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Keywords = spot urinary creatinine concentration

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15 pages, 2474 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Creatinine-Based Methods for Estimating the Urine Volume of Lactating and Dry Dairy Cows with Special Consideration of Using Spot Urine Samples
by Katharina Padberg, Ulrich Meyer, Dirk von Soosten, Fabian Billenkamp, Liane Hüther, Christin Unruh, Christian Visscher and Sven Dänicke
Ruminants 2025, 5(3), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants5030031 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 236
Abstract
A key factor in calculating dairy cows’ nitrogen (N) excretion is knowing the amount of daily excreted urine. The present study aimed to investigate two methods to calculate the daily urine volume (UV) excreted using spot urine samples. Data were obtained from nine [...] Read more.
A key factor in calculating dairy cows’ nitrogen (N) excretion is knowing the amount of daily excreted urine. The present study aimed to investigate two methods to calculate the daily urine volume (UV) excreted using spot urine samples. Data were obtained from nine balance experiments involving 47 lactating and seven non-lactating German Holstein cows, with an average body weight (BW) of 620 ± 95 kg and an average age of 5.6 ± 1.4 years. Daily urinary creatinine (Cr) and UVs were known for all animals. The first method was developed by linearly regressing the daily excreted amount of Cr in urine against BW (p < 0.001; R2 = 0.51; RSE: 2.8). The slope of the regression was used to calculate UV. The second method includes a non-linear regression of UV on Cr concentration in urine, allowing direct estimation of UV without knowledge of BW (p < 0.001; RSE: 8.13). Both estimation methods were compared to the standard method to determine UV from balance trials using Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and Bland–Altman plots. The first method had a CCC of 0.81, and the second method had a CCC of 0.85. Both methods can confidently be applied to calculate UV. Therefore, the second method is usable if BW is unavailable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic The Environmental Footprint of Animal Production)
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12 pages, 2610 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Utility of Urinary Creatinine Adjustment for KIM-1, NGAL, and Cystatin C for the Assessment of Kidney Function: Insights from the C-KidnEES Cohort
by T. D. K. S. C. Gunasekara, Chula Herath, P. Mangala C. S. De Silva and Nishad Jayasundara
Children 2024, 11(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11010015 - 22 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2398
Abstract
Normalization of urinary biomarkers of kidney injury is a common practice in clinical and research settings to account for variations in urine concentration, and urinary creatinine is often used as a reference. However, to date, there is no consensus on the adjustment of [...] Read more.
Normalization of urinary biomarkers of kidney injury is a common practice in clinical and research settings to account for variations in urine concentration, and urinary creatinine is often used as a reference. However, to date, there is no consensus on the adjustment of urinary biomarkers with creatinine, and both absolute and creatinine-adjusted biomarker levels are adopted for making interpretations of kidney health. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the associations of urinary creatinine with three widely used kidney injury biomarkers, KIM-1, NGAL, and cystatin C, to validate the applicability of urinary creatinine as a reference for normalization. A cross-sectional study was performed with 2100 students, 10–18 years of age in the Children’s Kidney Environmental Exposure Study (C-KidnEES) cohort established in Sri Lanka. As identified in linear regression analyses, normalization of urinary KIM-1, NGAL, and Cys-C to urinary creatinine did not result in significant under-adjustment or over-adjustment to the absolute urinary concentrations, giving no specific rationale for creatinine adjustment. Hence, absolute urinary concentrations of the above biomarkers can be adopted for the characterization of subclinical kidney injury in adolescents in community studies where early morning urine sampling is practiced. However, for spot urine samples, consideration of both absolute and creatinine-adjusted biomarker levels would be a better approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nephrology & Urology)
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12 pages, 625 KiB  
Article
Iodine Concentration in the Breast Milk and Urine as Biomarkers of Iodine Nutritional Status of Lactating Women and Breastfed Infants in Taiwan
by Chun-Jui Huang, Jia-Zhen Li, Chii-Min Hwu, Harn-Shen Chen, Fan-Fen Wang, Chang-Ching Yeh and Chen-Chang Yang
Nutrients 2023, 15(19), 4125; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15194125 - 25 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2394
Abstract
Breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) can be different when median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is similar. The BMIC, UIC/creatinine (Cr), estimated 24-h urinary iodine excretion (24-h UIE) of lactating women in Taiwan is unknown. This study enrolled lactating women from Taipei Veterans General [...] Read more.
Breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) can be different when median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is similar. The BMIC, UIC/creatinine (Cr), estimated 24-h urinary iodine excretion (24-h UIE) of lactating women in Taiwan is unknown. This study enrolled lactating women from Taipei Veterans General Hospital (August 2021–February 2023). Each participant provided a random spot urine sample, two breast milk samples, a blood sample, and completed a food frequency questionnaire on the same day. Iodine measurement was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The median UIC of the enrolled 71 women was 91.1 μg/L, indicating insufficient iodine status; however, the median BMIC was 166.6 μg/L and this suggested that the amount of iodine delivered through breast milk was adequate for the breastfed infants. BMIC was correlated with UIC/Cr and 24-h UIE (both rs = 0.49) but not with UIC (rs = 0.18) or thyroid stimulating hormone (rs = 0.07). Women who did not consume dairy products (adjusted odds ratio: 24.41, 95% confidence interval: 1.26–471.2) and multivitamins (adjusted odds ratio: 8.26, 95% confidence interval: 1.76–38.79) were at increased odds for having lower BMIC. The results suggest that measuring maternal UIC alone may not be sufficient, as BMIC, UIC/Cr, and 24-h UIE are all important biomarkers. Ingestion of dairy products and multivitamins were independently associated with BMIC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micronutrients in Human Milk)
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16 pages, 1521 KiB  
Article
Spot Urinary Creatinine Concentration in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure Identifies a Distinct Muscle-Wasting Phenotype with a Strikingly Different Risk of Mortality
by Jolanta Malinowska-Borowska, Marta Buczkowska, Sylwia Duda, Apolonia Stefaniak, Jacek Niedziela, Jolanta Urszula Nowak, Jadwiga Nessler, Karol Adam Kamiński, Mariusz Gąsior and Piotr Rozentryt
Biomedicines 2023, 11(9), 2342; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11092342 - 23 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1458
Abstract
Background. There is a raising awareness that heart failure (HF) is a highly heterogeneous, multiorgan syndrome with an increasing global prevalence and still poor prognosis. The comorbidities of HF are one of the key reasons for presence of various phenotypes with different clinical [...] Read more.
Background. There is a raising awareness that heart failure (HF) is a highly heterogeneous, multiorgan syndrome with an increasing global prevalence and still poor prognosis. The comorbidities of HF are one of the key reasons for presence of various phenotypes with different clinical profile and outcome. Heterogeneity of skeletal muscles (SMs) quantity and function may have an impact on patient’s phenotype. Aim. We intended to compare clinical characteristics of phenotypes defined by a combination of various SM mass taken as a fat-free compartment from DEXA scans and different levels of SUCR (Spot Urinary Creatinine). All-cause mortality with mortality predicted by MAGGIC in such phenotypes were compared. Methods. In 720 HF patients with reduced ejection fraction (age: 52.3 ± 10 years, female: 14%, NYHA: 2.7 ± 0.7, LVEF: 24.3 ± 7.3%), admitted to the hospital for heart transplantation candidacy assessment, morning SUCR along with body composition scanning (DEXA) was performed. All study participants were dichotomized twice, first by low or normal appendicular muscle mass index (ASMI) and second by SUCR (Spot Urinary Creatinine) < and ≥of 1.34 g/L. Four study groups (phenotypes) were created as combinations of lower or higher SUCR and low or normal ASMI. Results. Low ASMI was found in 242 (33.6%) patients, while the remaining 478 had normal muscle mass. In 446 patients (61.9%), SUCR was <1.34 g/L. During 3 years of follow-up, 223 (31.0%) patients died (all-cause). The phenotype of lower both ASMI and SUCR was associated with the highest mortality. The death rate in phenotype with both low ASMI and SUCR exceeded by 70% the risk estimated by MAGGIC. This difference was significant as judged by the 95% confidence interval for MAGGIC estimation. In Cox regression analysis adjusted for MAGGIC and parameters known to increase risk, the relative risk of patients with phenotype of low both ASMI and SUCR was elevated by 45–55% as compared to patients with all other phenotypes. The protective role of higher SUCR in patients with muscle wasting was, therefore, confirmed in Cox analysis. Conclusions. Measurement of SUCR in HF patients can identify clinical phenotypes with skeletal muscle wasting but strikingly different risk of death that is actually not captured by MAGGIC score. The higher level of SUCR was associated with similar risk independently of presence of muscle wasting. As the analysis of SUCR is cheap and easy to perform, it should be further tested as a potentially useful biomarker, which may precisely phenotype HF patients independently of their skeletal muscle status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews in Heart Failure (HF))
