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Keywords = self-adhesive composite resin cements

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15 pages, 1120 KiB  
Article
Effects of Preheating on the Mechanical Properties of Dental Composites
by Maher S. Hajjaj, Lama F. Alhowirini, Raneem S. Alghamdi, Yasser M. Merdad, Hanan K. Filemban, Marwa Bawazir, Khawlah A. Alothman, Najla Al Turkestani and Saeed J. Alzahrani
Crystals 2025, 15(7), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15070632 - 9 Jul 2025
Viewed by 347
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties (flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), Vickers microhardness (VMN), and shear bond strength (SBS)) of preheated composites. Two preheated composites (Z350XT and Proclinic) and one self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX™ U200) were used [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties (flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), Vickers microhardness (VMN), and shear bond strength (SBS)) of preheated composites. Two preheated composites (Z350XT and Proclinic) and one self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX™ U200) were used to fabricate specimens. All the specimens were subjected to thermocycling before their mechanical properties were evaluated. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. The chi-square test was used to evaluate the failure modes after SBS test. Results: RelyX™ U200 had a significantly higher FS (106.22 ± 14.23 MPa) than Proclinic (85.76 ± 12.75 MPa) and Z350 (71.47 ± 22.98 MPa). Z350 (118.10 ± 11.3 GPa) and RelyX™ U200 (110.88 ± 13.44 GPa) had significantly higher FMs than Proclinic (83.72 ± 9.3 GPa). A significantly higher VHN was seen with Z350 (136.84 ± 11.52 VHN) compared to Proclinic (115.25 ± 17.15 VHN) and RelyX™ U200 (100.83 ± 12.69 VHN). Z350 had a higher SBS (20.75 ± 5.6 MPa) than RelyX™ U200 (15.4 ± 3.46 MPa), while Proclinic was the weakest among all the groups (6.76 ± 1.44 MPa). In the failure mode analysis, the mixed failure mode was predominantly seen in all groups. In conclusion, not all preheated composites behave the same and it is the clinician’s responsibility to select the appropriate material for every clinical situation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural and Characterization of Composite Materials)
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11 pages, 1813 KiB  
Article
Bond Strength of Universal Adhesive/Resin Cement Combinations Relying on Touch-Cure Mechanisms
by Annamaria Forte, Eugenia Baena, Claudia Mazzitelli, Edoardo Mancuso, Diego D’Urso, Gerardo Pellegrino, Laura Ceballos, Lorenzo Breschi, Annalisa Mazzoni and Tatjana Maravic
Polymers 2025, 17(9), 1224; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17091224 - 29 Apr 2025
Viewed by 586
Abstract
New dual-curing resin cements are constantly launched into the market to improve the bond strength between dentine and indirect restorations when light irradiation is limited by the restoration material. The present study evaluated the microshear bond strength (μSBS) of two dual-cured resin cements, [...] Read more.
New dual-curing resin cements are constantly launched into the market to improve the bond strength between dentine and indirect restorations when light irradiation is limited by the restoration material. The present study evaluated the microshear bond strength (μSBS) of two dual-cured resin cements, Estecem II Plus (EP) and Variolink Esthetic DC (VAR), when resin composite or dentine substrates were conditioned with their corresponding universal adhesives, Tokuyama Universal Bond II (TUB) and Adhese Universal DC (ADH). The experimental groups (n = 20) were (1) TUB/EP light-cured, (2) TUB/EP self-cured, (3) ADH/VAR light-cured, and (4) ADH/VAR self-cured. A μSBS test was performed after 24 h (T0) or after thermocycling (TC), and failure modes were assessed. Data analysis was performed using three-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p < 0.05). In composite, TUB/EP self-cured demonstrated the highest μSBS at T0 and TC. After TC, TUB/EP self-cured and ADH/VAR light-cured remained stable (p > 0.05). In dentine, TUB/EP light-cured was statistically superior to TUB/EP self-cured and ADH/VAR self-cured at T0. Thermocycling decreased the μSBS of light-curing groups. TUB/EP achieved optimal μSBS when the manufacturer’s instructions were followed and the adhesive was self-cured, irrespective of the bonding substrate. However, ADH/VAR was more dependent on the type of bonding substrate than on the curing mode of the resin cement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)
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12 pages, 6585 KiB  
Article
Microtensile Bond Strength of Composite Restorations: Direct vs. Semi-Direct Technique Using the Same Adhesive System
by Paulo J. Palma, Maria A. Neto, Ana Messias and Ana M. Amaro
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(5), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9050203 - 24 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 636
Abstract
The main purpose was to evaluate the in vitro adhesion strength of direct and semi-direct composite resin restorations in dentin, when the same adhesive system is applied, using microtensile testing (μTBS) and to observe the most recurrent types of failure in the different [...] Read more.
