Search Results (492)

Background: Hypoxia signaling and the circadian clock exhibit extensive molecular crosstalk, but how endogenous circadian timing influences behavioral responses during high-altitude exposure remains incompletely understood. Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to hypobaric hypoxia equivalent to an altitude of 6000 m. Wheel-running activity was continuously monitored under 12 h light/12 h dark (LD) cycle and constant-dark conditions to evaluate locomotor activity, rhythm amplitude, circadian phase, and free-running period. After 48 h of exposure, whole-hypothalamus samples were collected across the circadian cycle for time-series RNA sequencing, rhythmicity and pathway-enrichment analyses, and qPCR validation. In a separate experiment, hypoxia was initiated at ZT2 or ZT14 to assess circadian-phase-dependent behavioral responses. Results: High-altitude exposure acutely reduced locomotor activity and rhythm amplitude and subsequently delayed behavioral circadian phase under a LD cycle, whereas the free-running period under constant darkness remained unchanged. Transcriptomic analysis revealed extensive remodeling of rhythmic gene expression in the whole hypothalamus, involving multiple signaling and metabolic pathways. Relaxin-related signaling emerged as a candidate pathway associated with hypoxia-induced temporal transcriptional remodeling, and selected core clock genes and relaxin pathway-associated genes showed altered temporal expression profiles. Furthermore, exposure initiated at ZT14 produced greater locomotor suppression than exposure initiated at ZT2. Conclusions: High-altitude exposure disrupts behavioral circadian organization and remodels hypothalamic rhythmic transcription. These findings suggest that endogenous circadian timing modulates behavioral sensitivity to hypoxic stress. Full article

Indigenous pig breeds in China possess distinct biological characteristics, yet their growth dynamics and feeding behaviors remain inadequately characterized. This study compared growth performance, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and feeding behavior in four Hunan indigenous pig breeds, Dongshan (DS), Longtan (LT), Pushi (PS), and Taoyuan (TY), during the fattening stage (approximately 50–90 kg, over 60 days). Automated feeding stations were used to continuously monitor body weight, feed intake, and feeding behavior over 60 days in 48 pigs (12 per breed). Linear mixed model and generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) were employed to analyze growth trajectories, FCR dynamics, and temporal feeding patterns. The PS breed exhibited the highest daily gain (0.785 kg/day) and lowest FCR (3.98), whereas the DS breed showed the poorest feed efficiency (FCR 4.83). GAMM revealed significant non-linear changes in FCR and feeding rate across growth stages, with breed-specific critical windows of divergence. Notably, the TY breed achieved comparable growth to DS and LT with superior feed efficiency, suggesting adaptive metabolic characteristics. Diurnal feeding rhythms were conserved across breeds, despite marked differences in absolute feeding rates. These findings provide a fundamental database for precision feeding management and genetic improvement of indigenous pig breeds. Full article

Long-term ecological monitoring is essential for understanding biodiversity dynamics and evaluating conservation effectiveness in protected areas. The Baishuihe National Nature Reserve, located in the southern Minshan Mountains, represents an important montane forest ecosystem within a global biodiversity hotspot. Using camera-trapping data collected from 2011 to 2020, we investigated long-term community dynamics and temporal activity patterns of mammals and ground-dwelling pheasants in the reserve. A total of 23 species, including 17 mammal and 6 pheasant species, were recorded during the 10-year survey. Carnivora and Artiodactyla were the most species-rich orders, while several ungulates and pheasants dominated detections throughout the monitoring period. Species richness increased with survey duration, while the rate of newly recorded species declined after 2016, and the observed assemblage became more consistent across years. Interannual community variation reflected both species turnover and nestedness-related processes, although dominant and common species remained consistently detected across years. Camera-trap data further revealed pronounced temporal niche differentiation among sympatric species. Carnivores, such as leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) and masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), were primarily nocturnal, whereas golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana), Temminck’s tragopan (Tragopan temminckii), and blood pheasant (Ithaginis cruentus) showed predominantly diurnal activity patterns. Several species exhibited broad temporal niches or seasonal shifts in activity rhythms, suggesting flexible behavioral adaptation to environmental conditions. Overall, the Baishuihe Reserve supported a taxonomically and functionally diverse camera-trap-detectable vertebrate assemblage, within which dominant and common species showed relatively persistent occurrence across years. This study highlights the importance of long-term camera-trap monitoring for understanding community stability, temporal niche organization, and biodiversity conservation in mountain ecosystems. Full article