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13 pages, 987 KiB  
Article
Prognostic Value of Spot Urinary Creatinine Concentration and Its Relationship with Body Composition Parameters in HF Patients
by Jolanta Malinowska-Borowska, Małgorzata Piecuch, Patryk Szlacheta, Aleksandra Kulik, Jacek Niedziela, Jolanta Urszula Nowak, Łukasz Pyka, Mariusz Gąsior and Piotr Rozentryt
Biomedicines 2023, 11(5), 1429; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051429 - 12 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2148
Abstract
Background: Low 24-h urinary excretion of creatinine in patients with heart failure (HF) is believed to reflect muscle wasting and is associated with a poor prognosis. Recently, spot urinary creatinine concentration (SUCR) has been suggested as a useful prognostic factor in selected HF [...] Read more.
Background: Low 24-h urinary excretion of creatinine in patients with heart failure (HF) is believed to reflect muscle wasting and is associated with a poor prognosis. Recently, spot urinary creatinine concentration (SUCR) has been suggested as a useful prognostic factor in selected HF cohorts. This more practical and cheaper approach has never been tested in an unselected HF population. Moreover, neither the relation between SUCR and body composition markers nor the association of SUCR with the markers of volume overload, which are known to worsen clinical outcome, has been studied so far. The aim of the study was to check the prognostic value of SUCR in HF patients after adjusting for body composition and indirect markers of volume overload. Methods: In 911 HF patients, morning SUCR was determined and body composition scanning using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was performed. Univariable and multivariable predictors of log SUCR were analyzed. All participants were divided into quartiles of SUCR. Results: In univariable analysis, SUCR weakly correlated with fat-free mass (R = 0.09, p = 0.01). Stronger correlations were shown between SUCR and loop diuretic dose (R = 0.16, p < 0.0001), NTproBNP (R = −0.15, p < 0.0001) and serum sodium (R = 0.16, p < 0.0001). During 3 years of follow-up, 353 (38.7%) patients died. Patients with lower SUCR were more frequently female, and their functional status was worse. The lowest mortality was observed in the top quartile of SUCR. In the unadjusted Cox regression analysis, the relative risk of death in all three lower quartiles of SUCR was higher by roughly 80% compared to the top SUCR quartile. Apart from lower SUCR, the significant predictors of death were age and malnutrition but not body composition. After adjustment for loop diuretic dose and percent of recommended dose of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, the difference in mortality vanished completely. Conclusions: Lower SUCR levels in HF patients are associated with a worse outcome, but this effect is not correlated with fat-free mass. Fluid overload-driven effects may link lower SUCR with higher mortality in HF. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Translational Medicine)
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12 pages, 806 KiB  
Article
Improving Iodine Intake in Rural Haiti through Social Enterprise: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Central Plateau
by Nora Barloggio, Fr. Herald Jean, Ben Ali Thelus, Pierre Jocenais, Gilbert J. Wirth, Neil Boothby, Kate Schuenke-Lucien and Jessica Rigutto-Farebrother
Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051092 - 22 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2370
Abstract
Iodine intake in Haiti has increased in recent years thanks to the “Bon Sel” social enterprise approach to salt fortification and distribution by the market segment. However, it was uncertain whether this salt reached remote communities. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the [...] Read more.
