Search Results (475)

Automated extraction of structured threat information from unstructured cyber threat intelligence (CTI) underpins modern security operations, yet the supporting machine learning resources are almost exclusively English: no annotated Arabic CTI named entity recognition (NER) corpus has been published. We introduce AraCTI-NER, a dataset of 10,312 token-level annotated samples (275,530 tokens; 42,360 entity spans) over eight STIX-inspired entity types, built by an LLM-assisted pipeline seeded with authentic Arabic cybersecurity articles, structurally validated and rebalanced through targeted generation. We benchmark seven encoders from three families (Arabic-specialized, English cybersecurity-adapted, and multilingual) over three seeds under strict entity-level metrics, and release a 408-sentence expert-audited test subset (ATS-gold) whose reliability is quantified by a second independent expert validation (inter-annotator agreement 0.878 entity-level F1). XLM-RoBERTa Large attains the best mean F1 (0.7603; 0.7674 on ATS-gold), with AraBERTv2 close behind (0.7491), while both English-only cybersecurity encoders fall to ≈0.63, a separation that holds across every seed and survives expert correction, with the ≈3-point F1 decrease from ATS-silver to ATS-gold concentrated in Vulnerability and TTP. On 350 doubly annotated sentences from authentic Arabic cyber-incident news, a shift in both provenance and register, the strongest model reaches F1 = 0.5429 against an inter-annotator F1 of 0.616. AraCTI-NER establishes the first reproducible baseline for Arabic CTI NER and identifies domain-adaptive Arabic cybersecurity pre-training as the highest-value next step. Full article

Background: Large yellow tea (LYT), a distinctive variety made from mature leaves, has recently gained attention for its remarkable health benefits. However, whether these benefits can be transmitted from mother to offspring remains unexplored. Purpose: This study investigated whether maternal LYT consumption confers intergenerational protection against metabolic and behavioral disorders induced by perinatal bisphenol A (BPA) exposure in F1 offspring. Methods: A mouse model of perinatal BPA exposure (0.03% in diet) was established with or without maternal LYT supplementation (2.5% in diet). Metabolic parameters were assessed through biochemical assays and gene expression analysis (RT-PCR). Energy expenditure and spontaneous activity were monitored using a Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring System (CLAMS). Hippocampal proteomic profiling was performed using label-free quantitative proteomics. Results: LYT significantly reduced maternal BPA body burden, potentially via limiting absorption, enhancing glucuronidation metabolism, and promoting excretion. Notably, LYT exhibited bidirectional metabolic regulation, alleviating gestational hyperglycemia in dams while restoring hypoglycemia in offspring, and normalizing underweight and hypolipidemia. Mechanistically, the SIRT6 (sirtuin 6)/FOXO1 and SIRT6/SREBP1 pathways may be involved in regulating gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. Concurrently, LYT rectified BPA-induced hyperactivity and reduced excessive energy expenditure. Proteomic analysis revealed that LYT partially restores BPA-induced dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism and glutamatergic/GABAergic synaptic pathways, which may contribute to rebalancing synaptic homeostasis. Conclusions: These findings suggest that maternal LYT supplementation confers intergenerational protection against BPA-induced metabolic and behavioral disorders in mice, potentially acting through enhanced toxin clearance, bidirectional metabolic regulation, behavioral normalization, and partial restoration of hippocampal synaptic homeostasis. This study provides a theoretical basis for developing natural dietary interventions to mitigate developmental toxicant-induced health risks. Full article