Melatonin is a hormone that plays a role in the regulation of circadian rhythms and is also recognized for its antioxidant and cytoprotective functions. Its determination in biological samples is analytically challenging because the physiological concentration is very low, especially in saliva. Here, a competitive immunoassay based on a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) biosensor was developed for melatonin determination. The biosensor employed a surface modified with a melatonin–albumin conjugate and a multilayer antibody amplification scheme to enhance the piezoelectric response. The assay was calibrated in the low picogram per liter range and provided a limit of detection of 0.55 pg/mL (2.37 pmol/mL) for a 25 µL sample. The analytical performance was sufficient for the determination of physiological melatonin concentrations in saliva and blood. The assay showed satisfactory selectivity against selected potential interferents and correlated strongly with a standard ELISA method, with a coefficient of determination of r² = 0.994. Application to authentic human saliva samples confirmed the practical utility of the method, and the prepared biosensors remained stable for at least 140 days. The proposed QCM immunoassay represents a simple and sensitive alternative to conventional melatonin assays and demonstrates the potential of piezoelectric biosensing for non-invasive hormone monitoring. Full article

Recovery in elite athletes represents a critical determinant of performance and health outcomes. The gut microbiota has been proposed as a modulating factor for recovery through anti-inflammatory mechanisms, oxidative stress management, sleep regulation, and biosynthetic potential for essential micronutrients. This review examines the mechanisms linking gut microbiota composition and function to athletic recovery and critically evaluates the evidence supporting its application in sports medicine. Athletes appear to harbor a more enriched microbial biosynthetic potential, with substantially greater numbers of high-biological-impact synthases involved in the production of vitamins, amino acids, and bioactive metabolites. Short-chain fatty acids, particularly butyrate and propionate, have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical studies, with emerging evidence in humans. The gut–brain axis has been proposed to modulate recovery by regulating neurotransmitter production and controlling circadian rhythms. Sport-associated microbial signatures seem to reflect metabolic demands, with endurance athletes showing enrichment for Prevotella and Veillonella, while strength athletes tend to harbor higher levels of proteolytic bacteria. Probiotic interventions with multi-strain Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium formulations have reported reductions in inflammatory markers, improvements in oxidative stress biomarkers, and enhanced sleep quality in small-scale randomized controlled trials involving athletic populations, and improvements in self-reported sleep quality in a controlled, non-randomized study in elite athletes. Optimizing gut microbiota composition and function offers a promising complementary strategy for enhancing recovery in elite athletes. Potential applications that require prospective validation include sport-specific probiotic interventions, nutritional strategies to enhance short-chain fatty acid production, and the integration of microbiota assessment with traditional recovery monitoring. Further research is needed to establish standardized protocols and identify predictive biomarkers of individual response to microbiota-targeted interventions. Full article

