitable for the growth of phytoplankton. In terms of fish habitats, areas near bank plants are not suitable for the survival of juvenile fish. The suitable areas for fish spawning are mainly distributed between plants in the spanwise direction, and the area is relatively small, but plants can provide emergency shelter. The innovation of this study lies in constructing a coupled movement model of water–sediment–phosphorus and an evaluation model for fish habitat suitability, clarifying the mechanism of plant influence on phosphorus migration in nearshore sediment and the distribution pattern of fish habitat suitability. The research results can provide important theoretical support and practical reference for the management of water environment and aquatic ecosystems in inland river basins. Full article

A pyranochromene-based ligand, 2-amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-oxo-4H,5H-pyrano[3,2-c]chromene-3-carbonitrile (ACLPh-PC-3-CN), was employed as a chelating modifier for the electrochemical determination of Cd(II) in water samples. ACLPh-PC-3-CN was co-immobilized with Nafion on a glassy carbon electrode to form a stable ACLPh-PC-3-CN/Nafion film that combines ligand-based coordination with cation-exchange-assisted preconcentration of Cd²⁺ at the electrode surface. The Cd(II) response at the modified electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry, and the data support a predominantly 1:1 Cd(II)–ligand interaction at the interface under the selected conditions. At an optimized pH of 6.0, the sensor provided a linear calibration range from 16.21 to 56.72 μM, with a detection limit of 0.60 μM and a quantification limit of 2.0 μM, and showed good precision (repeatability 2.3% RSD, reproducibility 3.1% RSD) and short-term stability (94% of the initial response after 14 days). The ACLPh-PC-3-CN/Nafion-modified electrode tolerated common inorganic ions and surfactant species (≤5% signal change) and was successfully applied to the determination of Cd(II) in tap water and Red Sea water, affording recoveries between 98.7% and 101%. While the current detection limit is higher than typical guideline values for Cd in drinking water, the proposed sensor compares favorably with several reported electrochemical Cd(II) sensors in terms of simplicity, precision, and matrix tolerance, and represents a useful platform for coordination-based electrochemical sensing of cadmium in environmental water samples. Full article

Optimizing the structural stability of foundations is challenging in modern geotechnical engineering. This study investigated the mechanism of geocell-reinforced foundations through discrete element modeling based on transparent soil model tests. A three-dimensional particle flow code (PFC^3D) model was developed to investigate the micromechanical soil–geocell interactions in both unreinforced and geocell-reinforced foundations under strip loading. Particle displacement, contact force distribution, and structural deformation within the foundation system were analyzed to quantify the performance of geocell reinforcement. The results show that geocell inclusion enhances structural performance by 2.1 times compared to an unreinforced foundation, increasing the bearing capacity from 60.6 to 126.8 kPa at a defined bearing capacity criterion. The geocell walls act as rigid physical boundaries that microscopically intercept the lateral migration and horizontal extrusion of soil particles. The kinematic trajectories of soil particles beneath the loading plate are forced into a downward realignment, decreasing the displacement vector rotation angle from 42° in the unreinforced soil to 27° in the reinforced soil and effectively mitigating the heave of adjacent surfaces. Furthermore, the quasi-rigid three-dimensional network completely interrupts the continuous steep contact force chains inherent in unreinforced foundations. Concentrated vertical stresses are converted into horizontal components through interfacial friction and mechanical interlocking, resulting in the lateral redistribution of the applied load by a distance of approximately 0.06 m. The geocell–soil composite considered as a flexible raft foundation extends load dispersion and reduces average subsoil pressure. A coupled tension and compression stress state in the horizontal plane is developed within the geocell structure. Forces are channeled along rigid paths by elevated bending moments and stress concentrations at the cell junctions. These findings provide micromechanical insights into the performance of geocell-reinforced-foundation systems. Full article

To evaluate the effects of three different 3D printers, two clear aligner resins, two specimen thicknesses, two lengths, and two geometric designs on the tensile strength and elastic modulus of directly printed clear aligners. Specimens were produced from two orthodontic aligner resins, Clear A (Senertek, Izmir, Turkey) and Tera Harz TA 28 (Graphy Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea), using three different 3D printers: Ackuretta SOL (LCD), Asiga MAX (DLP), and UNIZ NBEE (LCD). Specimens were designed in two forms (dumbbell, in accordance with ISO 527 3, and flat strip), in two thicknesses (0.5 mm and 1 mm), and in two lengths (short and long), yielding 24 groups with 5 specimens each (n = 120). All specimens were post processed using the Tera Harz Spinner and cured for 25 min under nitrogen atmosphere in the THC 2 MC unit, followed by a 1 min boiling water treatment. Tensile tests were performed on a universal testing machine (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) up to fracture. Maximum force (N) and elastic modulus (N/mm²) were recorded. Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney U, and Aligned Rank Transform ANOVA tests with Dunn post hoc and Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05). Printer type had no significant effect on maximum force (p = 0.357) or elastic modulus (p = 0.052). Resin type (p < 0.001), thickness (p < 0.001), and specimen geometry (p < 0.001) showed significant effects on both parameters. TA 28 specimens exhibited higher mechanical performance than Clear A. Increased thickness produced higher maximum force and elastic modulus values. Flat geometries showed the highest maximum force, while the short dumbbell exhibited the lowest. The long thin dumbbell geometry yielded the highest elastic modulus values. Resin composition, thickness, and specimen geometry are the primary determinants of mechanical performance in directly printed clear aligners, whereas printer type appears to play a limited role. Full article