Historical geographic information systems (HGIS) have evolved from auxiliary tools for digitizing historical materials and displaying maps into infrastructural research environments that connect multidisciplinary forms of historical spatial knowledge production. Yet infrastructure alone does not fully capture the field’s value-oriented epistemic goals. Building on existing research on HGIS and historical spatial data infrastructures (HSDIs), this integrative literature review proposes Historical Geomatics as an agenda-setting heuristic framework organized around the core question of how HGIS can restructure knowledge production in historical geography. It synthesizes the field’s knowledge traditions, workflows, analytical paradigms, and future directions. First, it clarifies that HGIS function across research traditions as a tool, a method, and an environment that can use HSDIs to organize heterogeneous historical materials. Second, it conceptualizes spatialization as a continuous workflow of spatial element recognition, geographic attribute assignment, standardized modeling, and validation and revision. Standardization and explicit uncertainty representation are treated as prerequisites for research quality, while platform-based and public HGISs extend the lifecycle of historical spatial data. Third, the review groups existing scholarship into four analytical paradigms: spatiotemporal reconstruction; urban morphology and spatial structure; networks, mobility, and social space; and place, landscape, and memory. Finally, it examines how geospatial artificial intelligence (GeoAI) is reshaping HGIS knowledge production and argues that Historical Geomatics may serve as an agenda-setting heuristic for the next stage of HGIS. The principal opportunities lie not in accumulating additional cases, but in strengthening HSDIs, improving multimodal automation, representing uncertainty explicitly, and rebalancing space and place, models and narratives, and technical efficiency and historical context. Full article

This study evaluates waste-derived used motor oil (UMO) as a softening and viscoelastic rebalancing agent for a sustainable asphalt binder incorporating guayule resin and crumb rubber modifier (CRM). ARG75(20):25 contained 75% asphalt rubber (20% CRM by asphalt weight) and 25% guayule resin, replacing 37.5% of asphalt (PG 64-22). CRM reinforced high-temperature performance, whereas the guayule-containing ARG system exhibited intermediate- and low-temperature stiffness, preventing PG 64-22 compliance. UMO at 1%, 3%, and 5% by total binder weight was evaluated using rotational viscosity, dynamic shear rheometer, bending beam rheometer, multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR), black space analysis, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy under original, RTFO, and PAV aging. UMO reduced stiffness while maintaining Superpave rutting thresholds. MSCR showed lower J_nr,3.2 at 1% and 3% UMO, and higher R_3.2 across dosages than base asphalt, despite increased stress sensitivity. Viscosity decreased, indicating improved flow. Continuous grades shifted from PG 73-16 to PG 70-19, PG 66-21.6, and PG 65-23 at 1%, 3%, and 5% UMO, respectively. FTIR showed attenuated PAV carbonyl development with 5% UMO; sulfoxide development remained comparable. The 3% dosage showed the best balance, whereas 5% UMO alone met standard PG 64-22 criteria, establishing binder-level feasibility for mixture- and pavement-level validation. Full article

Background/Objectives: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a liver injury characterized by the dysregulation of immune responses. Current options for AIH have limitations that highlight the urgent need to investigate alternative or adjunct therapeutic strategies for its management. We aimed to explore the protective effects of fasudil against concanavalin A (Con A)-induced AIH in mice. Con A resulted in significant hepatic damage, evidenced by dysregulation in liver function biomarkers, marked inflammatory cell infiltration, and hepatocellular degeneration. Methods: The pretreatment of mice with fasudil (10 and 25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) for 7 days resulted in a significant ameliorative effect on these alterations in a dose-dependent manner. Fasudil treatment was associated with suppression of the RhoA/Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK) pathway and concomitant downregulation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Results: These changes were accompanied by reduced macrophage activation and the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as evidenced by decreased nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon gamma (INF-γ), and interleukin-17A (IL-17A). Moreover, it significantly limited the cluster of differentiation (CD)4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell infiltration, thereby modulating adaptive immune amplification. Conclusions: Accordingly, fasudil restored redox homeostasis and mitigated hepatocellular death by rebalancing apoptotic regulators, normalizing the expression of B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) while reducing the expression of BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX) and caspase-3 activation. Subsequently, fasudil improved liver function profiles and preserved hepatic architecture. Our results demonstrate that fasudil has potent immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects in AIH. Its protective effects are associated with the suppression of RhoA/ROCK and TLR4/NF-κB signaling, supporting further investigation into the contribution of these pathways to the therapeutic actions of fasudil in AIH. Full article