The main purpose was to evaluate the in vitro adhesion strength of direct and semi-direct composite resin restorations in dentin, when the same adhesive system is applied, using microtensile testing (μTBS) and to observe the most recurrent types of failure in the different groups. For this study, 16 intact human mandibular molars without microscopic evidence of lesions were randomly divided into two test groups, according to the restoration strategy: direct restoration (DR) and semi-direct restoration (SR). For both restorative strategies, the same adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond 2, Kuraray, Tokyo, Japan) was applied to the dentin surface using a two-step self-etching approach with no prior conditioning of the dentin, and the same composite resin (Ceram. x Sepctra ST HV, Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, NC, USA) was used as a restorative material. The indirect restoration was cemented using resin cement (Variolink Esthetic LC, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) within the interior side of the restoration. Each specimen was sliced into sections measuring approximately 1 mm2. The rods were then subjected to a microtensile bond strength test and the statistical analysis on the differences in μTBS between the groups were determined with the Mann–Whitney test. The surfaces were examined to determine the failure mode. The Chi-Square test was used to determine the association between the type of restoration and the failure mode. The DR group presented with a mean μTBS of 38.15 ± 10.75 MPa and a predominance of cohesive failures in the composite resin (69.5%). The SR group showed a mean μTBS of 25.45 ± 10.19 MPa and a predominance of adhesive failures (92.3%). There was not only a statistically significant difference in the adhesive strength of the DR and SR groups (p < 0.001), but also a statistically significant association between the type of restorative strategy and failure mode (p < 0.001). Even though Clearfil SE Bond 2 provided acceptable adhesion to the dentin, using the same two-step self-etch adhesive system, lower adhesive strength and more adhesive failures are expected in semi-direct restorations when compared to direct restorations. Full article
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21 pages, 13671 KiB  
Article
Influence of Self-Emulsifying Waterborne Epoxy Resin with Novel Hardeners on Pore Structure and Permeability of Cement-Based Materials
by Feifei Wang, Yunsheng Zhang, Xiaoyun Song, Lirong Liu, Xianglin Sun and Peifeng Sun
Buildings 2025, 15(7), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15070997 - 21 Mar 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 564
Abstract
With increasing service life, concrete durability gradually deteriorates, requiring urgent repair and reinforcement. Conventional cement-based repair materials exhibit disadvantages such as high brittleness, low tensile strength, poor adhesion, and insufficient durability, making them inadequate for high-quality structural repairs. Based on the molecular structure–activity [...] Read more.
With increasing service life, concrete durability gradually deteriorates, requiring urgent repair and reinforcement. Conventional cement-based repair materials exhibit disadvantages such as high brittleness, low tensile strength, poor adhesion, and insufficient durability, making them inadequate for high-quality structural repairs. Based on the molecular structure–activity relationship, this study developed a novel waterborne epoxy–cement-based composite repair material using self-synthesized waterborne epoxy resin (WEP). The mechanism by which WEP improves the performance of cement-based materials was elucidated. The results indicate that WEP significantly influenced the early formation of silicate crystals. Furthermore, the addition of WEP enhanced material flexibility and adhesion, achieving flexural strength of 12.9 MPa and direct tensile bond strength of 2.13 MPa at 28 days, representing increases of approximately 30% and 58%, respectively, compared to the control group. Stress–strain curve analysis revealed that the ultimate strain of WEP-modified cement mortar reached 0.024%. SEM analysis revealed that cured WEP formed a dense cross-linked network with cement hydration products. This microstructural modification refined the pore structure, effectively addressing the material’s brittleness, ductility, and durability limitations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Approaches to Building Repair)
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10 pages, 4816 KiB  
Article
The Effect of a Dual Cure Activator on Self-Adhesive Resin Cements and Zirconia Shear Bond Strength
by Phalat Akrawatcharawittaya, Tool Sriamporn, Suchada Vuddhakanok, Niyom Thamrongananskul and Awiruth Klaisiri
Ceramics 2024, 7(3), 1237-1246; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7030082 - 15 Sep 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1821
Abstract
This study examines the impact of a dual cure activator (DCA) when applied in combination with self-adhesive resin cements on the zirconia. Sixty zirconia were prepared in compliance with the manufacturer’s directions. The specimens were randomly assigned to each group under the dark [...] Read more.
