Search Results (1,799)

This study aims to develop eco-efficient ceramic tiles through the valorization of recycled glass (GW; soda–lime glass cullet) as a partial raw material substituent, enabling a reduction in sintering temperature and, consequently, a decrease in thermal energy demand, carbon-equivalent emissions, and the depletion of virgin mineral resources. Ceramic tiles were elaborated by partially substituting natural bentonite with 30–50 wt.% GW and fired at 900 °C and 950 °C. Use of GW promoted liquid-phase sintering, driving significant densification evidenced by a marked reduction in open porosity and water absorption. SEM images confirm a denser, more homogeneous structure with reduced porosity, leading to improved mechanical strength and chemical durability. Compositions containing 30–35 wt.% bentonite exhibit the most optimized microstructure, characterized by well-dispersed crystalline phases embedded within a dense vitreous matrix. These findings demonstrate that high-performance ceramic tiles meeting standard classification thresholds can be manufactured at sub-1000 °C firing temperatures through judicious incorporation of recycled glass waste. This approach offers a viable pathway toward reduced energy consumption, diminished reliance on primary mineral resources, and enhanced circularity within the construction ceramics industry. Full article

This investigation focused on isoniazid (INH)—saccharin (SAC) salts. One hydrate and one anhydrous INH-SAC salt form were synthesized and characterized spectroscopically by Raman and infrared spectroscopy. Solvent (methanol, acetone, acetonitrile)-assisted synthesis in the presence of water, or in water, resulted in production of the monohydrated form of the salt (MH: (INH+H)⁺/(SAC–H)⁻.H₂O). The anhydrous form (A: (INH+H)⁺/(SAC–H)⁻) was obtained using the same synthesis method but in the absence of water or, together with the hydrate, in the presence of traces of water. Differential scanning calorimetry studies revealed that the hydrate can be converted into the anhydrous form of the salt upon heating, with the latter melting at a T_m (onset) of 131.7 ± 0.5 °C. Melting was followed by a reaction between isoniazid and saccharin leading to saccharin ring opening and formation of a new covalent hydrazide–amide derivative, via nucleophilic acyl substitution at the saccharin carbonyl. The newly formed adduct, 2-[2-(pyridine-4-carbonyl)hydrazine-1-carbonyl] benzene-1-sulfonamide, melts at T_m (onset) = 204.4 ± 0.5 °C. The crystal structures of the hydrate and of the anhydrous form were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and the dominant intermolecular interactions in the crystalline INH-SAC salts were evaluated using Hirshfeld surface analysis. To complement the experimental results, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed both on relevant isolated structural units and on the two salts, employing fully periodic DFT methods. Full article

Background: Olfactory dysfunction is a pathology associated with viral infections, toxic damage, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. Damage to the olfactory epithelium impairs olfactory function and related neurological behaviors. This study evaluated the restorative effects of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG) extract and baicalein in a methimazole-induced olfactory dysfunction model. Methods: Olfactory epithelial damage was induced in mice with methimazole, followed by treatment with SBG extract or baicalein. Olfactory and neurobehavioral functions were assessed using odor-finding, novel object recognition (NOR), Morris water maze (MWM), open field (OFT), and elevated plus maze tests (EPM). Histological, immunohistochemical, and in vitro analyses were performed to evaluate epithelial regeneration, mature olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) expressing olfactory marker protein (OMP), and proliferative activity. Results: Methimazole induced severe olfactory epithelial damage, impairing olfactory behavior and reducing learning and memory. Treatment with SBG extract and baicalein significantly improved olfactory and cognitive functions. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed restoration of epithelial structure and olfactory neurons. In vitro, SBG extract increased epithelial cell density and modulated proliferative activity. Conclusions: SBG extract and baicalein promote recovery of olfactory function and improve neurobehavioral outcomes, indicating their potential as therapies for olfactory dysfunction. Full article

