Search Results (312)

This study developed a bio-based approach for the natural dyeing and functional finishing of silk fabrics using pineapple core extract, lac dye, and cricket protein crosslinked with genipin (CP—GP). Pineapple core extract was used to provide an acidic dyeing environment (pH 4) favorable for the adsorption of lac dye onto silk, while CP—GP was subsequently applied as a post-treatment to improve dye durability and functional performance. Lac dyeing was conducted at 80 °C for 60 min using 10% owf. lac dye and a liquor ratio of 1:30. Post-treatment with CP—GP altered the color of the lac-dyed silk from reddish to bluish-purple, with the highest color strength (K/S = 5.31 ± 0.21) obtained at 1% CP—GP. Washing fastness remained good to excellent after treatment, while improved resistance to color change under acidic and alkaline perspiration conditions was observed for the CP—GP-treated fabrics. The treatment also enhanced UV protection, with all CP—–GP-treated samples achieving UPF 50+ under both dry and wet conditions. FTIR and SEM–EDS analyses supported modification of the silk fiber surface following CP—GP treatment, and a gel content of 81.28 ± 1.23% indicated the formation of a stable crosslinked protein network. However, CP—GP treatment reduced light fastness, indicating a limitation associated with the color-forming crosslinked system. Overall, the combined use of pineapple core extract, lac dye, and CP—GP provides a promising bio-based strategy for producing multifunctional silk textiles while reducing reliance on conventional metal-based mordants. Full article

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized via green approaches have attracted considerable attention because of their eco-friendly production and versatile biological and photocatalytic properties. In this study, Melissa officinalis flower extract was employed as a natural reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent for the green synthesis of AgNPs. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed that the flower extract exhibited a diverse phytochemical profile, including phenolic acids and flavonoids, which may contribute to the reduction of Ag⁺ ions and the stabilization of the synthesized AgNPs. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR, SEM, DLS, zeta potential analysis, and XRD. The AgNPs exhibited predominantly spherical to hemispherical morphology with an average particle size of 40 nm and a characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak at 414 nm. DLS analysis revealed a particle size of 111.2 nm and a Z-average hydrodynamic diameter of 296.0 nm, while the zeta potential of −73.2 mV suggested high colloidal stability. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of a face-centered cubic (fcc) crystalline structure. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited photocatalytic activity, achieving degradation efficiencies of 93.6 ± 0.3% for methylene blue and 44.8 ± 0.6% for Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 after 180 min. In addition, the nanoparticles exhibited considerable antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Overall, the findings indicate that AgNPs synthesized from M. officinalis flowers via the green synthesis method exhibited photocatalytic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities under the experimental conditions studied. These findings suggest that the synthesized AgNPs could be considered a potential material, particularly for dye removal and antimicrobial applications. Full article

The utilization of naturally derived sustainable components is an increasing trend in polymer and materials science and technology. This paper reports on the synthesis of superabsorbent hydrogels (SAHs) containing acrylic acid (AA), styrene (St, 10 wt.% of AA) and poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate) (PEGDA) using one-pot radical suspension copolymerization. Cassava starch (CS, 1 wt.% of AA) was added to the copolymerization mixture as a natural hydrophilic gel modifier. Cardanol acrylate (CA) was used as a natural alternative to PEGDA, and its effect on SAH properties (gel content, swelling rate, swelling capacity, morphology, thermal stability, rheology and dye absorption) was investigated. The swelling capacity reached its maximum at 63,000% for the gel containing 50% of CA. CA also significantly increased SAH rigidity, as revealed by rheology tests that confirmed the gel-like behavior of all networks as well. The amphiphilic gels showed a remarkable binding capacity for the selected dyes, with 38.7 mg/g for crystal violet, 41.5 mg/g for Acridine Orange, 47.4 mg/g for Methylene Blue and 33.5 mg/g for Auramine Orange, indicating a promising application potential for the environmental cleanup of aqueous waste. Full article