This study examines the impact of a dual cure activator (DCA) when applied in combination with self-adhesive resin cements on the zirconia. Sixty zirconia were prepared in compliance with the manufacturer’s directions. The specimens were randomly assigned to each group under the dark condition, following DCA and self-adhesive resin cements [RelyX universal resin cement (RXS); Maxcem elite chroma (MAC); Panavia SA cement multi (PSM)]; group 1, RXS; group 2, MAC; group 3, PSM; group 4, DCA + RXS; group 5, DCA + MAC; and group 6, DCA + PSM. The resin composite was fixed to the zirconia, surface-treated, and maintained in a dark container for 30 min. The specimens were kept in an incubator at a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius for 24 h. The universal testing device was employed to compute the shear bond strength (SBS). A stereomicroscope was used to analyze the fractured types. The data were analyzed employing the one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Group 2 had the lowest SBS (4.93 ± 0.53 MPa). Group 1 (11.17 ± 0.86 MPa) and group 3 (11.48 ± 1.17 MPa) were not significantly different in SBS. Group 6 (15.61 ± 0.68 MPa) had the highest SBS but was not significantly different from group 4 (15.45 ± 1.20 MPa). The findings show that treating the zirconia surface with DCA before using the self-curing mode of self-adhesive resin cements is the best way to improve the bond between the zirconia and resin cement. Full article
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12 pages, 4099 KiB  
Article
The Effect of the Initiator/Activator/Accelerator Ratio on the Degree of Conversion, Film Thickness, Flow, and Cytotoxicity of Dual-Cured Self-Adhesive Resin Cements
by Hyun Kyung Moon, Jong-Eun Won, Jae Jun Ryu and Ji Suk Shim
Materials 2024, 17(14), 3572; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17143572 - 19 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1193
Abstract
Although self-adhesive resin cements are convenient and less technique-sensitive materials for dental clinicians, they exhibit a lower degree of conversion due to acidic components in their composition. Supplementation of the initiator, accelerator, and activator in self-adhesive resin cements has been suggested to compensate [...] Read more.
Although self-adhesive resin cements are convenient and less technique-sensitive materials for dental clinicians, they exhibit a lower degree of conversion due to acidic components in their composition. Supplementation of the initiator, accelerator, and activator in self-adhesive resin cements has been suggested to compensate for the lower degree of conversion. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different combinations of self-curing initiators, self-curing activators, and accelerators on the degree of conversion (DC) of self-adhesive resin cements. A dual-cured self-adhesive resin was prepared using six combinations of initiators, activators, and accelerators. The change in the DC over time was evaluated with and without light curing. The film thickness, flow properties, and cytotoxicity of each formulation were assessed. The results showed that all supplemental components had an effect on increasing the DC, but a greater increase in the DC was observed in the following order: activator, accelerator, and initiator. The cytotoxicity of the resin cements was related to the DC values, as resin cements with lower DC values exhibited higher cytotoxicity. The film thickness met the ISO standards for all groups. The results suggest that utilizing an activator is the most effective approach to enhance the DC in self-adhesive resin cement and that cytotoxicity tended to increase with lower DC values, whereas film thickness and flow properties demonstrated no correlation with DC values. Full article
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14 pages, 3191 KiB  
Article
Fitting of Different Intraradicular Composite Posts to Oval Tooth Root Canals: A Preliminary Assessment
by Valter Fernandes, Rita Fidalgo-Pereira, Jane Edwards, Filipe Silva, Mutlu Özcan, Óscar Carvalho and Júlio C. M. Souza
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2520; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112520 - 23 May 2024
Viewed by 1456
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to perform a preliminary analysis of the fitting of different fiber-reinforced composite (GFRC) posts to tooth root canals and determine the resin cement layer thickness. The following GFRC posts were assessed: bundle posts (Rebilda GTTM [...] Read more.