Asymmetric SiC membranes with surface pore sizes ranging from 0.12 to 0.31 μm at a constant open porosity of approximately 42% were fabricated by dip-coating SiC support followed by sintering from 1700 to 2000 °C. The effect of membrane structural constants (hydraulic resistance (k₁), pore size exponent (k₂), and shape factor (k₃)) on PWP were evaluated by comparing the symmetric and asymmetric structures. In addition, the experimentally determined values of PWP were quantitatively analyzed by comparing with theoretically predicted values obtained using the Kozeny–Carman (K–C) and Hagen–Poiseuille (H–P) models. Despite having a smaller pore size, the asymmetric membranes exhibited high PWP (1257-3883 LMH) due to decreased flow resistance (low k₁), enhanced pore size effect (high k₂), and improved flow network (high k₃) as compared to symmetric membranes. The hydrophilicity of the prepared membranes improved remarkably, with increasing average surface roughness (102.3 nm to 161.0 nm) due to an increase in pore size, which also caused a decrease in water contact angle (WCA) from approximately 27.44° to 21.67° with increasing sintering temperature (1700–2000 °C). Furthermore, the prepared membrane separation performance was found to be affected by its pore size, and the 1900 °C sintered SiC membrane showed optimal gradient profile and pore structure, demonstrating its practical reusability and scalability for O/W wastewater treatment. Full article

This study evaluates the life cycle assessment (LCA) of Lufenuron 50-EC pesticide adsorption from aqueous solution using oil palm shell (OPS)-derived activated carbon produced through two activation routes: physical and chemical. The assessment covers environmental impacts associated with feedstock collection, transportation, pre-processing, and post-processing stages involved in producing activated carbon for pesticide removal. The cradle-to-grave LCA technique was applied using the ELCD 3.2 Greendelta v2.18 database and processed with OpenLCA v2.4 using CML-IA baseline method to perform the quantitative life cycle impact assessment. The results for treating 1 m³ of contaminated water show that physical activation route (Route 1) generates a higher environmental burden across all evaluated impact categories compared to chemical route (Route 2). Notably, global warming potential (GWP) reached 117.62 kg CO₂ eq for Route 1 compared to 75.86 kg CO₂ eq for Route 2. This represents a 35.5% reduction with the chemical route, suggesting that the high energy demand associated with thermal process in physical activation generates more significant greenhouse gas emissions. Overall, this study helped identify critical performance points and opportunities for improvement in converting the OPS to an activated carbon transformation process and its application in pesticide contamination control. Full article

As the core actuation component of intelligent precision spraying systems, the variable-rate nozzle is essential for achieving on-demand agricultural spraying; improving the use efficiency of water, fertilizers and pesticides; and reducing environmental pollution. This paper systematically reviews the development of agricultural variable-rate nozzles, from early mechanical profiling structures to modern intelligent control technologies based on Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). First, the existing variable-rate nozzles are classified into three major categories: electromagnetic-integrated type, centrifugal type, and variable-diameter type. A comparative analysis is conducted from three dimensions of working principle, performance characteristics and application scenarios, to delineate the respective advantages and limitations of each nozzle category. Second, the paper examines key technological advances in three areas: high-frequency solenoid valves, PWM control, and pressure and flow stabilization. It identifies the nonlinear response of solenoid valves, flow distortion under low duty cycles, and water hammer pressure fluctuation induced by high-speed switching as the three core technical bottlenecks at the current stage. Subsequently, the latest achievements and typical methodologies of variable-rate nozzles in structural design, simulation and experimental analysis are systematically reviewed, and their application performance in scenarios including field crops, orchards, protected agriculture and beyond are summarized. Finally, the remaining open issues in this field are put forward. It is suggested that future research should focus on key breakthroughs in the development of corrosion and wear-resistant high-frequency solenoid valves, the formation mechanism and suppression methods of pressure fluctuation, as well as adaptive algorithms based on machine learning or Model Predictive Control (MPC), to promote the leapfrog development of agricultural variable-rate nozzle technology from single variable control to multi-factor coupling optimization. All references cited in this paper are from articles published after the year 2000. Among them, the literature published in the last decade accounts for 86.6%, and literature published in the last five years accounts for 58.9%. Full article

