Search Results (30,415)

Aiming at limited measured HRRP samples of non-cooperative targets and severe distribution discrepancy between simulated and real echoes, this paper proposes CROF-Net, a robust cross-domain few-shot recognition framework for complex electromagnetic environments. It first corrects simulated data distribution via low-order moment matching and enhances few-shot measured samples for domain consistency. A 1D-Conformer backbone embedded with instance normalization and scattering-peak-aware modules extracts robust local and global features from distorted HRRP signals. A reliability-aware prototype calibration module achieves fine-grained class-level alignment. To handle attitude-induced intra-class multimodal distribution, we design an orthogonal-constrained sub-center ArcFace metric space to broaden classification boundaries and relieve negative transfer and catastrophic forgetting. Evaluated on SAMPLE and MTDSP datasets, CROF-Net achieves higher accuracy and stronger anti-interference capability than existing methods, presenting great research value and engineering application prospects. Full article

Lung cancer is currently the most frequently diagnosed malignancy worldwide, accounting for approximately 12.4% of all cancers and, despite major advances in molecularly targeted therapies and immunotherapy, represents the leading cause of cancer-related mortality, In recent years, antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy, combining the specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the potent cytotoxic activity of highly active payloads to selectively target tumor cells while limiting systemic toxicity. This narrative review summarizes the current role of ADCs in lung cancer, with particular focus on their structural components, mechanisms of action, and the biological features that determine treatment efficacy. We discuss the rationale for targeting established and emerging antigens in non-small cell and small cell lung cancer, including HER2, TROP2, c-MET, HER3, CEACAM5, DLL3, and other promising targets currently under clinical investigation. The principal mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance are also reviewed, including antigen modulation, altered intracellular trafficking, lysosomal dysfunction, drug efflux, tumor microenvironment-mediated immune suppression, and intratumor heterogeneity. In addition, we provide an overview of the safety profile of ADCs, highlighting the most clinically relevant adverse events and their underlying biological mechanisms. We also examine the evolving landscape of predictive biomarkers beyond antigen expression, including genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and liquid biopsy-based approaches, together with emerging spatial and single-cell technologies that may improve patient selection. Finally, we discuss future directions in the field, including novel payloads, next-generation linker technologies, bispecific ADCs, combination strategies, and personalized ADC development. Overall, ADCs are rapidly reshaping the therapeutic landscape of lung cancer. Continued optimization of drug design, biomarker-driven patient selection, and a deeper understanding of resistance mechanisms will be essential to fully realize their clinical potential. Full article

Dry eye disease (DED) exposes the ocular surface to persistent hyperosmolar, oxidative, metabolic, and inflammatory stress that may increase susceptibility to ferroptosis. Whether autophagy promotes or limits ferroptotic injury in DED remains unresolved. This review critically evaluates evidence from corneal and conjunctival epithelia, lacrimal glands, and meibomian glands, using non-ocular models only to interpret mechanisms not yet resolved in ocular tissues. We propose a threshold-balance framework in which autophagy has context-dependent effects. Ferritinophagy, lipophagy, and impaired autophagic flux can expand the labile iron pool, mobilize peroxidizable lipids, and promote lipid peroxidation. Conversely, intact autophagic–lysosomal flux and mitophagy can remove damaged cargo, limit mitochondrial oxidative stress, and preserve membrane antioxidant defenses. The balance between these processes may determine whether stressed ocular-surface cells adapt or progress toward ferroptotic injury, with consequences for epithelial barrier integrity, tear-film homeostasis, glandular secretion, and inflammation. Studies combining autophagy-related pathway perturbation with ferroptosis-related outcomes are concentrated in ocular-surface epithelial models, whereas this relationship has been less directly examined in lacrimal and meibomian tissues. Establishing causality will require flux-aware measurements, targeted pathway perturbation, tissue-resolved models, and functional validation in human samples. Such studies should clarify when and where autophagy–ferroptosis crosstalk is therapeutically actionable in DED. Full article

