Search Results (36)

We investigate formal deformations of certain classes of nonassociative algebras including classes of $\mathbb{K}\left[{\Sigma }_3\right]$-associative algebras, Lie-admissible algebras and anti-associative algebras. In a process which is similar to Poisson algebra for the associative case, we identify for each type of algebras $(A,\mu )$ a type of algebras $(A,\mu ,\psi )$ such that formal deformations of $(A,\mu )$ appear as quantizations of $(A,\mu ,\psi )$. The process of polarization/depolarization associates to each nonassociative algebra a couple of algebras which products are respectively commutative and skew-symmetric and it is linked with the algebra obtained from the formal deformation. The anti-associative case is developed with a link with the Jacobi–Jordan algebras. Full article

As new kinds of aggregation functions, overlap functions and semi overlap functions are widely applied to information fusion, approximation reasoning, data classification, decision science, etc. This paper extends the semi-overlap function on [0, 1] to the function on complete lattices and investigates the residual implication derived from it; then it explores the construction of a semi-overlap function on complete lattices and some fundamental properties. Especially, this paper introduces a more generalized concept of the ‘semi-Θ-Ξ function’, which innovatively unifies the semi-overlap function and semi-grouping function. Additionally, it provides methods for constructing and characterizing the semi-Θ-Ξ function. Furthermore, this paper characterizes the semi-overlap function on complete lattices and the semi-Θ-Ξ function on [0, 1] from an algebraic point of view and proves that the algebraic structures corresponding to the inflationary semi-overlap function, the inflationary semi-Θ-Ξ function, and residual implications derived by each of them are inflationary MTL algebras. This paper further discusses the properties of inflationary MTL algebra and its relationship with non-associative MTL algebra, and it explores the connections between some related algebraic structures. Full article

In the Standard Model, ad hoc hypotheses assume the existence of three generations of point-like leptons and quarks, which possess a point-like structure and follow the Dirac equation involving four anti-commutative matrices. In this work, we consider the sedenion hypercomplex algebra as an extension of the Standard Model and show its close link to SU(5), which is the underlying symmetry group for the grand unification theory (GUT). We first consider the direct-product quaternion model and the eight-element octonion algebra model. We show that neither the associative quaternion model nor the non-associative octonion model could generate three fermion generations. Instead, we show that the sedenion model, which contains three octonion sub-algebras, leads naturally to precisely three fermion generations. Moreover, we demonstrate the use of basis sedenion operators to construct twenty-four 5 × 5 generalized lambda matrices representing SU(5) generators, in analogy to the use of octonion basis operators to generate Gell-Mann’s eight 3 × 3 lambda-matrix generators for SU(3). Thus, we provide a link between the sedenion algebra and Georgi and Glashow’s SU(5) GUT model that unifies the electroweak and strong interactions for the Standard Model’s elementary particles, which obey SU(3)$\otimes$SU(2)$\otimes$U(1) symmetry. Full article

Let F be a field of characteristic, not 2 or 3. The first Tits construction is a well-known tripling process to construct separable cubic Jordan algebras, especially Albert algebras. We generalize the first Tits construction by choosing the scalar employed in the tripling process outside of the base field. This yields a new family of non-associative unital algebras which carry a cubic map, and maps that can be viewed as generalized adjoint and generalized trace maps. These maps display properties often similar to the ones in the classical setup. In particular, the cubic norm map permits some kind of weak Jordan composition law. Full article

In algebra, the sedenions, an extension of the octonion system, form a 16-dimensional noncommutative and nonassociative algebra over the real numbers. It can be expressed as two octonions, and a function and differential operator can be defined to treat the sedenion, expressed as two octonions, as a variable. By configuring elements using the structure of complex numbers, the characteristics of octonions, the stage before expansion, can be utilized. The basis of a sedenion can be simplified and used for calculations. We propose a corresponding Cauchy–Riemann equation by defining a regular function for two octonions with a complex structure. Based on this, the integration theorem of regular functions with a sedenion of the complex structure is given. The relationship between regular functions and holomorphy is presented, presenting the basis of function theory for a sedenion of the complex structure. Full article