Iodine intake in Haiti has increased in recent years thanks to the “Bon Sel” social enterprise approach to salt fortification and distribution by the market segment. However, it was uncertain whether this salt reached remote communities. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the iodine status of school-age children (SAC) and women of reproductive age (WRA) in a remote region of the Central Plateau. A total of 400 children (9–13 years) and 322 women (18–44 years) were recruited through schools and churches, respectively. Urinary iodine (UIC) and urinary creatinine (UCC) concentrations were measured in spot samples, and thyroglobulin (Tg) on dried blood spots. Their iodine intake was estimated, and dietary information collected. The median (IQR) UIC in SAC was 130 µg/L (79–204, n = 399), and in WRA, 115 µg/L (73–173, n = 322). The median (IQR) Tg in SAC was 19.7 µg/L (14.0–27.6, n = 370), and in WRA, 12.2 µg/L (7.9–19.0, n = 183); 10% of SAC had Tg > 40 µg/L. Estimated iodine intake was 77 µg/day and 202 µg/day in SAC and WRA, respectively. Iodized table salt was rarely consumed, though bouillon was used daily; this is hypothesized to be a major contributor to dietary iodine intake. Iodine intake in this remote region seems to have improved considerably since the 2018 national survey, though SAC remain at risk. These results point to the potential effectiveness of using social business principles to deliver humanitarian solutions. Full article
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10 pages, 697 KiB  
Article
An Explorative Study into the Aetiology of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip Using Targeted Urine Metabolomics
by Amanda M. L. Rhodes, Sehrish Ali, Magdalena Minnion, Ling H. Lee, Brijil M. Joseph, Judwin Ndzo, Nicholas M. P. Clarke, Martin Feelisch and Alexander Aarvold
Antioxidants 2023, 12(3), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030538 - 21 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2267
Abstract
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is the most prevalent congenital musculoskeletal disorder, yet its cause remains unknown. Adequate nutrient provision and coordinated electron exchange (redox) processes are critical for foetal growth and tissue development. This novel study sought to explore specific biochemical [...] Read more.
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is the most prevalent congenital musculoskeletal disorder, yet its cause remains unknown. Adequate nutrient provision and coordinated electron exchange (redox) processes are critical for foetal growth and tissue development. This novel study sought to explore specific biochemical pathways in skeletal development for potential involvement in the aetiology of DDH. Spot urine samples were collected from infants, aged 13–61 days, with and without DDH. Ion chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to quantify thiosulphate, sulphate, nitrate, and phosphate, whilst nitrite was quantified using high-performance liquid chromato-graphy. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured as markers of lipid peroxidation. Creatinine and osmolality were determined by a 96-well plate assay and micro-osmometer to potentially normalise values for renal function, lean body mass, and hydration status. Urine samples were analysed from 99 babies: 30 with DDH and 69 age-matched non-DDH controls. Thiosulphate, TBARS, and creatinine concentrations differed between the DDH group and the controls (p = 0.025, 0.015, and 0.004 respectively). Urine osmolality was significantly lower in DDH compared to the controls (p = 0.036), indicative of the production of a more diluted urine in DDH infants. Following adjustment for osmolality, significant differences became apparent in urinary sulphate levels in DDH (p = 0.035) whereas all other parameters were similar between the groups. This is the first study to assess the potential role of these inorganic anions in DDH. The higher levels of sulphate found in infants with DDH suggests either enhanced intake from milk, increased endogenous formation, or impaired renal reabsorption. This investigation demonstrates the power of urine metabolomics and highlights the importance of normalisation for hydration status to disentangle developmental disorders. Our results strongly suggest that DDH is a systemic disease associated with altered uptake, formation, or handling of sulphate. There is potential for new opportunities in the prevention or treatment of DDH via nutritional intervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section ROS, RNS and RSS)
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20 pages, 5427 KiB  
Article
Characteristics of Normalization Methods in Quantitative Urinary Metabolomics—Implications for Epidemiological Applications and Interpretations
by Tianqi Li, Tuulia Tynkkynen, Andrei Ihanus, Siyu Zhao, Ville-Petteri Mäkinen and Mika Ala-Korpela
Biomolecules 2022, 12(7), 903; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12070903 - 28 Jun 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2947
Abstract
A systematic comparison is presented for the effects of seven different normalization schemes in quantitative urinary metabolomics. Morning spot urine samples were analyzed with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy from a population-based group of 994 individuals. Forty-four metabolites were quantified and the metabolite–metabolite [...] Read more.