The strict requirement for a canonical TTTV protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) restricts target-site selection in clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 12a (CRISPR/Cas12a)-based diagnostics and limits the flexibility of assay design. Whether suboptimal PAMs can be effectively incorporated into one-pot detection systems for Clostridium perfringens has not been systematically examined. Here, we developed two one-pot recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)–CRISPR/Cas12a assays targeting the plc and cpe toxin genes of C. perfringens and systematically evaluated 28 crRNAs spanning canonical (TTTV) and suboptimal (VTTV, TCTV) PAMs in both trans-cleavage and one-pot formats. Several suboptimal-PAM crRNAs, including crRNA 4 for plc (PAM: GTTG) and crRNA 7 for cpe (PAM: CTTA), maintained efficient detection in the one-pot system, whereas crRNA performance between the two formats was not predictable, underscoring the need for direct one-pot screening. The optimized assays achieved limits of detection of 50 copies (plc) and 10 copies (cpe), showed no cross-reactivity against four non-target bacterial species. The plc assay was successfully validated in pork, chicken, and beef samples spiked with C. perfringens, with results readable within 40 min using a simple isothermal device and naked-eye readout. The cpe assay was confirmed as a proof-of-concept at the genomic DNA level. These results demonstrate that suboptimal PAMs can serve as a deliberate design strategy to expand target accessibility in one-pot CRISPR/Cas12a diagnostics. Full article

Phytol, an acyclic diterpene alcohol and a key lipophilic side-chain moiety of chlorophyll, is widely distributed in nature. It exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and broad-spectrum antibacterial activities. Notably, phytol can also effectively inhibit melanin production, repair the skin barrier, and exert profound anti-aging effects, making it a highly promising ingredient for daily skincare with substantial industrial application value. The skincare benefits of phytol are primarily achieved by constructing a multi-dimensional regulatory network involving defense, modulation and repair. Compared to conventional retinol-based skincare ingredients, phytol exhibits superior biocompatibility, mild irritation, and remarkable safety advantages. Nevertheless, its application is hindered by inherent limitations, including strong hydrophobicity, spontaneous aggregation tendency, and poor photothermal stability. These drawbacks severely restrict its dispersibility, storage stability and percutaneous bioavailability in aqueous cosmetic formulations. To address these deficiencies, nanodrug delivery systems (NDDS), such as liposomes, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles and PLGA nanoparticles, have been widely employed. These nanocarriers can penetrate the skin barrier via the size effect, enabling targeted skin delivery and long-term controlled release of phytol. This review systematically summarizes the biological sources and metabolic fate of phytol, as well as its multi-mechanistic pharmacological effects on the skin. Furthermore, we outline the current application status and industrial development trends of phytol in mainstream cosmetics worldwide. This work aims to provide theoretical basis and forward-looking references for the development of high-efficiency, safe and stable phytol-derived skincare raw materials and topical formulations. Highlights: (1) Phytol, a natural acyclic diterpene alcohol, exerts multi-dimensional skincare effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, whitening, anti-aging, and skin barrier repair activities via a defense–modulation–repair regulatory network. (2) Phytol may act as a mild, non-irritating functional alternative to retinoids, targeting PPAR/RXR pathways and avoiding TRPV1-mediated irritation, making it suitable for sensitive skin. (3) Poor water solubility and instability hinder phytol’s translation; nanodelivery systems effectively improve solubility, permeability, and sustained release. Full article

Machine-to-machine and Internet of Things endpoints operate in physically accessible environments, motivating decapsulation-path hardening against an adversary with full code access. We present PQ-WB-KEM, a feasibility study that is, to our knowledge, the first systematic exploration of the table-based white-box design space for a NIST-standardized lattice key-encapsulation mechanism (ML-KEM-768, FIPS 203); prior white-box post-quantum work targets hash-based SPHINCS+ and multivariate hidden field equations (HFE; 256 GB), while the only earlier lattice-based white-box is custom and non-standardized. Because the base multiply runs in the number-theoretic transform (NTT) domain, where the secret operand $\widehat{s}=\mathrm{NTT}\left(s\right)$ is full-range over ${\mathbb{Z}}_q$, coefficient smallness does not shrink the tables. We map the design space with two verified lookup-only constructions: a shared full multiply table (Construction A, a measured 22.16 MB base, 25.57 MB core) and per-component tables with the secret baked in (Construction B, 7.67 MB base, 11.08 MB core), with the base tables being about 11,600× (A) and 33,400× (B) smaller than the 2022 256 GB HFE white box. Three-share arithmetic masking drives the measured first-order differential computation analysis (DCA) correlation to near the noise floor (${\rho }_{\max }=0.011$, versus $0.85$ unmasked). The projected deployment overhead is ≈47×, anchored on the native-C protected primitive measured with its mask-generation random number generator (RNG) randomness included ($4.30\times$, times an ≈11× embedded cache factor); the RNG-excluded harness yields the $17\times$ lower bound. We delimit scope honestly: against the full white-box adversary this construction does not achieve key confidentiality because the base multiply forms the clear product coordinates $p_0,p_1$ before masking and these yield linear equations for the secret; every positive result holds only against strictly weaker adversaries, and the work maps the lattice white-box design space rather than delivering a fully white-box key-encapsulation mechanism. Full article

Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) needs point-like reference targets for co-registration, calibration, and absolute geolocation, but real corner reflectors (CRs) exist only at a few dedicated sites. We present a detection and three-dimensional (3D) positioning pipeline for naturally occurring corner-reflector-like (pseudo-CR) scatterers in KOMPSAT-5 stacks, combining constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detection ranked by local contrast rather than absolute power, a multi-scale template bank, multi-look range-Doppler bundle triangulation, and a per-target conditioning diagnostic vector. At the nine-CR Mongolia calibration field, all nine are recovered, with a mean horizontal error of 1.37 m and a mean 3D error of 2.01 m. At a CR-absent suburban site in Suncheon, Republic of Korea, 18 scenes yield 39,822 clusters, 26,659 of which pass the conditioning gate. Over 16 response-enriched poles retained by author adjudication, the difference to the nearest conditioning-filtered cluster averages 3.19 m horizontally and 1.45 m vertically relative to the surveyed pole base. Because part of that set was selected after inspecting preliminary responses, these are conditional nearest-cluster agreements, not verified target accuracies, and no detection probability is claimed. In an exploratory comparison on the same set, contrast ranking retains more evaluation targets than power ranking at equal budgets, 16 against 9 of 16. Removing robust weighting and pruning degrades the mean Mongolia 3D error to 7.39 m; the DEM prior is non-critical, whereas the clustering radius is consequential in the dense pole field, with the count within 20 m falling from 16 to 9 as the radius grows from 15 m to 30 m. In a leave-scene-out check, 85.8% of 254 evaluable clusters persist in a scene excluded from their solutions, against 35.2% of 270 evaluable random positions: a complete-case enrichment of 78%, or 53–82% under cross-arm worst-case imputation of the unevaluable targets; neither estimate measures catalogue precision. Limited KOMPSAT-5 stacks can therefore yield few-metre nearest-cluster agreement at selected pole locations where stable multi-scene responses form. Full article

Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (eCRSwNP) is characterized by type 2 inflammation, including M2 macrophage infiltration. Baicalein is a flavonoid with anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of baicalein in a papain-induced eosinophilic rhinosinusitis model and to determine whether it acts through arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15)-dependent M2 macrophage function. Clinical nasal samples from controls, non-eosinophilic CRSwNP (neCRSwNP), and eCRSwNP were analyzed for ALOX15 expression and localization. THP-1 cells were differentiated and polarized toward M2 macrophages, and the effects of baicalein on ALOX15 expression, lipid peroxidation, cytokine secretion, and transcriptomic profile were examined. The ALOX15 inhibitor PD146176 was used for target validation. A murine eosinophilic rhinosinusitis model was established by intranasal papain instillation, followed by baicalein treatment. Mucosal inflammation, IgE levels, proteoglycan 2 (PRG2)/ALOX15 expression, and immune cell infiltration were evaluated. ALOX15 was upregulated in eCRSwNP tissues and localized to CD68⁺CD206⁺ M2 macrophages. In vitro, M2 polarization increased ALOX15 expression and lipid peroxidation. Baicalein suppressed ALOX15 expression, lipid peroxidation, and the secretion of CCL22, CCL2, CXCL12, FGF-2, and IL-15. PD146176 produced similar effects, and baicalein showed no additional effect after ALOX15 blockade. RNA sequencing revealed transcriptional remodeling in M2 macrophages after baicalein treatment. In vivo, papain increased ethmoid sinus mucosal thickening, serum IgE, PRG2/ALOX15 positive cells, and infiltration of CD45⁺ immune cells, CD170⁺ eosinophils, F4/80⁺ macrophages, and B220⁺ B cells. Baicalein significantly alleviated all these pathological changes. In conclusion, baicalein attenuates papain-induced eCRSwNP-like inflammation by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and ALOX15-associated M2 macrophage secretory function. The ALOX15/M2 macrophage axis may represent a potential therapeutic target for eCRSwNP. Full article