The purpose of the present study was to perform a preliminary analysis of the fitting of different fiber-reinforced composite (GFRC) posts to tooth root canals and determine the resin cement layer thickness. The following GFRC posts were assessed: bundle posts (Rebilda GTTM, VOCO, Germany), sleeve system (SAPTM, Angelus Ind, Brazil), and accessory posts (ReforpinTM, Angelus, Brazil). Twenty-four freshly extracted mandibular single-rooted pre-molars were endodontically treated and divided into six groups, according to the type of GFRC post and resin cement (self-adhesive or conventional dual-cured). Then, specimens were cross-sectioned and inspected by optical microscopy regarding the cement layer thickness and presence of defects such as pores, voids, or fissures were assessed. Bundle and accessory posts revealed a regular distribution of resin cement with a lower number of voids than found with sleeve systems. The sleeve system posts showed poor fitting at the apical portion of the root canals. The type of resin cement did not affect the thickness of the interface, although both bundle and accessory posts allow a better distribution of resin cement and fibers. The present preliminary study reveals interesting insights on the fitting of bundle and accessory posts to root dentin and resin cement layer thickness in oval-shape root canals. The sleeve system posts showed adequate fitting only at the coronal portion of the canals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Biomechanics and Mechanics of Biomedical Materials)
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10 pages, 1331 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Shear Bond Strength of Three Types of Adhesive Materials Used in the Restoration of Permanent Molars after Treatment with Silver Diamine Fluoride: An In Vitro Study
by Mannaa K. Aldowsari, Fatimah Alfawzan, Alanoud Alhaidari, Nada Alhogail, Reema Alshargi, Saad Bin Saleh, Ayman M. Sulimany and Mohammed Alturki
Materials 2023, 16(21), 6831; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16216831 - 24 Oct 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2159
Abstract
Background: Permanent blackish discoloration of the tooth structure post application of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is one of its drawbacks. Several restorative materials have been used to restore and mask the blackish discoloration of SDF-treated teeth. Recently, a new self-adhesive material has been [...] Read more.
Background: Permanent blackish discoloration of the tooth structure post application of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is one of its drawbacks. Several restorative materials have been used to restore and mask the blackish discoloration of SDF-treated teeth. Recently, a new self-adhesive material has been introduced and is marketed as an all-in-one etchant, adhesive, and restorative material indicated for use in all clinical situations. This study aimed to assess the shear bond strength of the new self-adhesive restorative material and compare it with adhesive restorative materials- resin-based composite and resin-modified glass ionomer cement to dentin of extracted permanent teeth treated with 38% SDF. Methods: Thirty-nine caries-free extracted teeth (n = 39) were grouped into three groups. Following 38% SDF application, the specimens were loaded with resin-based (Group I), the new self-adhesive restorative material (SDR) Surefil (Group II), and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) (Group III). Shear bond strength (SBS) was calculated, and failure modes were evaluated using the universal testing device (3) Results: The composite showed the highest bond strength, followed by Group II while Group III had the lowest bond strength of all tested materials. Regarding failure type, the composite showed 100% adhesive failure, while Group III and Group II showed mostly adhesive failure with some combination. (4) Conclusions: RBC had a significantly stronger SBS to demineralized dentin surfaces of permanent molar teeth treated with SDF when compared to SDR Surefil and RMGIC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Oral Application (Volume II))
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13 pages, 3616 KiB  
Article
Effects of Surface Treatments and Cement Type on Shear Bond Strength between Titanium Alloy and All-Ceramic Materials
by Berkcan Tuncer, Guliz Aktas, Mustafa Baris Guncu, Diler Deniz, Mehmet Muhtarogullari, Nadin Al-Haj Husain and Mutlu Özcan
Materials 2023, 16(18), 6240; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186240 - 15 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2233