Portfolio optimization is a fundamental problem in financial decision-making, and it is concerned with balancing expected return and investment risk. With the growing emphasis on sustainable investing, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria have been incorporated into portfolio optimization. In practice, ESG-aware portfolio optimization faces parameter ambiguity from market fluctuations, delayed ESG disclosure, and rating disagreement, and the exposure to return uncertainty may depend on portfolio decisions rather than being fully exogenous. Existing studies, however, generally specify uncertainty sets independently of portfolio decisions. To address this limitation, an adjustable robust approach is proposed for ESG-aware portfolio optimization under decision-dependent return uncertainty. A joint polyhedral uncertainty set is constructed to capture the ambiguity in asset returns and ESG scores, where the return bounds depend on first-stage portfolio weights through ESG-related holdings, whereas ESG score uncertainty remains decision-independent. A two-stage robust framework with recourse rebalancing and proportional transaction costs is formulated, with financial loss and ESG performance balanced in the objective and tail risk controlled by a CVaR constraint embedded in a column-and-constraint generation scheme. The resulting minimax problem is solved by a column-and-constraint generation algorithm with a Rockafellar–Uryasev linearization of CVaR over iteratively generated scenarios. Numerical experiments using real stock data are designed to evaluate downside-risk control and portfolio ESG performance relative to deterministic and classical robust benchmarks. Full article

Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection in poultry triggers severe diarrhea and intestinal damage, ultimately disrupting gut function. Alanyl-glutamine (Aln-Gln) dipeptide not only exhibits potent gut-repairing efficacy but also restores barrier integrity and counters E. coli pathology through mucosal healing and immune modulation. In this study, the effects of Aln-Gln on microbiome modulation and intestinal integrity in growing hens challenged with E. coli were evaluated. The 250 healthy, Hy-line brown pullets (42 days old) were randomly divided into 5 experimental groups, each having five replicates of 10 chicks. Five dietary groups include a basal diet without added Aln-Gln and no E. coli challenge (NC), a basal diet without added Aln-Gln and orally administered 2.0 × 10⁴ CFU/mL E. coli suspension (C), a basal diet added 0.1% Aln-Gln and orally administered 2.0 × 10⁴ CFU/mL E. coli suspension (G1), a basal diet added 0.2% Aln-Gln and orally administered 2.0 × 10⁴ CFU/mL E. coli suspension (G2) and a basal diet added 0.3% Aln-Gln and orally administered 2.0 × 10⁴ CFU/mL E. coli suspension (G3). The results showed that dietary supplementation with 0.2% or 0.3% Aln-Gln effectively mitigated the adverse effects of an E. coli challenge, restoring body weight and feed intake to levels comparable to non-challenged controls. Aln-Gln supplementation (0.2–0.3%) reduced diarrhea severity, restored ileal morphology (villus height, crypt depth), improved antioxidant enzyme activity (GSH-Px, SOD), and reduced oxidative markers (MDA) (p < 0.05). Aln-Gln decreased pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, NO) and apoptotic (BAX) responses (p < 0.05) and enhanced barrier integrity. It rebalanced gut microbiota by suppressing pathogenic Clostridium (75% in C vs. 29.9% in G3) and increasing beneficial Lactobacillus in G2/G3 compared with C. These findings demonstrate Aln-Gln as a beneficial dietary additive that restores growth performance and gut integrity; reduces diarrhea severity, inflammation, and apoptosis; and improves antioxidant status as it rebalances gut microbiota. Full article