A systematic comparison is presented for the effects of seven different normalization schemes in quantitative urinary metabolomics. Morning spot urine samples were analyzed with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy from a population-based group of 994 individuals. Forty-four metabolites were quantified and the metabolite–metabolite associations and the associations of metabolite concentrations with two representative clinical measures, body mass index and mean arterial pressure, were analyzed. Distinct differences were observed when comparing the effects of normalization for the intra-urine metabolite associations with those for the clinical associations. The metabolite–metabolite associations show quite complex patterns of similarities and dissimilarities between the different normalization methods, while the epidemiological association patterns are consistent, leading to the same overall biological interpretations. The results indicate that, in general, the normalization method appears to have only minor influences on standard epidemiological regression analyses with clinical/physiological measures. Multimetabolite normalization schemes showed consistent results with the customary creatinine reference. Nevertheless, interpretations of intra-urine metabolite associations and nuanced understanding of the epidemiological associations call for comparisons with different normalizations and accounting for the physiology, metabolism and kidney function related to the normalization schemes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biomarkers)
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16 pages, 351 KiB  
Article
Creatinine as a Urinary Marker of the Purine Derivatives Excretion in Urine Spot Samples of Lambs Fed Peach Palm Meal
by Taiala Cristina de Jesus Pereira, Mara Lúcia Albuquerque Pereira, Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho, Herymá Giovane de Oliveira Silva, Alana Batista dos Santos, Douglas dos Santos Pina and Leandro Borges Sousa
Animals 2022, 12(9), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12091195 - 6 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3437
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the influence of diets on lambs using different levels of peach palm meal as a replacement for maize (0, 10, 40, 60, and 85% of diet dry matter) on the endogenous creatinine clearance (CC), urine concentration ratio of [...] Read more.
The objective was to evaluate the influence of diets on lambs using different levels of peach palm meal as a replacement for maize (0, 10, 40, 60, and 85% of diet dry matter) on the endogenous creatinine clearance (CC), urine concentration ratio of purine derivatives to creatinine (PDC index), and daily creatinine excretion (DCE) as a marker to estimate purine derivatives (PD) excretion from urinary spot samples collected at different time points (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 h after morning feeding) compared to 24-h total urine collection. The measured parameters were voluntary intake, urinary volume, CC, DCE, the concentration of plasma creatinine, and PD and purine derivatives’ excretion (PDE). Five lambs were allocated to metabolic cages and distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square. Urine collection was taken daily on days 16 to 19 of each experimental period. The inclusion of peach palm meal linearly reduced the intake of dry matter (g kg BW−0.75, p = 0.005), crude protein (g kg BW−0.75, p = 0.010), metabolizable energy (MJ kg BW−0.75, p = 0.010) and CC (p < 0.0001). It also quadratically affected the urinary volume (p = 0.008) and DCE (p = 0.004). There was a linear decrease for PDC index (p = 0.032) and PDE (p < 0.0001) measured in the 24-h total urine with peach palm meal levels. The different times of spot urine sampling did not affect (p > 0.05) the PDC index and PDE. Peach palm meal decreases the CC thereby compromising the use of a mean value of DCE as a PDE marker in spot urine samples. There is greater accuracy when using different values of DCE obtained for each diet as markers for the PDE in spot urine samples. Unconventional foodstuffs of low palatability affecting the voluntary intake of feed change the renal function. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)
14 pages, 854 KiB  
Article
Nutritional and Non-Nutritional Predictors of Low Spot Urinary Creatinine Concentration in Patients with Heart Failure
by Jolanta Malinowska-Borowska, Aleksandra Kulik, Marta Buczkowska, Weronika Ostręga, Apolonia Stefaniak, Małgorzata Piecuch, Jagoda Garbicz, Jolanta Urszula Nowak, Mateusz Tajstra, Ewa Anita Jankowska, Mariusz Gąsior and Piotr Rozentryt
Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 3994; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113994 - 9 Nov 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2811
Abstract
Low spot urinary creatinine concentration (SUCR) is a marker of muscle wasting and clinical outcome. The risk factors for low SUCR in heart failure (HF) remain poorly understood. We explored the risk factors for low SUCR related to poor outcomes. In 721 HF [...] Read more.