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common but frequently undiagnosed cause of ischemic stroke, particularly among patients with cryptogenic stroke and embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS). Implantable cardiac monitors (ICMs) enable prolonged continuous rhythm monitoring and may improve AF detection following ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the diagnostic yield, clinical impact, and safety of prolonged ICM monitoring in patients with ischemic stroke or TIA. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024573913). PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched. Randomized controlled trials and observational studies evaluating the use of ICMs after ischemic stroke or TIA were included. Randomized evidence was synthesized narratively, whereas single-arm random-effects meta-analyses of observational studies were performed to estimate pooled proportions for AF detection, oral anticoagulation initiation, recurrent ischemic stroke or TIA, and device-related adverse events. Results: Twelve completed studies involving 4563 participants met the inclusion criteria, including two randomized controlled trials and ten observational studies. One additional ongoing randomized controlled trial (Find-AF 2) involving a planned enrollment of 5200 participants was identified and is described narratively. Across the observational studies, the pooled AF detection rate during prolonged ICM monitoring was 25.9% (95% CI, 18.9–33.5%), although substantial heterogeneity was observed (I² = 95%). Oral anticoagulation was initiated in 94.2% (95% CI, 79.4–100.0%) of patients diagnosed with AF. Device-related complications were uncommon, with a pooled incidence of 3.7% (95% CI, 2.0–6.0%; I² = 0%), while the pooled rate of recurrent ischemic stroke or TIA during follow-up was 6.2% (95% CI, 3.9–9.2%). Narrative synthesis of the randomized evidence demonstrated that ICMs significantly increased AF detection compared with conventional monitoring but did not demonstrate a significant reduction in recurrent stroke during the available follow-up period. Conclusions: Prolonged implantable cardiac monitoring identifies AF in approximately one-quarter of patients following ischemic stroke or TIA and frequently leads to the initiation of oral anticoagulation, with a favorable safety profile. Although ICMs substantially improve AF detection, current evidence remains insufficient to confirm that increased detection translates into a reduction in recurrent stroke. Large, adequately powered randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the long-term clinical benefits of ICM-guided management and to define the optimal monitoring strategy for patients following ischemic stroke. Full article

This study aims to develop a lightweight, edge-deployable artificial intelligence (AI) system for real-time, non-contact recognition of cattle eating, standing, and lying behaviors in farm environments. Automated monitoring of these behaviors in cattle provides fundamental behavioral data for the future development of systems that analyze feeding duration, lying duration, and behavioral rhythms. Nevertheless, practical deployment on farms is hindered by data imbalance, dense animal groupings, scale variation, occlusion, and the need for low-cost edge computing. To address these challenges, we propose BoviFusionNet, a lightweight, edge-deployable AI system. A box balanced augmentation strategy rebalances training instances at the object level without altering the validation or test sets. Built upon YOLO11n, the model integrates three targeted enhancements: information-preserving downsampling (ADown), adaptive bidirectional feature fusion (BiFPN), and local window attention (C2CGA) to improve multi-scale representation and fine-grained behavior discrimination. Experimental results show that BoviFusionNet achieves 0.7851 recall, 0.7763 F1-score, 0.7976 mAP@0.50, and 0.6305 mAP@0.50:0.95, with only 5.4 GFLOPs and a 3.4 MB model size. Compared with the YOLO11n baseline, it improves mAP@0.50:0.95 by 9.92% and reduces the parameter count by 39.8%. After INT8 quantization and deployment on an RK3588S edge device, real-time inference reaches 28.08 frames per second (FPS). Therefore, BoviFusionNet offers an effective accuracy-complexity trade-off for on-farm edge AI applications. By enabling continuous, non-invasive monitoring of health-relevant behaviors, it provides fundamental behavioral data for the future development of veterinary health assessment tools without relying on cloud services or wearable sensors. Full article

Heat exposure is an increasingly important climate-related determinant of mental health, yet the biological mechanisms linking heat to psychiatric outcomes remain insufficiently integrated. This narrative review synthesizes evidence from climate medicine, thermoregulation, neuroscience, psychoneuroimmunology, sleep research, psychopharmacology, epidemiology, and psychiatry to examine how acute and chronic heat exposure may influence mental health. Heat acts as a multi-system biological stressor by challenging thermoregulation, increasing autonomic and cardiovascular strain, disrupting hydration, impairing sleep and circadian rhythms, activating stress-response systems, and contributing to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, blood–brain barrier disruption, and neurotransmitter alterations. These pathways may interact with psychotropic medication exposure and impaired behavioral thermoregulation, particularly among people with severe mental illness, older adults, individuals receiving lithium, people with cognitive impairment, substance use disorders, outdoor workers, and those living in poorly cooled environments. Heat-related psychiatric vulnerability is therefore transdiagnostic but heterogeneous, with relevance to distress, depression, anxiety, mood instability, psychosis, substance-related crises, cognitive dysfunction, delirium, and suicide-related outcomes. The review also distinguishes pathways supported by stronger human evidence from mechanisms supported mainly by experimental, preclinical, severe-spectrum, or indirect evidence. It proposes an integrative biological model and an evidence-informed translational agenda focused on exposure assessment, biomarkers, sleep and circadian monitoring, medication safety, risk prediction, physiological adaptation, heat-mitigation strategies, heat-health action plans, and implementation-oriented evaluation. Full article