Heat stress occurs when total environmental and metabolic heat production is greater than an animal’s ability to dissipate that heat. Heat stress negatively impacts feeder cattle performance and welfare. Limited research has been conducted to determine if feeding cattle in the evening, thereby shifting their metabolic heat production to a cooler period of the day, can help mitigate heat stress. This pen-level randomized controlled trial evaluated the effects of evening feeding (PM; feedings at 2000, 2300, and 0200 h; n = 24 pens) versus morning feeding (AM; feedings at 0500, 0800, and 1200 h; n = 24 pens) on terminally sorted steer performance in a commercial feedyard in the Pacific Northwest. Data collection included feed delivery, water consumption, health events, open mouth breathing prevalence, and carcass traits. Linear and generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to determine potential differences between treatment group and temperature-humidity index (THI; <80 versus ≥80). Only 14% of the total study days had a THI ≥ 80, indicating little to no heat stress impacts. There were no differences found between PM and AM for any outcome (p < 0.05). Regardless of treatment group, water consumption tended (p = 0.07) to increase, and open mouth breathing significantly (p < 0.05) increased on days with THI ≥ 80. Further research is warranted to assess evening feeding as a heat stress mitigation strategy in a feedyard setting. Full article

Paralympic water polo requires classification systems that reflect sport-specific functional performance under ecologically valid conditions. This pilot study proposes a task-specific kinematic profiling framework for deriving objective, biomechanically interpretable descriptors of residual motor function. Five male national-level water polo athletes—three with eligible motor impairments and two able-bodied reference participants—performed standardized sport-specific tasks comprising upright floating, vertical propulsion, unilateral passing, non-contested shooting, and contested shooting under physical opposition. Stereoscopic video, OpenPose-based three-dimensional reconstruction, and phase-based analysis were used to extract features and composite indices of postural control, propulsion capacity, upper-limb residual function, and resistance to perturbation. Automatic ball-release detection matched manual frame-level verification in all 128 analyzed ball-related trials. Within the task-specific indices, where higher scores indicate greater functional burden, core values ranged from 0.05–0.15 for upright floating, 0.29–0.68 for combined arm-and-leg vertical propulsion, and 0.040–0.148 for contested shooting across the available subject–side combinations. The profiles showed task- and side-specific differences in stabilization, propulsion, and post-contact motor reorganization. The framework uses pose estimation as a quantitative measurement tool and treats visibility interruptions as functionally meaningful events rather than noise. It is not intended to replace official classification procedures, but to provide transparent and interpretable candidate descriptors for future evidence-based classification research in Paralympic water polo. Full article

4-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA), a synthetic auxin analog, is employed in agriculture both as a plant growth regulator and as a constituent of herbicide formulations. Consequently, the establishment of simple and rapid detection methods is essential for effective environmental monitoring. This study reports the first development of a homogeneous fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) for the determination of 4-CPA. The monoclonal antibody (M1), raised against 4-CPA, was evaluated as a recognition element. Furthermore, two fluorescently labeled 4-CPA tracers—with ethylenediamine fluorescein thiocarbamate and aminohexylaminocarbonylfluorescein—were synthesized and purified, and their structures were unequivocally confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-HRMS). Optimal concentrations of monoclonal antibodies and tracers were established, yielding a limit of detection of 1.2 ng/mL. The assay demonstrated a broad dynamic range of 2.3–300 ng/mL and a rapid analysis time of 15 min. Validation via the standard addition method in authentic open water samples resulted in recovery rates of 98–112%. To address the cross-reactivity with the prevalent herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), two novel strategies were devised and successfully implemented. The first approach involves the concurrent execution of two separate FPIAs—one for 2,4-D and one for 4-CPA—followed by the mathematical resolution of two analyte concentrations from the two measured binding values. The second strategy entails the preliminary selective removal of 2,4-D from sample matrices using affinity chromatography columns with immobilized anti-2,4-D antibodies prior to FPIA for 4-CPA. These proposed methodologies appear highly promising for overcoming the inherent limitations of traditional immunoassays when faced with significant cross-reactivity among structurally analogous compounds. Full article