Low spot urinary creatinine concentration (SUCR) is a marker of muscle wasting and clinical outcome. The risk factors for low SUCR in heart failure (HF) remain poorly understood. We explored the risk factors for low SUCR related to poor outcomes. In 721 HF patients (age: 52.3 ± 11 years, female: 14%, NYHA: 2.7 ± 0.7) SUCR and Dexa body composition scans were performed. BMI prior HF-onset, weight loss, and appendicular muscle mass were obtained. Each patient was classified as malnutrition or normal by GLIM criteria and three other biochemical indices (CONUT, PNI, and GRNI). Sarcopenia index (SI) as creatinine to cystatin C ratio was also calculated. Within 1 year, 80 (11.1%) patients died. In ROC curve we identified a SUCR value of 0.628 g/L as optimally discriminating surviving from dead. In low SUCR group more advanced HF, higher weight loss and catabolic components of weight trajectory (CCWT), more frequent under-nutrition by GLIM, and lower SI were observed. In multivariate analysis the independent predictors of low SUCR were SI, CCWT, and GNRI score. In conclusion: the risk of low SUCR was associated with a worse outcome. Low SUCR was associated with greater catabolism and sarcopenia but not with biochemical indices of malnutrition. Full article
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12 pages, 1358 KiB  
Article
Variability of Urinary Creatinine in Healthy Individuals
by Gerd Sallsten and Lars Barregard
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(6), 3166; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063166 - 19 Mar 2021
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 5625
Abstract
Many urinary biomarkers are adjusted for dilution using creatinine or specific gravity. The aim was to evaluate the variability of creatinine excretion, in 24 h and spot samples, and to describe an openly available variability biobank. Urine and blood samples were collected from [...] Read more.
Many urinary biomarkers are adjusted for dilution using creatinine or specific gravity. The aim was to evaluate the variability of creatinine excretion, in 24 h and spot samples, and to describe an openly available variability biobank. Urine and blood samples were collected from 60 healthy non-smoking adults, 29 men and 31 women. All urine was collected at six time points during two 24 h periods. Blood samples were also collected twice and stored frozen. Analyses of creatinine in urine was performed in fresh urine using an enzymatic method. For creatinine in urine, the intra-class correlation (ICC) was calculated for 24 h urine and spot samples. Diurnal variability was examined, as well as association with urinary flow rate. The creatinine excretion rate was lowest in overnight samples and relatively constant in the other five samples. The creatinine excretion rate in each individual was positively correlated with urinary flow rate. The creatinine concentration was highest in the overnight sample and at 09:30. For 24 h samples the ICC was 0.64, for overnight samples it was 0.5, and for all spot samples, it was much lower. The ICC for urinary creatinine depends on the time of day of sampling. Frozen samples from this variability biobank are open for researchers examining normal variability of their favorite biomarker(s). Full article
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13 pages, 308 KiB  
Article
Dietary Sources of Melamine Exposure among US Children and Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004
by Melissa M. Melough, Deborah Foster, Amanda M. Fretts and Sheela Sathyanarayana
Nutrients 2020, 12(12), 3844; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123844 - 16 Dec 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2840
Abstract
Melamine is a high-production-volume chemical and a kidney toxicant. Diet is a key source of melamine exposure, yet little is known about which foods in the US diet may be contaminated. This study evaluated the associations of foods and dietary patterns with melamine [...] Read more.