Very recently, a different generalization of real-valued neural networks (RVNNs) to multidimensional domains beside the complex-valued neural networks (CVNNs), quaternion-valued neural networks (QVNNs), and Clifford-valued neural networks (ClVNNs) has appeared, namely octonion-valued neural networks (OVNNs), which are not a subset of ClVNNs. They are defined on the octonion algebra, which is an 8D algebra over the reals, and is also the only other normed division algebra that can be defined over the reals beside the complex and quaternion algebras. On the other hand, fractional-order neural networks (FONNs) have also been very intensively researched in the recent past. Thus, the present work combines FONNs and OVNNs and puts forward a fractional-order octonion-valued neural network (FOOVNN) with neutral-type, time-varying, and distributed delays, a very general model not yet discussed in the literature, to our awareness. Sufficient criteria expressed as linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) and algebraic inequalities are deduced, which ensure the asymptotic and Mittag–Leffler synchronization properties of the proposed model by decomposing the OVNN system of equations into a real-valued one, in order to avoid the non-associativity problem of the octonion algebra. To accomplish synchronization, we use two different state feedback controllers, two different types of Lyapunov-like functionals in conjunction with two Halanay-type lemmas for FONNs, the free-weighting matrix method, a classical lemma, and Young’s inequality. The four theorems presented in the paper are each illustrated by a numerical example. Full article

Residuated basic logic ($\mathsf{RBL}$) is the logic of residuated basic algebras, which constitutes a conservative extension of basic propositional logic ($\mathsf{BPL}$). The basic implication is a residual of a non-associative binary operator in $\mathsf{RBL}$. The conservativity is shown by relational semantics. A Gentzen-style sequent calculus $\mathsf{GRBL}$, which is an extension of the distributive full non-associative Lambek calculus, is established for residuated basic logic. The calculus $\mathsf{GRBL}$ admits the mix-elimination, subformula, and disjunction properties. Moreover, the class of all residuated basic algebras has the finite embeddability property. The consequence relation of $\mathsf{GRBL}$ is decidable. Full article

This article establishes a connection between nonlinear DEs and linear PDEs on the one hand, and non-associative algebra structures on the other. Such a connection simplifies the formulation of many results of DEs and the methods of their solution. The main link between these theories is the nonlinear spectral theory developed for algebra and homogeneous differential equations. A nonlinear spectral method is used to prove the existence of an algebraic first integral, interpretations of various phase zones, and the separatrices construction for ODEs. In algebra, the same methods exploit subalgebra construction and explain fusion rules. In conclusion, perturbation methods may also be interpreted for near-Jordan algebra construction. Full article

The review is devoted to nonassociative algebras, rings and modules over them. The main actual and recent trends in this area are described. Works are reviewed on radicals in nonassociative rings, nonassociative algebras related with skew polynomials, commutative nonassociative algebras and their modules, nonassociative cyclic algebras, rings obtained as nonassociative cyclic extensions, nonassociative Ore extensions of hom-associative algebras and modules over them, and von Neumann finiteness for nonassociative algebras. Furthermore, there are outlined nonassociative algebras and rings and modules over them related to harmonic analysis on nonlocally compact groups, nonassociative algebras with conjugation, representations and closures of nonassociative algebras, and nonassociative algebras and modules over them with metagroup relations. Moreover, classes of Akivis, Sabinin, Malcev, Bol, generalized Cayley–Dickson, and Zinbiel-type algebras are provided. Sources also are reviewed on near to associative nonassociative algebras and modules over them. Then, there are the considered applications of nonassociative algebras and modules over them in cryptography and coding, and applications of modules over nonassociative algebras in geometry and physics. Their interactions are discussed with more classical nonassociative algebras, such as of the Lie, Jordan, Hurwitz and alternative types. Full article

The Kronecker algebra $\mathcal{K}$ is the path algebra induced by the quiver with two parallel arrows, one source and one sink (i.e., a quiver with two vertices and two arrows going in the same direction). Modules over $\mathcal{K}$ are said to be Kronecker modules. The classification of these modules can be obtained by solving a well-known tame matrix problem. Such a classification deals with solving systems of differential equations of the form $Ax=B{x}^{\prime }$, where A and B are $m\times n$, $\mathbb{F}$-matrices with $\mathbb{F}$ an algebraically closed field. On the other hand, researching the Yang–Baxter equation (YBE) is a topic of great interest in several science fields. It has allowed advances in physics, knot theory, quantum computing, cryptography, quantum groups, non-associative algebras, Hopf algebras, etc. It is worth noting that giving a complete classification of the YBE solutions is still an open problem. This paper proves that some indecomposable modules over $\mathcal{K}$ called pre-injective Kronecker modules give rise to some algebraic structures called skew braces which allow the solutions of the YBE. Since preprojective Kronecker modules categorize some integer sequences via some appropriated snake graphs, we prove that such modules are automatic and that they induce the automatic sequences of continued fractions. Full article