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of surface treatments and resin cement on the adhesion of ceramic and ceramic-like materials to titanium. A total of 40 specimens (5 mm diameter) of each material (lithium disilicate glass ceramic (LDGC—IPS e.maxCAD), lithium silicate glass [...] Read more.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of surface treatments and resin cement on the adhesion of ceramic and ceramic-like materials to titanium. A total of 40 specimens (5 mm diameter) of each material (lithium disilicate glass ceramic (LDGC—IPS e.maxCAD), lithium silicate glass ceramic (LSGC—VITA Suprinity) and a polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN—Vita Enamic)) were fabricated using CAD/CAM technologies. In total, 120 titanium (Ti) specimens were divided into 12 groups, and half of the titanium specimens were tribochemically coated using CoJet. The titanium and all-ceramic specimens were cemented using either Self-curing adhesive cement (SCAC—Panavia 21) or a Self-curing luting composite (SCLC—Multilink Hybrid Abutment). After 5000 cycles of thermal aging, the shear bond strength (SBS) test was conducted using a universal testing machine. The failure modes of the specimens were analyzed using stereomicroscopy, and additionally, the representative specimens were observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy. ANOVA was used for the statistical analysis (p < 0.05). The post-hoc Duncan test was used to determine significant differences between the groups. The mean SBS values (mean ± STD) ranged from 15 ± 2 MPa to 29 ± 6 MPa. Significantly higher SBS values were acquired when the titanium surface was tribochemically coated (p < 0.05). The SCLC showed higher SBS values compared to the SCAC. While the LDGC showed the highest SBS values, the PICN presented the lowest. The tribochemical coating on the cementation surfaces of the titanium increased the SBS values. The specimens cemented with the SCLC showed higher SBS values than those with the SCAC. Additionally, the SCLC cement revealed a more significant increase in SBS values when used with the LDGC. The material used for restoration has a high impact on SBS than those of the cement and surface conditioning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Dental Biomaterials - 2nd Volume)
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8 pages, 2135 KiB  
Communication
Aging and Fracture Resistance of Implant-Supported Molar Crowns with a CAD/CAM Resin Composite Veneer Structure
by Angelika Rauch, Wendy Heinzmann, Martin Rosentritt, Sebastian Hahnel, Michael Benno Schmidt, Florian Fuchs and Andreas Koenig
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(18), 5997; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12185997 - 15 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1482
Abstract
Chipping of implant-supported molar crowns (iSCs) is a frequently reported complication. This study aimed to investigate the in-vitro aging and fracture resistance of iSCs with a CAD/CAM resin composite veneer structure fabricated with the Rapid Layer Technology (RLT) approach. Eight iSCs per group [...] Read more.
Chipping of implant-supported molar crowns (iSCs) is a frequently reported complication. This study aimed to investigate the in-vitro aging and fracture resistance of iSCs with a CAD/CAM resin composite veneer structure fabricated with the Rapid Layer Technology (RLT) approach. Eight iSCs per group were fabricated by using two different CAD/CAM resin composites (Shofu Block HC: SH; Grandio blocs: GB) for veneer structures, and zirconia (ZrO2), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and cobalt–chromium (CoCr; control) as framework materials. The surfaces to be bonded were sandblasted, cleaned in an ultrasonic bath, and a coupling agent was applied. A self-adhesive resin luting composite was used to adhesively lute the veneer structures to the frameworks. The crowns were semi-permanently cemented to the abutments. After storage in deionized water, iSCs were loaded in a chewing simulator (TCML, 10,000 thermal cycles 5 °C to 55 °C for 20 s, 1.2 million, loading force 50 N). Four ZrO2 and one CoCr crown did not survive the TCML. The fracture force was determined after 24 h storage in deionized water and yielded values of ≥974 N. Lowest fracture forces were yielded in the PEEK-SH group in comparison to CoCr or ZrO2 groups (p ≤ 0.031). For identical framework materials, no significant influence of the veneering material was observed. All PEEK-GB frameworks fractured, and chipping occurred for ZrO2-SH and all CoCr frameworks. PEEK-SH and ZrO2-GB presented both chipping and framework fractures. Within the limitations of this in-vitro study, the RLT with a CAD/CAM resin composite veneer structure might be a promising approach to veneer iSCs. Yet, the choice of the CAD/CAM resin composite and of the framework material determine the fracture resistance. Full article
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14 pages, 1084 KiB  
Article
Color Stability of Resin Cements after Water Aging
by Claudia Mazzitelli, Gaetano Paolone, Joseph Sabbagh, Nicola Scotti and Alessandro Vichi
Polymers 2023, 15(3), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15030655 - 27 Jan 2023
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3653
Abstract
The color stability of resin cements plays a key role in the achievement of esthetically-pleasant restorations. Resin luting materials can be mainly divided into two main classes: adhesive (relying on previous application of adhesive systems) or self-adhesive (also known as one-step cements). The [...] Read more.