Background and Clinical Significance: Developmental dyslexia is diagnosed through behavioral neuropsychological and language assessment, which depends on the child’s attention, motivation, and cooperation during testing. Auditory-evoked potentials provide objective, non-behavioral indices of neural encoding along the auditory pathway, but they are usually examined in group-level designs and in separate cohorts, so that intra-familial variability, and the level of the pathway at which atypical encoding emerges, remain poorly described. Characterizing siblings who share genetic background, family environment and schooling, using a single protocol that spans the brainstem, subcortical and cortical levels, is therefore clinically informative. Case Presentation: Two non-twin brothers (aged 13 and 11) with a clinical diagnosis of familial dyslexia and normal peripheral hearing underwent independent neuropsychological, speech–language and electrophysiological evaluations, comprising the click auditory brainstem response (ABR), the frequency-following response (FFR) to /da/ (80 dB SPL) in quiet and in ipsilateral and contralateral noise (masker 70 dB SPL; SNR ≈ +10 dB), and the P300 cognitive potential (auditory oddball). Click-ABR latencies and interpeak intervals were normal in both siblings, with an isolated, age-inappropriate V/I amplitude-ratio reduction in one. The FFR showed a condition-dependent, sibling-specific pattern of degradation, ipsilateral in one brother and contralateral in the other, with selective F0 collapse. The P300 was altered in both, with prolonged or absent components and low target-detection accuracy. All comparisons are descriptive. Conclusions: Preserved brainstem transmission contrasted with vulnerable subcortical speech encoding and altered cortical processing, revealing a central and biologically heterogeneous profile even within a family, and supporting the combined use of ABR, FFR and P300 as a complementary objective characterization of auditory processing in dyslexia. Full article

Short-form video platforms have become embedded in adolescents’ everyday lives, and rural left-behind children may be particularly vulnerable to problematic use in the context of prolonged parental absence. This cross-sectional study examined associations between family, peer, and school adversity and short video addiction (SVA), as well as whether these associations differed between left-behind children (LBC) and non-left-behind children (NLBC). Guided by selected components of the I-PACE model and ecological systems theory, we surveyed 1839 rural Chinese secondary school students, including 876 LBC and 963 NLBC. Bullying victimization, academic stress, parental rejection, stress, anxiety, social anxiety, online social support (OSS), and SVA were measured. Partial least squares structural equation modelling and multi-group analysis were used. LBC reported higher mean levels of bullying victimization, academic stress, stress, anxiety, social anxiety, and SVA than NLBC, although the corresponding effect sizes were small. Among LBC, significant indirect associations linked bullying victimization and academic stress with SVA through social anxiety, both independently and serially through OSS; academic stress was also indirectly associated with SVA through OSS alone. Among NLBC, significant indirect associations involving general stress and social anxiety linked adversity with SVA, whereas OSS alone was involved only in the academic stress–SVA association. No between-group path difference remained significant after Bonferroni or false discovery rate correction. The findings identify social anxiety and academic stress as relevant prevention targets but do not establish causal pathways or robust structural differences between LBC and NLBC. Full article