Accurate short-horizon demand forecasting is essential for efficient bike-sharing rebalancing operations, yet most existing approaches validate on a single city and predict pickup demand only, leaving open questions about generalizability and the joint modeling of departure, arrival, and net supply flows. This paper proposes a CNN-LSTM architecture augmented with two components: a dynamic weather attention gate that conditions model output on forecast-horizon weather conditions and a community graph integration module that diffuses spatial context through a trip-volume-weighted adjacency matrix derived from Leiden community detection. A four-variant ablation study isolates the contribution of each component across two geographically and climatically distinct bike-sharing systems, BIXI Montreal and Capital Bikeshare Washington DC, using 15 min resolution trip data from two consecutive riding seasons. A single-seed evaluation initially suggested that community graph integration consistently reduces pickup prediction error in both cities and that the weather attention gate improves pickup prediction in Washington DC but not Montreal. However, a subsequent multi-seed check (three random seeds) found that these improvements do not hold up as consistently as the single-seed result suggested: The community graph variant outperforms the base CNN-LSTM in only 25–47% of seed-community combinations across the two cities and the weather attention variant in only 27–60%, indicating that small percentage improvements reported from a single training run in this class of model are frequently within the range of ordinary seed-to-seed variations rather than reliable architectural effects. We report this directly as a methodological finding in its own right: Ablation studies at the scale typically reported in this literature, including our own initial single-seed results, may substantially overstate the reliability of small reported improvements. For net supply change, the quantity most directly relevant to rebalancing decisions, all deep learning variants significantly outperform Random Forest in Montreal (paired Wilcoxon $p=0.0005$), a pattern that trends similarly but does not reach significance in Washington DC at the available sample size ($p\approx 0.06$–$0.07$); no significant difference is observed between the base CNN-LSTM and the full proposed model in either city, indicating that the added architectural components do not provide a demonstrable further benefit specifically for this derived, signed target. Taken together with the multi-seed instability observed for pickup prediction, these results caution against over-interpreting small single-seed ablation margins in this modeling setting more broadly and point to multi-seed evaluation as necessary practice for this class of architecture comparison. Full article

Amid growing concerns over climate change and the need for sustainable agriculture, the study investigated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities of MBPH fractions. MBPH was produced via alcalase hydrolysis and fractionated by ultrafiltration into >5, 3–5, 1–3, and <1 kDa fractions. Bioactivity exhibited a clear inverse correlation with molecular weight. The <1 and 1–3 kDa fractions demonstrated their highest antioxidant capabilities through their performance in ORAC and ABTS tests, which produced results of 836.51 ± 11.81 µmol TE/g and 19.36 ± 0.71 µmol TE/g, respectively. Both fractions also demonstrated significant in vitro anti-inflammatory potential, with the <1 kDa fraction showing superior activity by inhibiting LOX activity (76.93 ± 1.53%) and heat-induced albumin denaturation (81.82 ± 2.72%). All fractions were non-cytotoxic, preserving >90% cell viability in RAW 264.7 macrophages at 100 µg/mL. The 1–3 kDa MBPH fraction exhibited distinct context-dependent immunomodulatory activity in RAW 264.7 macrophages. At 3 h, the fraction markedly suppressed Tnf-α and Il-1β expression under LPS stimulation, indicating strong early-stage anti-inflammatory effects. At 6 h, IL-6 secretion further confirmed this dual behavior, with a mild increase under basal conditions (33.15–36.42 pg/mL) and a reduced level under inflammatory conditions (28.25–28.81 pg/mL). This represents an approximate 15–22% lower IL-6 production technology under LPS stimulation compared to basal conditions at equivalent concentrations. The results demonstrate that low-molecular-weight MBPH peptides, particularly the 1–3 kDa fraction, exhibit dual functionality by providing robust antioxidant protection while dynamically rebalancing immune homeostasis, highlighting their immense potential as bioactive ingredients for functional foods of agroindustry. Full article