As an extension of interval-valued pseudo t-norms, interval-valued pseudo-overlap functions (IPOFs) play a vital role in solving interval-valued multi-attribute decision making problems. However, their corresponding interval-valued algebraic structure has not been studied yet. On the other hand, with the development of non-commutative (non-associative) fuzzy logic, the study of residuated lattice theory is gradually deepening. Due to the conditions of operators being weakened, the algebraic structures are gradually expanding. Therefore, on the basis of interval-valued residuated lattice theory, we generalize and research the related contents of interval-valued general, residuated, lattice-ordered groupoids. In this paper, the concept of interval-valued, general, residuated, lattice-ordered groupoids is given, and some examples are presented to illustrate the relevance of IPOFs to them. Then, in order to further study them, we propose the notions of expanded, interval-valued, general, residuated lattice-ordered groupoids and expanded triangle algebras, and explain that there is one-to-one correspondence between them through a specific proposition. Some of their properties are also analyzed. Lastly, we show the definitions of the filters on the expanded triangle algebras, and investigate the congruence and quotient structure through them. Full article

Intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFS), Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFS), and q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets (q-ROFS) are among those concepts which are widely used in real-world applications. However, these theories have their own limitations in terms of membership and non-membership functions, as they cannot be obtained from the whole unit plane. To overcome these restrictions, we developed the concept of a complex linear Diophantine fuzzy set (CLDFS) by generalizing the notion of a linear Diophantine fuzzy set (LDFS). This concept can be applied to real-world decision-making problems involving complex uncertain information. The main motivation behind this paper is to study the applications of CLDFS in a non-associative algebraic structure (AG-groupoid), which has received less attention as compared to associative structures. We characterize a strongly regular AG-groupoid in terms of newly developed CLDF-score left (right) ideals and CLDF-score $(0,2)$-ideals. Finally, we construct a novel approach to decision-making problems based on the proposed CLDF-score ideals, and some practical examples from civil engineering are considered to demonstrate the flexibility and clarity of the initiated CLDF-score ideals. Full article

Usually, it is supposed that irreversibility of time appears only in macrophysics. Here, we attempt to introduce the microphysical arrow of time assuming that at a fundamental level nature could be non-associative. Obtaining numerical results of a measurement, which requires at least three ingredients: object, device and observer, in the non-associative case depends on ordering of operations and is ambiguous. We show that use of octonions as a fundamental algebra, in any measurement, leads to generation of unavoidable 18.6 bit relative entropy of the probability density functions of the active and passive transformations, which correspond to the groups G2 and SO(7), respectively. This algebraical entropy can be used to determine the arrow of time, analogically as thermodynamic entropy does. Full article

After the research on naBL-algebras gained by the non-associative t-norms and overlap functions, inflationary BL-algebras were also studied as a recent kind of non-associative generalization of BL-algebras, which can be obtained by general overlap functions. In this paper, we show that not every inflationary general overlap function can induce an inflationary BL-algebra by a counterexample and thus propose the new concept of weak inflationary BL-algebras. We prove that each inflationary general overlap function corresponds to a weak inflationary BL-algebra; therefore, two mistaken results in the previous paper are revised. In addition, some properties satisfied by weak inflationary BL-algebras are discussed, and the relationships among some non-classical logic algebras are analyzed. Finally, we establish the theory of filters and quotient algebras of inflationary general residuated lattice (IGRL) and inflationary pseudo-general residuated lattice (IPGRL), and characterize the properties of some kinds of IGRLs and IPGRLs by naBL-filters, (weak) inflationary BL-filters, and weak inflationary pseudo-BL-filters. Full article

We show that the classical result on the stability of the origin in a quadratic planar system of ODEs can be formulated using either matrix theory or via its associated real and complex Marcus algebra. A generalization to a three-dimensional case is considered and some counterexamples provided. Full article