Remote tower operations require air traffic controllers to maintain continuous visual monitoring and integrate information from panoramic displays, radar data, flight strips, and voice communication. Such screen-mediated and sustained surveillance tasks may lead to covert fatigue, which is difficult to capture using a single physiological or behavioral signal. To address this issue, this study proposes a Gated EEG–Eye Fusion Network (GEEF-Net) for window-level fatigue detection in remote tower controllers. EEG and eye-tracking signals were synchronously collected during simulated remote tower tasks and segmented into 5 s windows with a 2 s step. For each window, 53 EEG features and 47 eye-tracking features were extracted to construct a 100-dimensional multimodal representation. GEEF-Net adopts a lightweight modality-gating mechanism to adaptively weight EEG and eye-tracking representations before fatigue classification. Under the main subject-dependent validation setting, GEEF-Net achieved an Accuracy of 0.883, an F1-score of 0.788, and a ROC-AUC of 0.944, outperforming EEG-only, eye-only, and early-fusion baselines in most overall metrics. The gating analysis indicated that eye-tracking features received a higher average weight than EEG features, suggesting the importance of visual behavior in remote tower fatigue detection. Cross-subject validation showed that individual differences remain a major challenge, while few-shot subject-specific calibration improved model adaptation when limited target-subject samples were available. These findings suggest that EEG–eye-tracking fusion with lightweight modality gating is a feasible approach for fatigue detection in simulated remote tower tasks. However, larger datasets and operationally realistic validation considering shift work, circadian effects, and operational pressure are still required before the approach can be considered operationally reliable. Full article

Understanding of the efficacy of short-term strip tillage (ST) is essential for its adoption in Northeast China. A two-year field experiment (2023–2024) with soybean–maize rotation was conducted using a randomized complete block design to explore the effects of short-term ST on soil physicochemical properties and crop yields compared with no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT). Soil samples in ST were collected from the seedbed (tilled without straw mulching, ST-IS) and between the seedbed (no-till with straw mulch, ST-BS), respectively. Results showed that in the 0–10 cm layer, soil temperature in ST-IS was 1.61–1.65 °C higher than NT, and soil moisture in ST-BS was 4.20–8.52% higher than CT. ST-IS had lower bulk density and penetration resistance than NT. Meanwhile, aggregate stability, saturated water content, and soil nutrients were greater under ST and NT than those under CT in the 0–5 cm layer. Moreover, maize yield was significantly higher under CT compared to NT, while ST maintained intermediate yields. In contrast, NT achieved the highest soybean yield. Furthermore, structural equation modeling (SEM) showed short-term tillage primarily affected crop yield by altering soil temperature and structure (not direct or nutrient-mediated effects), with a more pronounced impact on maize than soybean. Notably, the total standardized effects of soil temperature, moisture, and structure are completely opposite between soybean and maize. In conclusion, ST is an appropriate tillage practice for maize cultivation, while NT is more suitable for soybean cultivation in Northeast China. Full article

Hydrogen fuel cells offer strong potential for decarbonizing aviation, yet their megawatt-scale integration is limited by thermal management system (TMS) challenges. In low-temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) systems, the heat exchanger (HEX) is the key TMS component influencing thermal efficiency, mass, and reliability. While prior work has focused on thermo-hydraulic optimization, structural behavior under flight conditions remains insufficiently addressed. This study introduces a coupled CFD–FEA methodology for a nacelle-integrated, megawatt-class plate–fin HEX. The model captures the effects of non-uniform thermal loads, constrained thermal expansion, and dynamic excitation. Local flow-induced vibrations are assessed through pre-stressed modal analysis, and global dynamic behavior is predicted using a homogenized approach. Results show that thermally induced stresses dominate over pressure loads, and the introduction of coolant-fin geometries with suitable expansion tolerances mitigates stress and resonance risks. The approach provides design guidance for structurally robust, vibration-tolerant, and aero-thermally efficient HEXs for next-generation PEMFC-powered aircraft. Full article