Wood aerogel has emerged as a highly promising substrate for advanced adsorbents due to its green nature, low cost, high porosity, and unique three-dimensional (3D) interconnected network structure. Harnessing forest resources for developing high-performance aerogel materials is crucial for tackling organic dye pollution. This study presents a novel aminated wood-based aerogel engineered through the co-deposition of tannic acid (TA) and polyethylenimine (PEI) on a cellulose skeleton. The fabrication involved a top–down delignification process to create a porous wood aerogel framework, followed by the in situ loading of TA and the grafting of amino-rich PEI, resulting in the final TAPI-DW composite. Benefiting from the abundant active sites deposited on the aerogel’s hierarchically porous surface and the grafted –NH₂ groups, TAPI-DW demonstrated an exceptional adsorption capacity for the anionic azo dye Congo red (CR). The adsorption equilibrium was achieved within approximately 6 h, with a lower pH environment promoting removal efficiency. Coexisting ion experiments indicated that the introduction of Ca²⁺ ions dramatically enhanced the CR adsorption capacity from 168.71 mg·g⁻¹ to 301.14 mg·g⁻¹. This superior capture performance is attributed to the synergistic interplay of the aerogel’s aligned microchannels (derived from the native wood structure) for rapid mass transfer and the intensive chemical interactions, including electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and π-π stacking between CR molecules and the functional groups (–NH₂ and –OH) on the 3D skeleton. The Freundlich model fitting suggests a complex multilayer adsorption process on this heterogeneous wood aerogel surface. This work establishes a green and sustainable pathway for fabricating high-value biomass aerogel materials that show promise as candidates for the efficient remediation of dye-contaminated water. Further studies on reusability and long-term stability are needed to fully validate their potential for practical application. Full article

The Myrica L. genus represents a group of plants commonly known as actinorhizal plants, which have been used as food, medicine, and natural dyes. This article aims to systematically review the available recent scientific evidence identified through a defined search strategy on the phytochemical, physical, and nutritional characteristics of the fruits and leaves of the species from the Myrica L. genus. The search was conducted across three databases, following the Preferred Reporting of Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis statement guidelines. Studies published in English, as open-access articles, between 2014 and 2024, and addressing the aim of the review were included, resulting in 16 eligible articles. Concerning the physicochemical characteristics of the fruits, the research indicates variability among species and within the same species. The nutritional results are limited, with one study reporting carbohydrates and proteins as the main macronutrient components–79.84% and 25.02% respectively–in Myrica esculenta fruits, although with limited interpretation. Furthermore, numerous phytochemicals have been identified and quantified, some with reported biological activities. For example, myricetin concentrations in Myrica rubra fruits ranged from 0.002 to 1.27 mg/g. In conclusion, this review highlights the nutritional and phytochemical potential of Myrica L. species and the wide range of chemical compounds reported, while acknowledging the limited number of studies and the methodological heterogeneity, among other limitations. Full article

The textile industry is considered a high-risk sector due to its labor-intensive nature and the numerous hazards present in the production area. Furthermore, musculoskeletal disorders resulting from repetitive movements, improper posture, and excessive physical workload observed in textile workers are among the most significant occupational health problems. In this study, ergonomic risks in the dyeing, weaving, and sewing departments of an upholstery fabric manufacturing factory were evaluated using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method. Based on the REBA scores, cycle times, and repetition frequencies, an REBA-weighted ergonomic workload index was calculated for each task. Based on the obtained data, separate mathematical optimization models were developed for each department to minimize the maximum individual REBA-weighted ergonomic workload index under different predefined staffing scenarios. For each scenario, the model optimized the allocation of task repetitions among the available operators, and alternative staffing configurations were evaluated based on ergonomic workload distribution and workforce requirements. The results showed that the proposed approach enabled a more balanced distribution of ergonomic workload among operators, particularly in departments characterized by high repetition frequencies. Based on the evaluated scenarios, configurations of six operators for dyeing, three for weaving, and five for sewing were selected as the proposed staffing configurations. These findings indicate that ergonomic improvement in textile production should not rely solely on posture correction but should also consider workload distribution, staffing levels, and organizational improvements. Overall, the proposed approach provides a decision-support framework for evaluating staffing scenarios and optimizing task allocation to improve ergonomic workload balance in textile production environments. Full article