Confronted with severe global challenges, including water scarcity, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and heavy metal contamination in soils, conventional agricultural technologies exhibit marked limitations in integrated water–fertilizer management and non-point source pollution control. Leveraging their excellent water retention capacity, intelligent sustained-release properties, and environmental responsiveness, hydrogels offer innovative solutions to advance sustainable agricultural development. This review comprehensively outlines the fundamental types, crosslinking mechanisms, and key functional properties of hydrogels, with a focused discussion on their agricultural deployment as high-efficiency soil conditioners, fertilizer vectors, and pesticide carriers; it deciphers the microscopic water-holding mechanisms under the tristate water model, delineates the divergent water-uptake and retention behaviors between ionic and non-ionic hydrogels, and clarifies the cyclic water-holding and release mechanisms of hydrogels during soil amelioration. Thise paper further synthesizes hydrogel-enabled environmental remediation applications, in which heavy metals and pesticide residues in soils and aquatic systems are removed via functional-group coordination adsorption or photocatalytic degradation; concurrently, hydrogels have been shown to activate plant systemic immunity through calcium-signaling pathways, thereby inducing broad-spectrum antiviral defense responses. Moreover, hydrogels can be integrated into precision agriculture frameworks to enable real-time monitoring of crop physiological status and to support targeted irrigation and fertilization management. This work also evaluates the role of hydrogels in promoting seed germination, root system development, crop metabolic regulation, and stress resilience, while introducing tailored application strategies across distinct plant growth stages. Their documented economic advantages include water conservation, enhanced crop yields, reduced dependence on synthetic fertilizers, and lower labor costs. Nevertheless, the large-scale implementation of hydrogels continues to face multifaceted challenges—particularly poor degradability and latent ecological risks, as conventional polyacrylamide (PAM)-based gels resist soil mineralization and retain potentially neurotoxic monomers, leaving a critical gap in multi-annual field data concerning their non-target interference with native soil aggregate evolution, pore distribution, and rhizospheric carbon–nitrogen footprints. Mechanistically, many hydrogels with tensile strengths below 1 MPa are highly susceptible to three-dimensional network collapse under high-salinity osmotic shock and tillage mechanical stress, exhibiting a precipitous drop in water retention after more than three wet–dry cycles due to deficient long-term structural stability. Compounding these technical gaps are elevated production costs and low farmer adoption, driven by the absence of texture-specific performance thresholds—such as an available water increment ≥ 40% for sandy soils—and the lack of established life-cycle cost models and farmer incentive mechanisms for bio-based hydrogels. Moving forward, hydrogel technology should pivot toward materials innovation and cost-reduction engineering to broaden its applicability, employ ≥3-year, multi-habitat regional trials to delineate ecological benefit–risk boundaries, and ultimately position hydrogels as pivotal enablers of sustainable, green agricultural paradigms. Full article

Background/Objectives: Severe arterial calcification remains a major challenge during femoropopliteal endovascular intervention, limiting luminal gain and increasing the risk of vessel-wall injury, restenosis, and bailout stenting. Pulsatile intravascular lithotripsy (PIVL) is a novel calcium-modification technology that converts pneumatic pulses into short-duration hydraulic pressure waves delivered through a non-compliant balloon. POWER PAD I evaluated the first-in-human feasibility, safety, and procedural performance of PIVL in calcified femoropopliteal arterial disease. Methods: POWER PAD I was a prospective, single-arm, two-center feasibility study. Adults with Rutherford category 2–4 symptomatic peripheral arterial disease and moderately or severely calcified superficial femoral or popliteal lesions were treated with PIVL, followed by adjunctive therapy when clinically indicated. Angiographic and duplex ultrasound outcomes were assessed by an independent core laboratory, and adverse events were adjudicated by an independent clinical events committee. Results: Nine patients underwent treatment of 20 lesions. Mean age was 76.2 ± 12.6 years, 19 lesions were severely calcified, and five lesions were chronic total occlusions. Patient-level device and procedural success were each achieved in 8 of 9 patients; technical success was achieved in all patients. Mean diameter stenosis decreased from 76.5 ± 18.0% before treatment to 28.1 ± 6.9% after PIVL-containing lesion preparation and before adjunctive drug-coated-balloon angioplasty, and to 20.6 ± 5.8% after adjunctive therapy. Mean minimal luminal diameter increased from 1.3 ± 1.0 mm to 3.8 ± 0.5 mm after PIVL-containing lesion preparation and to 4.3 ± 0.6 mm at final angiography. No perforation, distal embolization, thrombus, abrupt closure, no-reflow, bailout stenting, or grade D or higher dissection occurred. Freedom from clinically driven target-lesion revascularization was 100% at 30 days and 6 months. Conclusions: PIVL-containing lesion preparation was feasible in heavily calcified superficial femoral and popliteal lesions and was associated with substantial acute luminal gain before adjunctive DCB therapy and no severe angiographic complications. Favorable 6-month clinical and patency outcomes were observed after the combined treatment strategy of PIVL vessel preparation and adjunctive DCB therapy; therefore, longer-term outcomes cannot be attributed to PIVL alone. Larger controlled studies are warranted. Full article