Background/Objectives: Detecting covert paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with suspected embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) is important for secondary prevention. This study evaluated the feasibility, AF detection, and wearability of the hitoe^® wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring system II, a Holter-type device recording continuously for up to 14 days. Methods: Between March 2022 and October 2023, 31 patients with suspected ESUS were enrolled. After excluding two cases, 29 patients (mean age 74.7 ± 17.3 years; 16 men) underwent ECG monitoring. Clinical outcomes were analyzed in 27 acute-phase patients and wearability in 24 questionnaire respondents. ECG recordings and questionnaire responses were analyzed descriptively, with between-group comparisons. Results: In 29 monitored patients, the mean recording duration was 12.4 ± 3.7 days, the ECG acquisition rate was 64.0 ± 23.4% (median 72.1%), and the mean analyzable duration was 8.1 ± 3.7 days. In the 27 acute-phase patients, covert paroxysmal AF was detected in 2 patients (7.4%), on days 1, 3, and 15 in one patient and on day 7 in the other. In AF-positive patients, the mean ectopic burden was 1.33% for supraventricular and 0.24% for ventricular activity. Wearability was favorable: 77.8% reported no interference with daily activities, none reported sleep disturbance, and 72.7% adapted within 1–4 days. Conclusions: The hitoe^® wearable ECG monitoring system II enabled prolonged monitoring across inpatient and outpatient settings, detecting covert paroxysmal AF in 7.4% of acute-phase patients with suspected ESUS. These findings support garment-type wearable ECG monitoring as a non-invasive option for extended rhythm surveillance. Full article

Atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF) frequently coexist and mutually worsen prognosis, creating a complex clinical scenario in which treatment decisions are increasingly imaging driven. Catheter ablation has emerged as a pivotal rhythm control strategy in selected patients with HF, but careful phenotyping of the atrial and ventricular substrate is essential to balance potential benefits against procedural risk and the likelihood of durable sinus rhythm. In this narrative review, we summarize the role of multimodality imaging across the entire AF care pathway in patients with HF, from candidate selection to intraprocedural guidance and post-ablation follow-up. Ultrasound imaging remains the cornerstone of pre-procedural assessment. Cardiac computed tomography (CCT) refines anatomical characterization of the left atrium, pulmonary veins, and left atrial appendage. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) offers comprehensive tissue characterization of atrial and ventricular fibrosis, allowing distinction between atrial primary and atrial secondary AF phenotypes and informing expectations of reverse remodelling. During ablation, intracardiac echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography optimize transseptal access, catheter navigation, and complication monitoring, and they are particularly relevant with contemporary Pulsed Field Ablation systems. In follow-up, echocardiography, CCT, and CMR are pivotal for quantifying structural reverse remodelling and detecting rare but life-threatening complications such as atrio esophageal fistula and pulmonary vein stenosis. An integrated, multimodality, substrate-based imaging strategy is therefore crucial to personalize rhythm versus rate control decisions and to guide safe, effective ablation in patients with AF and HF. Full article

As the pace of modern life continues to accelerate, the pressure participants face is growing, and mental health issues are becoming increasingly prominent. Against this backdrop, meditation, as a proven method for stress relief and relaxation, has garnered widespread attention. However, many people face challenges during meditation, such as difficulty entering a meditative state quickly or achieving sub-optimal outcomes. This is particularly true for beginners, who often struggle to accurately gauge the rhythm of meditation and thus fail to fully harness its regulatory effects on both body and mind. To address these issues, this study proposes a handheld meditation device. By making contact with the body via sensors, the device can measure multiple physiological metrics in real time, including skin conductance, electromyography, and heart rate. Based on these measurements, the device can monitor the user’s emotional fluctuations in real time. When emotional changes are detected, it uses the data to play music, release specific scents, or adjust lighting ambiance, thereby dynamically regulating the user’s psychological state. This helps users better immerse themselves in a meditative state and effectively enhances the benefits of meditation. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the device’s design principles, detailing its hardware components—including various sensors and emotional regulation modules—and explaining the operational logic of its software algorithms. The effectiveness and reliability of the device were verified through rigorous experiments. The study also thoroughly examines the application prospects and potential value of this handheld meditation device, exploring new approaches and methods for the development of meditation technology and related equipment. Full article