The color stability of resin cements plays a key role in the achievement of esthetically-pleasant restorations. Resin luting materials can be mainly divided into two main classes: adhesive (relying on previous application of adhesive systems) or self-adhesive (also known as one-step cements). The different chemical compositions determine their physio-mechanical characteristics which, in turns, influence their color stability. To evaluate the color variations of different dual-cured resin cements after water aging, 80 disc-shaped specimens (15 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick) were obtained from the following resin cements (n = 10): (1) Maxcem Elite Universal, MCU (Kerr); (2) RelyX Universal, RXU (3M); (3) Calibra Ceram, CAL (Dentsply); (4) Multilink, MUL (Ivoclar-Vivadent); (5) Panavia V5, PAN (Kuraray); (6) Calibra Universal, CUN (Dentsply); (7) SpeedCEM Plus, SCP (Ivoclar); and (8) Panavia SA, PSA (Kuraray). After light-polymerization, the specimens were measured with a spectrophotometer and CIELab* values were recorded. The specimens were then placed in a digitally controlled thermostatic water bath at 60° for 30 days and afterwards the color measurements were repeated. Color differences were calculated for each specimen before and after water-aging procedures with ΔEab formula and the data were statistically analyzed (p < 0.05). The type of cement statistically influenced the ΔEab (p < 0.05), with MCU showing the lowest color variations (4.3 ± 0.7) whereas RXU and PSA the highest (16.9 ± 1.6 and 16.8 ± 1.2, respectively). No differences were observed between CAL, CUN and SCP (p = 0.05). Color stability is related to the chemical composition of the resinous luting materials, thus material dependent. Full article
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20 pages, 3837 KiB  
Article
Zirconia Nanoparticles as Reinforcing Agents for Contemporary Dental Luting Cements: Physicochemical Properties and Shear Bond Strength to Monolithic Zirconia
by Anastasia Beketova, Emmanouil-Georgios C. Tzanakakis, Evangelia Vouvoudi, Konstantinos Anastasiadis, Athanasios E. Rigos, Panagiotis Pandoleon, Dimitrios Bikiaris, Ioannis G. Tzoutzas and Eleana Kontonasaki
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 2067; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032067 - 20 Jan 2023
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4502
Abstract
Nanofillers in resin materials can improve their mechanical and physicochemical properties. The present work investigated the effects of zirconia nanoparticles (NPs) as fillers in commercial dental luting cements. Two dual-cured self-adhesive composites and one resin modified glass ionomer (RMGI) luting cement were employed. [...] Read more.
Nanofillers in resin materials can improve their mechanical and physicochemical properties. The present work investigated the effects of zirconia nanoparticles (NPs) as fillers in commercial dental luting cements. Two dual-cured self-adhesive composites and one resin modified glass ionomer (RMGI) luting cement were employed. Film thickness (FT), flexural strength (FS), water sorption (Wsp), and shear bond strength (SBS) to monolithic zirconia were evaluated according to ISO 16506:2017 and ISO 9917-2:2017, whereas polymerization progress was evaluated with FTIR. Photopolymerization resulted in double the values of DC%. The addition of 1% wt NPs does not significantly influence polymerization, however, greater amounts do not promote crosslinking. The sorption behavior and the mechanical performance of the composites were not affected, while the film thickness increased in all luting agents, within the acceptable limits. Thermocycling (TC) resulted in a deteriorating effect on all composites. The addition of NPs significantly improved the mechanical properties of the RMGI cement only, without negatively affecting the other cements. Adhesive primer increased the initial SBS significantly, however after TC, its application was only beneficial for RMGI. The MDP containing luting cement showed higher SBS compared to the RMGI and 4-META luting agents. Future commercial adhesives containing zirconia nanoparticles could provide cements with improved mechanical properties. Full article
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10 pages, 824 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Stability of Self-Adhesive/Ion-Releasing Resin Composites
by Abdulrahman Alshabib, Abdullah Alshehri, Carlos A. Jurado, Ali Alrahlah, Abdulrahman Almazrou, Mansour Albuhayri, Abdullah Alnujaym, Abdullah Almuhanna, Nicholas G. Fischer and Hamad Algamaiah
Coatings 2023, 13(1), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010201 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3222