This study reports the sonocatalytic degradation of malachite green (MG) in media using synthesized Co₃O₄ nanoparticles and a CTAB-modified zeolite supported Co₃O₄ hybrid nanocatalyst (M-ZLT@Co₃O₄). The catalysts were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, TEM, XRF, N₂ adsorption–desorption, BET, and BJH analyses, verifying crystalline Co₃O₄ formation, successful immobilization on the modified zeolite support, porous architecture, morphology and elemental distribution. Under optimized conditions of 1 g L⁻¹ catalyst dosage, 20 mg L⁻¹ MG concentration, natural pH, and 300 W L⁻¹ ultrasonic power, M-ZLT@Co₃O₄ achieved 99.31% ± 0.45% degradation within 120 min. Decreasing the MG concentration to 5 mg L⁻¹ increased the efficiency to 99.96% ± 0.64%, confirming high activity at low pollutant loading. The degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, with k_app values of 0.0042–0.0595 min⁻¹ depending on catalyst dosage, 0.0046–0.0667 min⁻¹ for initial MG concentration, and 0.0117–0.0620 min⁻¹ under pH conditions. Water matrix inhibition followed distilled water (99.31%) > tap water (96.08%) > river water (88.84%) > lake water (86.90%), whereas higher ultrasonic power increased degradation from 91.98% at 200 W L⁻¹ to 99.90% at 500 W L⁻¹. Dye degradation followed MG (99.31%) > CR (95.78%) > BY2 (92.15%) > MV (90.24%) > AO7 (85.62%) > RB19 (82.49%). Comparative tests demonstrated performance for US/M-ZLT@Co₃O₄ (99.31%) compared with US/Co₃O₄ nanoparticles (78.48%), US/ZLT (72.86%), and US/MG alone (35.71%). The best activity was obtained at 0.8–2 g L⁻¹ catalyst dosage and 5–20 mg L⁻¹ MG concentration, while reusability tests showed a decrease from 99.31% to 78.82% after six cycles, indicating promising stability. Full article

Malachite green (MG), a triarylmethane dye extensively used in the textile and aquaculture industries, is a persistent aquatic contaminant with documented carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic effects even at trace concentrations. In the present work, a natural, low-cost Serpentine clay was surface-modified with copper oxide nanoparticles generated in situ through a green, lemon-extract-mediated reduction of copper nitrate, yielding a novel SER/CuO nanocomposite. The as-prepared adsorbent was characterized by FTIR, XRD, BET, and SEM to confirm the successful anchoring of CuO nanoparticles onto the Serpentine lattice. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated that the removal of MG was governed by solution pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and initial dye concentration, with maximum uptake obtained close to neutral pH, consistent with the point of zero charge (pH_pzc = 7.6) of the composite relative to the pKa (6.9) of the dye. Equilibrium data were described comparably well by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms at 25 and 55 °C, with a maximum monolayer capacity of 279.06 mg g⁻¹ at 25 °C, while kinetic analysis showed the closest statistical agreement with the Elovich model, pointing to an energetically heterogeneous, chemisorption-assisted process supported by a three-stage intraparticle-diffusion profile. The individual and combined effects of solution pH, adsorbent dose, and contact time on removal efficiency were systematically evaluated using a one-factor-at-a-time approach. Thermodynamic estimation from the two-temperature Langmuir constants indicated a spontaneous and exothermic, and entropy-favored adsorption process. The spent adsorbent was regenerated using dilute hydrochloric acid and retained appreciable efficiency over successive cycles. Comparison to previously reported adsorbents supported the competitiveness of SER/CuO in terms of capacity, cost, and simplicity of preparation, and a techno-economic appraisal supported the feasibility of scale-up. As a waste-valorization step, both the bare SER/CuO adsorbent and its MG-loaded form were evaluated as electrode materials for the urea oxidation reaction: MG loading raised the anodic current density from 143.10 to 176.46 mA cm⁻² at 1.0 M urea, nearly doubled the electrochemically active surface area (7.34 to 14.41 cm²), and lowered the charge-transfer resistance, while sustaining a higher stable current density (111 vs. 81 mA cm⁻²) over 3600 s of continuous operation demonstrating a promising route for coupling water remediation with energy recovery. Full article