With the large-scale development of renewable energy such as wind, solar and ocean energy, the demand for energy storage is more urgent. Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) is one of the fundamental solutions to the problem of intermittent supply of renewable energy. The large-capacity/low-head pumped hydro energy storage (LL-PHES) system with the use of tubular pump turbine is a beneficial extension of traditional PHES systems owing to large flow rate and cheaper civil structures. However, the continuous competition between the “static water pressure difference caused by gravity” and the “pressure increase caused by accelerated impeller rotation” leads to prominent instability in the start-up process of the LL-PHES system under pump conditions. An explicit coupling algorithm is proposed for analyzing the transient characteristics in the start-up process of the LL-PHES system under pump conditions. This algorithm is based on the idea of dimensional transformation, and performs 3D flow calculations and 2D rigid body dynamics equation solution in the pump domain and the flap gate domain, respectively. This algorithm avoids the problems of high computational cost and poor convergence that exist in existing fully three-dimensional coupling algorithms and ensures the efficiency of transient hydraulic characteristic calculation. A comprehensive analysis of the transient characteristics of the LL-PHES system during pump start-up process is conducted using the proposed new algorithm. The entire process of the increase in rotational speed, valve opening, flow rate, and the continuous evolution of blade surface pressure during the start-up process is quantitatively described. The amplitude and spectral characteristics of the alternating pressure on multiple blades are clarified. The evolution law of blade load during the stage of severe pressure fluctuations during the start-up process is explained. The load distribution characteristics of “high in the leading and trailing edge areas and low in the middle” in the blade stream direction is presented. The research results have a direct guiding role in improving the hydraulic design and enhancing the operational stability of LL-PHES systems. Full article

Large-scale drinking water treatment plants contribute to environmental burdens through energy consumption, chemical use, and sludge generation. However, Life Cycle Assessment applications to full-scale drinking water treatment plants remain limited in Morocco and other Global South contexts, where site-specific operational data are often scarce. This study assesses the environmental performance of an existing conventional drinking water treatment plant in Al-Hoceima, northern Morocco, using full-scale operational data and a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach based on the ISO 14040/14044 framework. The assessment was performed using OpenLCA v1.11 and the ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (H) method, with a functional unit of 1 m³ of treated drinking water. The results show that the operational phase dominates the environmental impacts, mainly due to sludge generation and electricity consumption. Two improvement scenarios were therefore evaluated: sludge recycling and the integration of a hydroelectric turbine as an on-site renewable energy option. Both scenarios showed potential to reduce environmental impacts while improving resource efficiency and long-term economic performance. By integrating environmental and techno-economic analyses, this study provides a practical decision-support framework for the sustainable transformation of conventional drinking water treatment plants in Morocco and comparable developing regions. Full article

Frequent seasonal phase transitions in cold and arid lakes require different remote sensing indices for frozen and open-water periods, complicating the use of traditional empirical indices for automated monitoring. To address this challenge, this study proposes an intelligent indexing framework integrating the heuristic reasoning of Large Language Models (LLMs) with Random Forest (RF) feature selection. Leveraging the Google Earth Engine (GEE) and Landsat 8 data from Ulansuhai Lake, five LLMs such as Gemini and ERNIE were employed to generate candidate spectral indices based on typical sample spectra. Optimal band combinations were identified via RF importance, and Land Surface Temperature (LST) was incorporated as a physical constraint for unified cross-seasonal classification and determine the optimal threshold. Results show that the LLM-derived ERNIE-WISI and Gemini-WISI exhibit high robustness. During the freezing period, ERNIE-WISI significantly outperformed other indices, achieving an Overall Accuracy (OA) of 89% and a Kappa of 0.86. Spatially, it yielded snow and ice mapping with clear textures and low commission errors. During the non-freezing period, ERNIE-WISI achieved an OA of 95% with a Kappa of 0.84. While Gemini-WISI achieved an OA of 94% with a Kappa of 0.80, performing comparably to MNDWI. Notably, ERNIE-WISI effectively suppressed background interference in complex landscapes like narrow channels and aquaculture areas, maintaining high geometric fidelity and spatial continuity. A key advantage of ERNIE-WISI is its consistent performance without seasonal threshold adjustments. Aligned with the AI for Science paradigm, this methodology bridges AI-driven heuristic discovery and physical remote sensing, offering a robust, transferable solution for long-term dynamic lake monitoring in extreme environments, thereby facilitating sustainable water management. Full article