Melamine is a high-production-volume chemical and a kidney toxicant. Diet is a key source of melamine exposure, yet little is known about which foods in the US diet may be contaminated. This study evaluated the associations of foods and dietary patterns with melamine exposure using data from 478 US adults and children from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004. Melamine concentrations were measured in spot urine samples. Dietary recalls were used to collect dietary data from the day preceding urine collection. Melamine was detectable (>0.09 ng/mL) in 76.2% of the participants’ urine. The geometric mean urinary melamine was 11.563 µg/g of creatinine (standard error (SE): 1.235). In adjusted linear regression models, each additional ounce of processed meats or whole grains was associated with 10.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.7, 19.0; p = 0.007) or 17.4% (95% CI: 4.7, 31.7; p = 0.006) greater creatinine-adjusted melamine concentrations, respectively. A dietary pattern characterized by high fruit, whole grain, milk, and yogurt intake was positively associated with melamine exposure. In conclusion, processed meats, whole grains, and possibly other plant-based foods may be important melamine sources in the US. Future research should confirm these findings using more recent data and examine the potential health risks of chronic low-level melamine exposure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Life Nutrition and Future Health: Food Contaminants’ Impacts)
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16 pages, 2066 KiB  
Article
The Relationship between Dietary Polyphenol Intakes and Urinary Polyphenol Concentrations in Adults Prescribed a High Vegetable and Fruit Diet
by Erin D. Clarke, Megan E. Rollo, Clare E. Collins, Lisa Wood, Robin Callister, Mark Philo, Paul A. Kroon and Rebecca L. Haslam
Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3431; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113431 - 9 Nov 2020
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3959
Abstract
Urinary polyphenol metabolites are potential biomarkers of dietary polyphenol intake. The current study aims to evaluate associations between total diet, vegetable and fruit polyphenol intakes with urinary polyphenol metabolite concentrations in a sample of adults prescribed a diet rich in vegetables and fruit. [...] Read more.
Urinary polyphenol metabolites are potential biomarkers of dietary polyphenol intake. The current study aims to evaluate associations between total diet, vegetable and fruit polyphenol intakes with urinary polyphenol metabolite concentrations in a sample of adults prescribed a diet rich in vegetables and fruit. Thirty-four participants completed a 10-week pre-post study. Participants were asked to consume Australian recommended daily vegetable and fruit serves and attend measurement sessions at baseline and at weeks 2 and 10. Two 24-h diet recalls were collected at each time-point and polyphenol intakes were calculated using the Phenol-Explorer database. Spot urine samples, collected at each time-point, were analyzed for 15 polyphenol metabolites using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Spearman’s correlation analyzes assessed the strength of relationships between urinary and dietary polyphenols. Linear mixed models were used to investigate relationships between polyphenol excretion and intake. Total urinary polyphenols were significantly correlated with total polyphenol intakes at week 10 (rs = 0.47) and fruit polyphenols at week 2 (rs = 0.38). Hippuric acid was significantly correlated with vegetable polyphenols at baseline (rs = 0.39). Relationships were identified between individual polyphenol metabolites and vegetable and fruit polyphenols. Linear mixed model analyzes identified that for every 1 mg increase in polyphenol intakes, urinary polyphenol excretion increased by 16.3 nmol/g creatinine. Although the majority of relationships were not sufficiently strong or consistent at different time-points, promising relationships were observed between total urinary polyphenols and total polyphenol intakes, and hippuric acid and vegetable polyphenols. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)
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16 pages, 315 KiB  
Article
An Ethnic Comparison of Arginine Dimethylation and Cardiometabolic Factors in Healthy Black and White Youth: The ASOS and African-PREDICT Studies
by Alexander Bollenbach, Aletta E. Schutte, Ruan Kruger and Dimitrios Tsikas
J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(3), 844; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030844 - 20 Mar 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2870
Abstract
Proteinic arginine dimethylation (PADiMe) is a major post-translational modification. Proteolysis of asymmetric and symmetric PADiMe products releases asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), respectively, two endogenous atherogenic substances. SDMA, ADMA, and its major metabolite dimethylamine (DMA) are eliminated by the kidney. The [...] Read more.