This study aims to comprehensively investigate the usability of white mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf extract as a natural dye, including its fastness properties, antibacterial activity, and antioxidant activity. In the study, dyeing processes were carried out on cotton fabric, wool fabric, wool yarn, polyester, leather, and pine wood materials using different mordanting techniques (pre-, co-, and post-mordanting) and pH values (4 and 8). Copper-II-sulfate, iron-II-sulfate, alum, silver nitrate, Reşadiye clay, and Önal-1 [3% (v/v) NH₃ + 3% (w/v) Urea + 3% (w/v) CaC₂O₄] were used as mordants. Washing, light, rubbing, and perspiration fastness of the dyed materials were evaluated according to international standards, and color properties were analyzed using the CIE-Lab* system and Kubelka–Munk (K/S) values. Structural characterization of the extract was carried out using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, LC-MS/MS, and TLC. Antibacterial activity of the dyed materials was assessed using the disk-diffusion method, with undyed, extract-only, and mordant-only controls used to distinguish the contributions of the extract and the mordants. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) evaluation across six solvent fractions revealed marked solvent-dependent efficacy, with the apolar hexane fraction exhibiting the highest reducing capacity (436.3 ± 12.45 µmol TE/g fw), followed by the chloroform (423.83 ± 11.76 µmol TE/g fw) and hexane/ethyl acetate (406.98 ± 10.23 µmol TE/g fw) fractions, whereas the polar methanol fraction showed the lowest reducing capacity (100.76 ± 4.32 µmol TE/g fw). This reducing potential was statistically associated with the enriched flavonoid and phenolic core constituents identified via LC-MS/MS, primarily hesperidin (8.365 ± 0.432 mg/g) and isoquercetin (0.645 ± 0.054 mg/g). Because only the single-electron-transfer FRAP assay was performed, no radical-scavenging (IC₅₀) metrics are reported. The reducing capacity is therefore interpreted cautiously as a collective property of the phenolic–flavonoid fraction, in which hesperidin and isoquercetin are the principal contributors rather than any single decisive compound. The results revealed that white mulberry leaf extract exhibited high K/S values (21.33 for cotton fabric and 27.91 for wool yarn) and excellent antibacterial activity, particularly when a silver nitrate mordant was used. LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed the presence of bioactive compounds, including hesperidin (8.365 mg/g), isoquercetin (0.645 mg/g), and vanillic acid (0.189 mg/g) in the extract. These findings indicate that white mulberry leaf extract is a plant-derived colorant with multifunctional potential for textile, leather, and wood substrates. The present work does not quantify the environmental footprint of the complete process; therefore, no overall sustainability advantage relative to conventional dyeing is claimed. Any future environmental assessment should include measured extraction energy, water consumption, mordant loading, residual-metal concentrations in spent baths, and wastewater-treatment requirements. Full article

Fe/Zn-modified TiO₂ photocatalysts were synthesized by the sol–gel method to investigate the influence of Fe loading, Zn loading, and calcination temperature on the degradation of food-industry pollutants. A 2³ factorial design combined with Response Surface Methodology was employed to optimize the synthesis parameters. The catalysts were characterized by N₂ adsorption–desorption, SEM/EDS, X-ray diffraction coupled with Rietveld refinement and point of zero charge analyses. The materials exhibited mesoporous structures with type IV isotherms, while Fe/Zn modification altered the crystalline phase composition and surface charge of TiO₂. Low metal loading stabilized the anatase phase, whereas higher Fe contents promoted the formation of hematite and rutile. Photocatalytic performance was evaluated through the discoloration and degradation of Red 40 and Tartrazine under natural sunlight and the degradation of cheese whey under artificial irradiation. F10Z2-400 exhibited the highest activity toward Red 40 (99.85% discoloration and 77.02% COD removal), whereas T-400 showed the best performance for tartrazine (86.25% discoloration and 87.61% COD removal). For cheese whey, F10Z10-400 achieved the highest degradation (41.01% COD removal). Reactive-species scavenging indicated that hydroxyl radicals made the predominant contribution to the discoloration of both dyes, followed by superoxide radicals and photogenerated holes. Kinetic analyses indicated that the Behnajady–Modirshahla–Ghanbery model best described the degradation process. RSM identified calcination temperature as the most influential synthesis parameter and showed that the effects of Fe and Zn loading were pollutant-dependent. No single catalyst formulation provided the best performance for all evaluated matrices. Full article