Background: Severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (SMPP) presents with heterogeneous clinical complications and imaging manifestations, including pleural effusion (PE), bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), and distinct imaging/bronchoscopic phenotypes. The precise systemic immune subpopulation dynamics underlying these distinct phenotypes remain poorly defined. Methods: We conducted flow cytometric profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from pediatric patients to compare mild MPP (MMPP-N) and severe MPP subtypes. SMPP patients were stratified into subgroups including those with BO (SMPP&BO, n = 3), PE (SMPP&PE), and three imaging/bronchoscopic phenotypes: Group A (SMPP-GA, mucous plugs), Group B (SMPP-GB, mucosal necrosis), and Group C (SMPP-GC, diffuse bronchiolitis). Composite immune indices and multi-marker discriminant analysis were constructed for secondary analysis. Results: Comprehensive high-dimensional profiling suggested that a fundamental innate-adaptive immune rebalancing may represent a key pathophysiological axis in severe disease. Patients with PE exhibited massive CD16⁻ monocyte expansion (Delta = 40.0%) coupled with CD8⁺ Teff collapse (Delta = −9.2%). Preliminary data also suggest BO may be marked by CD56⁻CD11C⁺ monocyte depletion (Delta = −23.1%, n = 3), warranting further validation. Imaging subgroup profiling revealed that SMPP-GC featured major B-cell maturation alterations (HLADR⁺CD45RA^high expansion and CD38⁺CD25^low depletion). Composite indices including the Adaptive Exhaustion Score suggested discriminatory power (AUC = 0.90 for PE vs. uncomplicated SMPP). The Innate-Adaptive Ratio increased progressively with severity (Spearman rho = +0.40, p = 0.0002). Conclusions: SMPP is not immunologically uniform. Innate-adaptive rebalancing underlies complication-specific phenotypes: inflammatory monocyte mobilization with adaptive exhaustion is strongly associated with PE, whereas B-cell maturation alterations characterize diffuse bronchiolitis. These findings identify potential biomarker candidates for patient stratification, though small-cohort observations require extensive validation in larger prospective studies. Full article

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a highly prevalent condition associated with pelvic floor damage, fibroblast dysfunction, and impaired extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. This study aimed to investigate the regenerative potential and underlying molecular mechanisms of decidua-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (DMSCs) in a rat model of vaginal distension (VD) and in human suburethral fibroblasts from SUI patients. Adult female rats were subjected to VD and treated with periurethral DMSC injections, followed by functional and transcriptomic analyses, one and six weeks after VD. In parallel, an in vitro co-culture system was used to evaluate the paracrine effects of DMSCs on SUI fibroblasts. DMSC treatment significantly increased leak point pressure (LPP) one week after VD, approaching values observed in control animals (19.8 ± 0.45 vs. 22.3 ± 2.08 mmHg, p = 0.09), while promoting transcriptional changes consistent with tissue repair. Gene expression analyses revealed transient increases in proliferative and inflammatory markers, followed by earlier normalization compared to untreated animals. In vitro, DMSCs reduced p16 expression, increased p21 and Klotho levels, and rebalanced ECM remodeling by decreasing MMP-1 and increasing MMP-2. These findings indicate that DMSCs promote a regenerative microenvironment by modulating senescence and ECM dynamics. Overall, DMSCs may represent a promising disease-modifying strategy for SUI by enhancing tissue repair and functional recovery. Full article

Background: Lung cancer (LC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, often compounded by suboptimal chemotherapy efficacy and systemic toxicity. Emerging evidence implicates the gut microbiota in modulating tumor progression, immune function, and treatment outcomes. Methods: We evaluated Zowell, a novel live bacterial therapeutic (LBT) developed via LiveBiom^® co-fermentation, as an adjunct to cisplatin in a murine LC model harboring humanized microbiota. Mice were assigned to treatment groups: Zowell alone, cisplatin alone, their combination, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as a benchmark. Results: Zowell monotherapy significantly reduced tumor burden, and its combination with cisplatin produced synergistic anti-tumor effects. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed enrichment of beneficial taxa (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Allobaculum) and suppression of contextual genera (Clostridium and Akkermansia). Treatment rebalanced gut ecology, evidenced by a lowered Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and increased alpha diversity. Zowell outperformed FMT in reducing tumor volume and inflammatory indices. Lipidomic profiling of tumor tissues identified elevated levels of immunomodulatory lipid mediators, including resolvins and prostanoids, suggesting remodeling of the tumor microenvironment toward inflammation resolution and immune activation. Conclusions: These findings support Zowell as a precision microbiome therapeutic that potentiates chemotherapy through gut microbial reprogramming and tumor lipid signaling modulation, offering translational promise for enhancing immunotherapeutic response and mitigating chemotherapy-induced toxicity. Full article