Proteinic arginine dimethylation (PADiMe) is a major post-translational modification. Proteolysis of asymmetric and symmetric PADiMe products releases asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), respectively, two endogenous atherogenic substances. SDMA, ADMA, and its major metabolite dimethylamine (DMA) are eliminated by the kidney. The urinary concentrations of DMA+ADMA, SDMA, and DMA+ADMA+SDMA are useful measures of the whole-body asymmetric and symmetric PADiMe, respectively. Urinary (DMA+ADMA)/SDMA is an index of the asymmetric to symmetric PADiMe balance. In two bi-ethnic studies, the ASOS (39 black boys, 41 white boys) and the African-PREDICT (292 black young men, 281 white young men) studies, we investigated whether ethnicity is a major determinant of PADiMe, and whether PADiMe is associated with blood pressure and ethnicity-dependent growth and inflammatory factors, including HDL. DMA, ADMA, and SDMA were measured in spot urine samples by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and their excretion was corrected for creatinine excretion. In black boys, creatinine-corrected DMA, DMA+ADMA, and DMA+ADMA+SDMA concentrations were lower by 11.7%, 9.5%, and 7.6% (all p < 0.05), respectively, compared to the white boys, and 3.4%, 2.0%, and 1.8% lower (all p < 0.05), respectively, in black compared to white men. (DMA+ADMA)/SDMA did not differ between black boys and black men, but was higher in white boys compared to white men. ADMA did not differ between black and white boys, or between black and white men. Creatinine-corrected SDMA excretion was lower in black boys compared to white boys (by 8%) and to white men (by 3.1%). None of the PADiMe indices were associated with blood pressure in either study. IGF-binding protein 3 correlated inversely with all PADiMe indices in the black men only. Our study showed that asymmetric proteinic arginine dimethylation is higher in white boys than in black boys, and that this difference disappears in adulthood. ADMA metabolism and SDMA excretion were lower in the black subjects compared to the white subjects, suggesting ethnicity-dependent hepatic and renal elimination of ADMA and SDMA in the childhood. The results of our study may have clinical relevance beyond atherosclerosis, such as in growth and inflammation, which have not been sufficiently addressed thus far. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atherosclerosis: Endothelial Dysfunction and Beyond)
11 pages, 297 KiB  
Article
Factors Affecting Urinary tt-Muconic Acid Detection among Benzene Exposed Workers at Gasoline Stations
by Sunisa Chaiklieng, Pornnapa Suggaravetsiri, Norbert Kaminski and Herman Autrup
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(21), 4209; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214209 - 30 Oct 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3706
Abstract
Trans, trans-muconic acid (tt-MA) is a metabolite that is widely used as a biomarker to identify low exposure to benzene, a human carcinogen. This study aimed to investigate occupational factors related to the urinary tt-MA detection of benzene exposed workers in gasoline stations. [...] Read more.
Trans, trans-muconic acid (tt-MA) is a metabolite that is widely used as a biomarker to identify low exposure to benzene, a human carcinogen. This study aimed to investigate occupational factors related to the urinary tt-MA detection of benzene exposed workers in gasoline stations. Spot urine samples were collected and analyzed for tt-MA using a high performance liquid chromatography. Additional data were collected via subject interviews using a structured questionnaire. The personal benzene concentration was measured and analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Results showed that, among the 170 workers, tt-MA was detected in 24.7% of workers and the concentration ranged from 23.0 to 1127.8 µg/g creatinine. Over 25% of those detections possessing tt-MA exceeding the recommended 500 µg/g creatinine was safe. A multiple logistic regression analysis identified that factors significantly associated with the detectable tt-MA were having no other part-time jobs (ORadj = 4.2), personal benzene concentrations of 0.05 ppm or higher (ORadj = 10.3), close to fuel nozzle during refuelling (ORadj = 93.7), and no job training (ORadj = 2.74). Safety training is recommended for those tt-MA detected workers or under a reference benzene concentration of 0.05 ppm or higher. The proposed reference of occupational action level to benzene exposure is 0.05 ppm and compliance could be assessed tt-MA for biomonitoring of those benzene exposed workers. Full article
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