Background: Chemical hair dyes provide effective and durable coloration but are frequently associated with hair damage and irritation. Therefore, this study aimed to develop herbal-based hair dye products that combine effective coloration with low irritation potential. Methods: The combination of Lawsonia inermis, Clitoria ternatea, and Indigofera tinctoria was incorporated into different formulations (solution, shampoo, and conditioner) and evaluated for physicochemical properties, accelerated stability, and hair dyeing performance. The effects of herbal mixture concentration (10, 20, and 30% w/w) were further investigated for hair dyeing, foaming properties, washing fastness, and color stability under ambient natural-light conditions. The most suitable shampoo was evaluated for irritation potential using the hen’s egg test–chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) assay, hair morphology by scanning electron microscopy, and hair chemical characteristics using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Results: Herbal hair dye formulations were successfully developed. Although the solution achieved the greatest hair dyeing performance, the shampoo provided more practical convenience. Increasing the herbal mixture concentration significantly enhanced dyeing performance, with the 30% w/w formulation producing the greatest dyeing performance, with stable color maintained after five washing cycles and excellent resistance to light-induced fading. Interestingly, the herbal shampoo exhibited significantly lower irritation potential than the chemical hair dye shampoo (irritation score: 4.9 ± 0.4 vs. 14.2 ± 0.4, p < 0.05) and better-preserved hair cuticle integrity. FT-IR analysis showed retention of major keratin-associated bands, indicating no complete disruption of the fundamental keratin structure. Conclusions: The herbal hair dye shampoo offers a promising alternative to conventional hair dye, providing effective and durable hair coloration with favorable preservation of hair surface morphology and lower irritation potential. Full article

Microbial extracellular pigments are renewable colorants for sustainable textile dyeing. A yellow-pigment-producing fungal strain, H-1, isolated from spalted wood, was identified as Chaetomium globosum and evaluated for pigment production, characterization, stability, bioactivity, and wool dyeing. Stepwise single-factor screening indicated suitable culture conditions of initial pH 7, 25 °C, 10 d, 25 g/L glucose, 7 g/L fish peptone, and 0.25 g/L K₂HPO₄. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed hydroxyl, aromatic, and C-O-C groups, and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS) putatively annotated representative components including Chaetomugilin D and Armochaetoglobin G. The crude pigment produced preliminary inhibition zones of 14.30 ± 0.04 and 10.01 ± 0.17 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively, while crude fermentation filtrates showed measurable hydroxyl and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging capacities under fixed assay conditions. The pigment was more stable under neutral to alkaline pH and short-term heating at 40–100 °C. Wool showed higher dye affinity than cotton, linen, and silk. Response surface methodology (RSM) optimized wool dyeing at pH 2.35, 91 °C, 80 min, and 2.04 g/L potassium aluminum sulfate, yielding a color strength (K/S) value of 11.65. After three dye-bath reuse cycles, K/S decreased by 16.28%, and washing/rubbing fastness remained above grade 3 under GB/T tests. These results support further development of Chaetomium globosum H-1 extracellular pigments for natural wool coloration and dye-bath reuse. Full article

The purpose of this research is to investigate the potential of aromatic coconut waste-derived biochars, namely coconut husk biochar (CHB) and coconut empty fruit bunch biochar (CBB), as low-cost, sustainable, and locally available adsorbents. Biochars were characterized using SEM, XRD, XPS, and XRF to evaluate their physical and chemical properties, followed by CO₂ uptake, moisture uptake, and methylene blue (MB) adsorption experiments. The results demonstrated that CBB exhibited the highest CO₂ uptake of 4.44 mmol g⁻¹, outperforming CHB (2.39 mmol g⁻¹) under temperature-programmed desorption. Notably, the water-washed biochar (CBB-w) exhibited a marked decrease in CO₂ uptake, providing strong supporting evidence that naturally occurring mineral species play an important role in the CO₂ adsorption mechanism. The quantity and type of naturally occurring potassium-containing oxides and salts strongly influenced CO₂ and moisture uptake. In contrast, isotherm analyses using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich models indicated that CHB exhibited a superior MB adsorption capacity (30 mg g⁻¹), reflecting the different adsorption mechanisms governing gas- and liquid-phase adsorption. The estimated production cost of aromatic coconut waste-derived biochar ranged from approximately US$0.83–1.11 kg⁻¹, depending on production scale. These results demonstrate that aromatic coconut waste-derived biochar represents a promising low-cost and sustainable adsorbent for environmental applications, particularly CO₂ capture and dye removal. Full article