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of water storage on the surface microhardness (VHN) and fracture toughness (K1C) of two self-adhesive restorative materials compared to traditional resin composite and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) restorative materials. Methods: [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of water storage on the surface microhardness (VHN) and fracture toughness (K1C) of two self-adhesive restorative materials compared to traditional resin composite and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) restorative materials. Methods: Two self-adhesive materials (Activa and Vertise Flow), a nonflowable composite (Filtek Z250), and an RMGIC (Fuji II) were evaluated. Hardness measurements (n = 12) were recorded at three time intervals: (i) one-hour post-irradiation; (ii) after one day of storage in water at 37 °C; and (iii) after 90 days of storage in water at 37 °C. Fracture toughness (K1C) measurements (n = 12) were conducted after one day of storage in water at 37 °C and 90 days of storage in water at 37 °C. ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: Baseline VHN data were 38.2–58.3, decreasing significantly to 28.8–55.6 following 90 days of water storage. The Filtek Z250 had the highest VHN before and after storage, while the Activa had the lowest. KIC values varied between 0.98–1.32 MPa·m0.5. The highest value was for the Filtek Z250 while the Fuji II showed the lowest value (after both 1 and 90 days of storage in water). However, KIC values decreased significantly after storage, except for the Fuji II. Conclusion: Self-adhesive/ion-releasing resin composites were negatively affected by water storage. Material reinforcements are possible future areas to explore. Full article
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10 pages, 1731 KiB  
Article
The Influence on Fracture Resistance of Different Composite Resins and Prefabricated Posts to Restore Endodontically Treated Teeth
by Saulo Pamato, Weber Adad Ricci, Milton Carlos Kuga, Eliane Cristina Gulin de Oliveira, João Carlos Silos Moraes, Marcus Vinicius Reis Só, Tamara Carolina Trevisan, Newton Fahl Júnior and Jefferson Ricardo Pereira
Polymers 2023, 15(1), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15010236 - 3 Jan 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3247
Abstract
Recent formulations of resin-based composites have incorporated different combinations of materials. However, the mechanical and bonding behavior of these materials with intraradicular posts are unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of light-cure and dual-cure resin composite posts on the fracture resistance [...] Read more.
Recent formulations of resin-based composites have incorporated different combinations of materials. However, the mechanical and bonding behavior of these materials with intraradicular posts are unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of light-cure and dual-cure resin composite posts on the fracture resistance of endodontically-treated teeth. Materials and Methods: Ninety extracted human upper canines were selected and randomly divided into nine groups (n=10): (G1) endodontically treated teeth without endodontic posts; (G2) glass-fiber post cemented with glass-ionomer cement; (G3) endodontic post by dual-cure composite resin (Rebilda DC); (G4) endodontic post by dual-cure composite resin (Cosmecore); (G5) endodontic post by dual-cure composite resin (Bis-Core); (G6) endodontic post by light-cure composite resin; (G7) glass-fiber post customized with flowable composite resin; (G8) glass-fiber post cemented with light-cure composite resin; (G9) glass-fiber post cemented with self-adhesive resin cement. After the post insertion, all specimens were subjected to mechanical (250,000 cycles) and thermocycling (6000 cycles, 5 °C/55 °C) and immediate loading at 45 degrees in a universal testing machine until fracture. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and multiple comparisons using the Fisher LSD Method (p < 0 05). Results: The mean failure loads (±SD) for the groups ranged from 100.7 ± 22.6 N to 221.9 ± 48.9 N. The G1 group (without endodontic posts) had a higher fracture strength than all experimental groups (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Within the limitations, the light- and dual-cure post technique did not present lower fracture resistance values as compared to the conventional glass-fiber post. Full article
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14 pages, 11137 KiB  
Article
Roughness of the Surface of Zirconia Reinforced Lithium Disilicate Ceramic Treated by Different Procedures
by Andreja Carek, Ljerka Slokar Benić, Daniel Komar and Ena Krebelj
Materials 2023, 16(1), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010265 - 27 Dec 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2428
Abstract
Lithium disilicate and zirconia are the two most popular materials for aesthetic and dental prosthetic work; however, due to their limitations, a new material is being researched, namely zirconia-reinforced lithium disilicate, the surface of which is treated with different procedures to achieve the [...] Read more.
Lithium disilicate and zirconia are the two most popular materials for aesthetic and dental prosthetic work; however, due to their limitations, a new material is being researched, namely zirconia-reinforced lithium disilicate, the surface of which is treated with different procedures to achieve the best possible surface properties. In this study, the surface of zirconia-reinforced lithium disilicate glass-ceramic was treated using different methods (conventional and laser) to determine the effects of the treatment procedures on the surface properties and surface roughness to achieve a higher strength of adhesion from the self-adhesive resin cement to zirconia-reinforced lithium disilicate. The treated surfaces were investigated using profilometry, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. The results obtained were statistically evaluated. The results show that the surface roughness is highest for the samples treated with Er:YAG (erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser) and silanisation. Furthermore, the surface treatment procedures applied did not change the composition of the surface. Full article
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