Background/Objectives: Atrial fibrillation (AF) imposes a substantial long-term clinical and healthcare system burden, recurrent hospitalizations, impaired quality of life, and increasing long-term healthcare costs. Although patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are increasingly used in AF research and clinical practice, their broader role in healthcare delivery, implementation, and system-level decision-making remains insufficiently defined. Existing assessment strategies frequently prioritize symptom burden while underrepresenting cognitive, emotional, social, and functional dimensions of AF-related impairment. This narrative implementation review examines the current role of PROMs in AF management from a healthcare system and implementation perspective. Methods: Literature addressing AF-specific and generic PROM instruments, implementation strategies, health system integration, value-based care, and digital health approaches was reviewed and synthesized across PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Particular emphasis was placed on implementation barriers, workflow integration, evidence strength, and challenges encountered across diverse healthcare settings. Results: Current PROM frameworks incompletely capture several important dimensions of AF burden, including cognitive dysfunction, sleep disturbance, emotional distress, social participation, sexual health, and productivity loss. Beyond conventional symptom assessment, PROMs may support longitudinal patient monitoring, treatment evaluation, shared decision-making, and patient-centred care. Emerging evidence also suggests potential roles in outpatient prioritization, healthcare quality assessment, and value-based healthcare initiatives, although prospective AF-specific implementation studies remain limited. Mapping PROM applications to the 2024 ESC AF-CARE pathway demonstrates the strongest alignment with the Evaluation and Reducing symptoms domains while supporting patient engagement, comorbidity management, and individualized care planning. Implementation remains constrained by clinician workload, questionnaire fatigue, limited interoperability, heterogeneous digital infrastructure, and variability in organizational resources, with these challenges potentially being more pronounced in smaller or resource-limited healthcare systems. Conclusions: PROM integration in AF care may provide opportunities to strengthen patient-centered management and improve healthcare system responsiveness beyond conventional rhythm- and symptom-focused approaches. Successful implementation may require careful adaptation to local healthcare infrastructure, workflow feasibility, and long-term sustainability. Future developments involving digital platforms, wearable technologies, and artificial intelligence-assisted interpretation may further expand the clinical and operational relevance of PROM-guided AF care. Full article

Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationships of AHA/ACC blood pressure stages and circadian blood pressure patterns with clinical, metabolic, inflammatory, and structural echocardiographic parameters in newly diagnosed hypertensive (HT) patients, and to identify independent predictors of high-risk circadian disruptions. Methods: A total of 539 patients undergoing 24 h Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) between 2022 and 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were grouped by nocturnal blood pressure dipping percentages and HT stages; laboratory markers (TyG index (Triglyceride–Glucose İndex), AIP (Atherogenic İndex of Plasma), SII (Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index), AISI (Aggregate Index of Systemic Inflammation), NLR (Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio)) and echocardiographic data were evaluated via multivariable logistic regression. Results: The mean cohort age was 46.49 ± 13.98 years. Progressing HT stages were associated with significant increases in metabolic risk indicators: TyG index (p = 0.002) and AIP (p = 0.004). The prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) increased significantly from 7.3% in the normal group to 34.5% in Stage 2 HT (p < 0.001). The highest-risk “reverse-dipper” group had a significantly higher mean age (50.32 ± 14.55 years) than other groups (p < 0.001). In multivariable logistic regression, left atrial diameter (LAd) was the only common independent structural predictor of circadian disruption across all models (Extreme-Dipper OR: 1.19, p = 0.003; Non-Dipper OR: 1.11, p = 0.001). In the Reverse-Dipper model score analysis, both LAd (p < 0.001) and LVH (p = 0.001) demonstrated strong independent predictive potential. Inflammatory indices (SII, AISI, NLR) showed no independent predictive value (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Advanced HT stages and disrupted circadian rhythms are strongly associated with metabolic impairment, left atrial dilatation, and LVH. In older hypertensive patients presenting with left atrial enlargement and LVH, echocardiographic screening and close ABPM are crucial for early “reverse-dipper” pattern detection. Full article