Synthetic azo dyes are the largest class of industrial colorants having widespread application in textile, food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Moreover, they are persistent and toxic, threatening aquatic environments as well as human health. Disperse red 1 (DR1), a mono-azo dye belonging to the disperse dye group and widely used in polyester dyeing, cosmetics, and other applications, is of particular concern due to its mutagenic potential and resistance to conventional treatment processes. The present study investigated an integrated DR1 removal strategy using thermotolerant Bacillus licheniformis Tol1 as well as its EPS-stabilized biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). With a maximum tolerable concentration of 0.5 g L⁻¹, B. licheniformis Tol1 showed a maximum decolorization of 70.86% (0.2 g L⁻¹, 55 °C). However, response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box–Behnken design showed an actual decolorization efficiency of 73.13%. The artificial neural network (ANN) model predicted an accuracy of R² = 0.9933, confirming the robustness and reliability of the experimental findings. To enhance dye removal efficiency, Tol1 EPS-stabilized AgNPs were synthesized via a green method and characterized using UV-Vis, SEM-EDAX, TEM, AFM, FTIR, DLS and zeta potential. Characterization of AgNP confirmed the formation of spherical stable AgNPs with an average size of 19.99 ± 0.38 nm, indicating polydisperse colloids nature with moderate electrostatic stability. A sunlight/H₂O₂-assisted process (photocatalytic experiments) demonstrated DR1 decolorization (80.72 ± 1.72% within 5 h under sunlight) following pseudo-first-order kinetics (k = 0.271 h⁻¹). Furthermore, FTIR analysis confirmed the degradation of the chemical structure of DR1 through the disappearance of the characteristic azo (–N=N–) bond, indicating cleavage of the dye molecule. Overall, the present study provides a dual biological–nanotechnological approach for DR1 decolorization using single bacteria as well as its polysaccharide-stabilized AgNP, a sustainable eco-friendly future approach. However, further studies on complete mineralization, transformation products, toxicity evaluation, detailed catalyst reusability, and silver (Ag) leaching are needed to facilitate the practical implementation for wastewater treatment. Full article

Textile waste is no longer dominated by simple single-polymer materials. Most post-consumer textiles contain combinations of natural and synthetic fibres, elastane, dyes, coatings, finishes, and other additives, which makes selective recycling considerably more difficult. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) offer a promising route for addressing this complexity because their composition and physicochemical properties can be widely tuned. However, the outcome of DES treatment is often discussed mainly in terms of solvent composition or solvent–polymer affinity, although these factors alone cannot explain why similar DES formulations may lead to different responses in different polymeric or textile systems. In this review, DES-assisted textile recycling is examined from a mechanistic polymer-science perspective. The discussion focuses on how polymer morphology, transport accessibility, supramolecular organization, chemical reactivity, and processing conditions jointly determine whether a material undergoes swelling, molecular dissolution, structural destabilization, or chemical degradation. Particular attention is paid to the distinction between these processes, since changes in sample mass, fibre appearance, or crystallinity do not by themselves prove either true polymer dissolution or chain scission. Evidence from cellulose-based fibres, polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, elastane-containing materials, and multicomponent textile systems is used to show how different material outcomes may arise from apparently related DES–polymer interactions. The reviewed studies indicate that selectivity in DES-assisted textile recycling should not be treated as a fixed property of the solvent or of the polymer alone. It is more appropriately understood as the result of a coupled and time-dependent interaction between the DES medium, polymer morphology, textile architecture, and processing conditions. The mechanistic framework proposed here provides a basis for comparing reported DES-based recycling strategies, identifying the experimental evidence needed to support mechanistic claims, and guiding the rational selection of DES composition, process conditions, and recovery pathways for complex textile waste. Full article