In response to the conflicting issues faced by tugboats under different operating conditions, where they simultaneously require “high thrust” while aiming for “low fuel consumption and low thermal load operation”, this paper focuses on the tugboat main engine propulsion system. A multi-objective optimization-based fuel-saving control strategy is proposed. The engine speed and cooling water valve opening are used as control variables, and three performance indicators—the thrust output, fuel consumption rate, and diesel engine operating temperature—are considered comprehensively. A multi-objective optimization mathematical model is established, incorporating the tugboat’s main engine thrust model, fuel consumption model, and engine temperature model. An improved multi-objective genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is introduced to solve the tugboat fuel consumption optimization problem. Through case analysis, the Pareto optimal solution set for the tugboat’s operating conditions is obtained, revealing the trade-off relationships between the thrust, fuel consumption, and temperature under different control variable combinations. The results indicate that this method provides effective control strategy references for tugboat operation under high thrust, fuel-saving, and balanced economic conditions. It has a certain engineering application value for improving the economic efficiency and the safety of tugboats. Full article

Hypothyroidism is associated with metabolic, neurobehavioral, and reproductive alterations that may involve neuroendocrine regulatory peptides. Spexin, a neuropeptide implicated in energy homeostasis, has recently attracted attention for its possible role in thyroid and reproductive axis regulation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of spexin on neurobehavioral responses and the tissue-specific expression of irisin and KISS-1 in the cerebral cortex and testis under hypothyroid conditions. Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control, Hypothyroid (methimazole, 0.03% in drinking water for 35 days), Hypothyroid + Spexin (methimazole plus spexin, 25 µg/kg, intraperitoneally), and Spexin (25 µg/kg, intraperitoneally). Behavioral assessments were performed using the Open Field Test and Forced Swim Test. Serum thyroid hormone levels were analyzed, and brain and testis tissues were evaluated immunohistochemically for irisin and KISS-1 expression. Hypothyroid rats showed increased thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, decreased thyroxine concentrations. Spexin administration significantly reduced TSH levels and increased T4 concentrations. Spexin treatment reduced thigmotaxis compared to controls. No significant differences were found among groups in overall locomotor activity, time spent in the central zone, or FST parameters. Immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated reduced irisin and KISS-1 expression in hypothyroid rats, which was restored following spexin treatment. In conclusion, spexin exerted TSH-suppressive and T4-enhancing effects in experimental hypothyroidism. Its effects on irisin and KISS-1 expression suggest potential involvement in neuroendocrine and reproductive axis regulation. Full article

Ambient-temperature asphalt binders have emerged as a sustainable alternative to traditional hot-mix asphalt, offering significant advantages in energy conservation and emission reduction. This review systematically examines the research progress and development trends of high-performance reactive asphalt binders designed for ambient-temperature application, which achieve enhanced performance through chemical cross-linking reactions. The study focuses on three core material systems: epoxy resin, waterborne epoxy emulsified asphalt, and polyurethane. For each system, we comprehensively summarize the material composition, strength formation mechanisms, and mix design methodologies. Key evaluation methods for critical pavement performance—including strength characteristics, water stability, and high-temperature performance—are critically reviewed. Furthermore, microscopic characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are discussed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms governing performance evolution. Analysis reveals that epoxy-based binders exhibit superior strength and stiffness, rendering them suitable for heavy-traffic pavements; waterborne epoxy emulsified asphalt binders combine environmental compatibility with construction convenience for thin-layer rehabilitation, while polyurethane-based binders demonstrate exceptional elasticity and rapid curing characteristics for quick-traffic-opening scenarios. Although current research has established a preliminary performance evaluation framework, the absence of unified technical standards constrains widespread engineering implementation. Future research priorities should focus on developing water-triggered curing systems, intelligent responsive materials, and comprehensive standardization systems to fully harness the engineering potential of these sustainable binders. Full article