Regions dominated by brown industries have long been excluded from conventional green financial systems, reinforcing spatial inequality in green innovation. Under financing constraints, brown firms tend to adopt strategic innovation behaviors—namely, symbolic, intermittent, or displaced innovation. These behaviors create technological lock-in and exacerbate regional disparities. Sustainable finance offers a potential pathway by targeting support to transformable brown firms. Using China’s north–south green innovation divide as a case, we find that sustainable finance policy significantly narrows regional green innovation disparities. Mechanism analysis reveals that the policy differentially suppresses three strategic innovation archetypes. It attenuates symbolic and intermittent innovation through funding conditionality and inter-temporal incentives yet fails to curb displaced innovation where funds are diverted toward non-green projects. Furthermore, patient capital and ESG ratings can synergistically enhance the efficiency of sustainable finance policy. These conclusions offer valuable insights for the advancement of regional rebalancing in green innovation. Full article

Carbon price instability within the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is associated with financial stress that propagates across green finance markets, yet the system-level dynamics linking carbon allowance instruments, clean energy equities, green bonds, and oil volatility remain insufficiently characterized over the turbulent 2021–2026 period. This paper applies the DCC-GARCH $R^2$ decomposed connectedness framework to five exchange-traded funds and one volatility index spanning the principal channels through which EU ETS regulatory shocks propagate to financial markets, and derives a novel Connectedness-Based Hierarchy Index (CBHI) that translates the transmitter–receiver hierarchy into a time-varying portfolio desirability index. Five key findings emerge. First, the carbon allowance futures ETF (KRBN) and the Paris-aligned equity ETF (CARB) form a near-closed systemic bloc within this asset universe: bilateral connectedness reaches $0.867$, with to and from directional connectedness values both approaching 80%. Second, this co-transmitter structure is highly contingent on the joint inclusion of both instruments; excluding CARB raises KRBN’s CBHI from $0.251$ to $22.204$, reclassifying it as a structural diversifier and reducing the mean Total Connectedness Index (TCI) from 52.18% to 30.81%. Third, system-wide connectedness averages 52.18% but surges to nearly 73% during EU ETS regulatory crises. Fourth, connectedness-aware portfolios outperform the minimum-variance benchmark across all risk-adjusted metrics, yielding an annualized Sharpe ratio of $0.148$ vs. $-1.066$ ($T=1035$ observations, daily rebalancing, zero transaction costs); this improvement is driven by reallocation toward crude oil volatility (OVX), the sole non-ETF and most peripheral instrument (to = 5.55%, $\mathrm{CBHI}=14.310$), which the CBHI identifies as the system’s dominant structural diversifier and whose weight rises from 0.4% in the benchmark to 31.6%. Fifth, the CBHI uncovers a structural tension in Paris-aligned mandates: CARB records the second-lowest CBHI ($0.254$), indicating that climate alignment and systemic risk minimization are partially conflicting objectives. Full article

Chronic gastritis (CG) is linked to gut–gastric axis dysbiosis. Wenweishu Capsules (WWS) are clinically used to treat CG, but their concurrent regulatory effects on this axis remain unclear. A CG rat model was established using sodium deoxycholate, ammonia, ethanol, and irregular feeding. Rats received WWS (0.38 g·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹) for 4 weeks. Gastric lesions, inflammation, and gut microbiota were evaluated via histopathology, ELISA, 16S rRNA sequencing, PICRUSt prediction, and correlation analysis. WWS improved general condition, food intake, and weight gain in CG rats, alleviated gastric mucosal damage, and reduced serum TNF-α and IL-6. These effects were associated with altered IκBα expression and NF-κB pathway modulation. WWS reversed gut microbiota dysbiosis, restored α- and β-diversity, increased Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group abundance, and suppressed potential pathogens. Functional prediction showed that WWS upregulated beneficial pathways such as carbohydrate metabolism and downregulated infection-related pathways. Correlation analysis linked TNF-α/IL-6 negatively with the Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group and positively with Bacteroides. WWS ameliorates CG through a multi-dimensional mechanism that may involve modulation of the NF-κB inflammatory axis, rebalancing of gut microbiota structure, and remodeling of microbial metabolic function. These findings provide preliminary evidence for a potential microbe–drug interaction strategy for CG, though causal relationships require further mechanistic validation. Full article