In summer 2022, Sichuan suffered an unprecedented compound heatwave-drought, cut-ting hydropower output and forcing a rapid coal-fired power ramp-up to secure supply, driving elevated emission intensities in its power sector. However, the fluctuations in power generation from thermal power and hydropower are significantly influenced by policy and economic factors. In meteorological-electrical coupling research, it is necessary to isolate the disturbances caused by major non-meteorological factors such as policy and economics on power generation to identify the true role of meteorological conditions. Therefore, this study proposes the “squeeze verification method,” which indirectly verifies the numerical confidence of the power time series variable under non-extreme weather conditions: by integrating CRU meteorological data, WIND energy data, and public environmental data, the ARIMA model is applied to quantify the power shortage amount caused purely by meteorological factors after stripping off the economic factors of policies in July–September 2022, which totaled 33,142 GWh, as well as the increase in thermal power generation, which amounted to 6806 GWh. Using localized emission factors, we calculated implicit emission increases: NO_x dominated pollutant growth, while extra CO₂ emissions accounted for 8.16% of annual power-sector carbon emissions. This study further uncovered synergistic environmental risks tied to emergency coal-fired power generation. These risks include elevated air pollutant and CO₂ emissions, aggravated ozone pollution, and a reinforced positive feedback loop that intensifies the extreme weather cycle. Finally, we propose targeted preventive strategies to mitigate these cascading environmental risks and ensure the sustainable development of the energy system. Full article

Asphalt pavements in hot and humid regions such as Southeast Asia are highly susceptible to moisture-induced debonding, especially when WMA is produced using marginal aggregates or less favorable gradation conditions. This study develops an anti-stripping-focused polymer-modified WMA system using SBS and a silane-based liquid additive. This study focuses on evaluating the coupled contribution of SBS-related binder cohesion and silane-related interfacial adhesion under poor gradation conditions, and verifies the selected system through binder-level, mixture-level, durability, and cost-efficiency evaluations. SBS contents of 4.0%, 4.5%, and 5.0% by binder mass were combined with silane dosages of 0%, 0.05%, 0.10%, and 0.15%. The mixtures were evaluated using MSCR, Marshall stability and flow, dry and wet ITS, TSR, Hamburg Wheel Tracking, SCB, and Overlay Test. SBS alone increased dry ITS and Marshall stability, but silane-free mixtures still showed low TSR values of 71.7–73.3%. The optimum mixture, S4.5-Si0.10, achieved a dry ITS of 0.94 MPa, wet ITS of 0.80 MPa, TSR of 85.1%, and Marshall stability of 13.8 kN. MSCR results confirmed that SBS reduced accumulated strain at both 0.1 and 3.2 kPa, while silane did not adversely affect binder deformation resistance. In Stage 2, the optimized SBS–silane mixture under poor gradation reduced Hamburg final settlement by 54.7% compared with the poor-gradation control. SCB work of fracture increased from 1.34 J to 5.20 J, and Overlay Test results confirmed improved load retention. The optimized mixture also reduced the annualized cost index by 27.2%. These findings demonstrate that a balanced SBS–silane WMA system can improve debonding resistance and durability under hot and humid pavement conditions. Full article

As power grids transition towards highly renewable generation on a global scale, maintaining dynamic stability is becoming a major challenge. Replacing traditional synchronous generators with inverter-based renewables strips the grid of rotational inertia, leaving active distribution networks highly vulnerable to frequency deviations and voltage spikes. To avoid expensive poles and wires upgrades, Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are increasingly being deployed as Non-Network Solutions (NNS). However, the current literature reveals a distinct gap between the macro-scale economic planning of these storage assets and the micro-scale dynamic control actually required to keep the grid resilient. To address this gap, this review proposes a multi-layer deterministic synthesis framework that links physical renewable modelling, degradation-aware techno-economic planning, deterministic forecasting, and EMS dispatch through offline time-domain control validation for AC-microgrid energy storage integration. The research examines how advanced central control units within battery management systems can rigorously and jointly estimate State of Charge (SoC) and State of Energy (SoE) to ensure accurate grid-aware dispatch. Furthermore, the study explores the integration of degradation-aware economic modelling in HOMER Pro with dynamic transient control in MATLAB/Simulink R2025b, driven by hybrid metaheuristic optimization algorithms like Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). This analysis demonstrates that integrating energy storage must be treated as a tightly coupled multidimensional optimization problem to successfully deliver the secure and sustainable infrastructure needed to solve the modern energy trilemma. Full article

Inorganic mercury ions (Hg²⁺) are highly toxic, posing a threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health. In this study, iron phthalocyanine (FePc) was anchored onto the surface of MXene via a self-assembly strategy to construct an FePc/MXene-x (F/M-x) heterostructure. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and nitrogen adsorption–desorption (BET) confirmed that the high specific surface area and good conductivity of MXene effectively inhibited FePc aggregation and increased the exposure of active sites. The F/M-x composite was then modified onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to fabricate an electrochemical sensor, and the detection performance for Hg²⁺ was evaluated using square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). Under optimized conditions (pH = 5.0, accumulation at −1.2 V for 180 s), the F/M-100/GCE exhibited a linear range of 0.1–1.0 μM, a sensitivity of 19.02 μA/μM, and a detection limit of 5.9 nM. The sensor showed good anti-interference ability against coexisting metal ions such as Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Pb²⁺, with a batch-to-batch RSD of 2.03% and a long-term stability RSD of 2.49%. Spike recovery experiments in real water samples (lake water and groundwater) verified the accuracy of the method. This study provides a new electrochemical platform for the rapid detection of trace Hg²⁺ in water environments. Full article