Background/Objectives: Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is characterized by seizures clustering in the early morning hours, reflecting circadian modulation of cortical excitability. To the best of our knowledge, circadian rest–activity rhythms have not previously been objectively characterized in adolescents with JME, a gap that may be relevant to understanding seizure timing in this population. This study aimed to characterize circadian rest–activity rhythms and sleep parameters in adolescents with JME compared to healthy controls (HCs) and to explore whether chronotype relates to the strength of circadian rhythm. Methods: This pilot case–control study analyzed data from 11 adolescents with JME and 10 age- and sex-matched HCs who underwent 14-day continuous wrist actigraphy. Non-parametric circadian rhythm analysis (NPCRA) and cosinor analysis were conducted, and conventional sleep–wake parameters and night-to-night variability were derived. Subjective data from the Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, a modified Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire were included. Between-group comparisons used the Mann–Whitney U test with an effect size of r. Results: Patients showed significantly lower interdaily stability (p = 0.002, r = 0.692), higher intradaily variability (p = 0.022, r = 0.500), reduced peak daytime activity (p = 0.002, r = 0.672), and attenuated cosinor (p = 0.013, r = 0.544) and mesor (p = 0.001, r = 0.754) amplitude, all with large effect sizes. Night-to-night variability was significantly greater for sleep efficiency (p = 0.010, r = 0.561), the fragmentation index (p = 0.003, r = 0.653), and mean sleep-bout duration (p = 0.020, r = 0.509). The MEQ score correlated positively with cosinor amplitude (rho = 0.679, p = 0.022) and peak daytime activity (rho = 0.615, p = 0.044). No significant group differences were found in conventional sleep–wake parameters. Given the exploratory nature of this pilot study, no correction for multiple comparisons was applied, and these findings should be considered hypothesis-generating. Conclusions: This pilot study provides preliminary evidence of circadian rest–activity rhythm disruption in a small and clinically heterogeneous adolescent cohort, with large effect sizes in JME, despite preserved conventional sleep parameters, underscoring the potential value of NPCRA-based actigraphy monitoring in this population and the need for replication in larger cohorts. Full article

Suburban areas increasingly shape contemporary urbanisation, yet public-space dynamics in these environments are weakly represented by conventional urban indicators. This study examines suburban public-space use as a behavioural dimension of urban metabolism, understood here as the observable patterns of human movement, activity, and co-presence occurring within suburban public spaces. It addresses the limited ability of density- or infrastructure-based measures to capture everyday spatial practices in dispersed, car-oriented settings. While urban metabolism research has expanded beyond material and energy flows, empirical evidence linking configurational accessibility with directly observed public-space behaviour in suburban contexts remains limited. To address this gap, we integrate district-scale space syntax analysis with site-scale UAV-based observation across five public spaces in and around Gdańsk, Poland. Based on a dataset comprising 30 standard observation sessions conducted in September and October 2024, spatial syntax indicators (integration and choice) were used to characterise configurational accessibility and support location selection, while UAV monitoring captured traffic intensity, stationary presence, diversity of activities, and temporal rhythms of use. The results reveal distinct behavioural metabolic profiles shaped by interactions between spatial configuration, functional programming, and temporal dynamics. These profiles vary depending on the function of public spaces and dominant modes of movement (pedestrian or vehicular). The study demonstrates that suburban urban metabolism cannot be interpreted through configurational accessibility or residential density alone. By linking space syntax measures with a repeatable UAV observation protocol, the proposed framework supports comparative assessment of suburban public-space performance and informs planning interventions aimed at suburban transformation and improved accessibility. Full article