Background: Implant-surface decontamination is required before reconstructive treatment of peri-implantitis, but no protocol has demonstrated consistent clinical superiority. Objective: To compare the immediate reduction in recoverable bacterial target DNA after electrolytic cleaning and 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX). Materials and Methods: Forty nonsmoking patients with peri-implantitis (one implant per patient) were randomized to GalvoSurge (n = 20) or CHX (n = 20). Microbiological samples were collected from the exposed implant surface before and immediately after the assigned decontamination protocol and standardized terminal sterile-saline irrigation. Five periodontal pathogens were assessed using semiquantitative DNA-based real-time PCR (qPCR). Laboratory categories were converted to an exploratory summed ordinal score (range 0–15). A post hoc cumulative logit model compared post-treatment scores between groups while adjusting for the pretreatment score. Results: Pretreatment scores were higher in the GalvoSurge group (median 4.5, IQR 3.0–6.0) than in the CHX group (median 3.0, IQR 2.75–4.0; p = 0.043). After baseline adjustment, GalvoSurge was associated with lower post-treatment scores (adjusted common odds ratio for a higher score, 0.047; 95% profile-likelihood CI, 0.009–0.202; p < 0.001). Unadjusted analyses also favored GalvoSurge for absolute reduction (median 4.0 vs. 1.0), relative reduction (83.3% vs. 26.7%), and post-treatment score (median 1.0 vs. 2.0; all p < 0.001). Complete target non-detection occurred in 7/20 (35.0%) and 2/20 (10.0%) patients, respectively (Fisher’s exact p = 0.127). Conclusions: In this exploratory randomized pilot sample, GalvoSurge was associated with a greater immediate reduction in recoverable bacterial target DNA than CHX after adjustment for pretreatment score. DNA-based qPCR does not distinguish viable from non-viable bacteria; therefore, the findings do not establish bacterial killing, sterility, or long-term clinical superiority. Full article

The transition toward low-inertia power systems has increased interest in grid-forming (GFM) inverters as sources of power system voltage and frequency stability support. However, existing studies in the literature evaluate frequency performance metrics without explicitly extracting system-level inertia–security boundaries under selected converter operating constraints. This paper proposes a disturbance-consistent, constraint-aware boundary extraction methodology to quantify inertia–security limits in GFM-dominated systems. The IEEE-39 bus system is implemented in Python (3.10.19)-based ANDES (1.9.3), and 3682 non-linear root-mean-square (RMS) time-domain simulations are conducted across four operating regimes, namely REGCP1 grid-following baseline, REGF1 droop control true GFM without inertia emulation, REGF2 true GFM with idealized inertia emulation, and REGF2 true GFM with system-level realism constraints, comprising headroom, current limits, and weak grid conditions. Only N-1 generator-trip contingencies are considered to ensure disturbance consistency. Results show that true GFM substantially improves frequency security in relation to the baseline regime. REGF2 true GFM generally improves the initial center-of-inertia (COI) frequency but does not uniformly improve frequency nadir or maximum mean-BusFreq-derived RoCoF relative to REGF1 under matched matched cases. All nominal and broad-stress cases satisfied the predefined primary inertia–security limits of 1.0 Hz/s RoCoF and a 49.5 Hz frequency nadir. Additional boundary-targeted cases exposed finite frequency–security boundaries with both RoCoF and frequency nadir security limits. RoCoF was the more frequently binding security metric, while frequency nadir became binding under severe disturbance conditions and low headroom constraints. Confidence intervals (CI), statistical tests, and expanded threshold sensitivity analysis are used to quantify uncertainty and security classification. The proposed methodology provides a systematic approach to assessing frequency–security limits for future inverter-dominated power systems. Full article

Retinal responses to ultrasound depend on carrier frequency, but whether a constrained tissue-to-neuron model can predict this dependence on a common published response scale remains unclear. We developed an acoustic-radiation-force (ARF) modelling workflow that couples an effective tissue-scale stress proxy to a stochastic Hodgkin–Huxley retinal ganglion cell population. One non-negative affine observation model, shared across frequencies, linked raw simulated spike counts to the published three-frequency ex vivo RGC response scale without frequency-specific rescaling. In a nested leave-one-frequency-out model-selection assessment, the workflow achieved an overall $Q^2$ of 0.915 and an RMSE of 0.0752 across 25 held-out observations. Mean-response transfer remained strong across frequencies, although probabilistic calibration was weakest at 1.9 MHz. An in-sample fixed-map sensitivity analysis using moment-matched log-normal, Gamma, and Weibull thresholds yielded overall RMSEs of 0.0434–0.0461 and preserved positive overall K-ablation NLPD differences of 0.219–0.238, with the effect concentrated at 43 MHz. These results show that shared-scale modelling captures the main cross-frequency response structure and that a high-threshold inhibitory functional component improves the description of high-intensity rolloff. Within the published three-frequency dataset, the workflow provides a reproducible benchmark for targeted comparisons of retinal ultrasound mechanisms. Full article