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Search Results (5)

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Keywords = multiuser quantum key distribution

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39 pages, 4176 KB  
Review
Advances of Quantum Key Distribution and Network Nonlocality
by Minming Geng
Entropy 2025, 27(9), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27090950 - 13 Sep 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4907
Abstract
In recent years, quantum network technology has been rapidly developing, with new theories, solutions, and protocols constantly emerging. The breakthrough experiments and achievements are impressive, such as the construction and operation of ultra-long-distance and multi-user quantum key distribution (QKD) networks, the proposal, verification, [...] Read more.
In recent years, quantum network technology has been rapidly developing, with new theories, solutions, and protocols constantly emerging. The breakthrough experiments and achievements are impressive, such as the construction and operation of ultra-long-distance and multi-user quantum key distribution (QKD) networks, the proposal, verification, and experimental demonstration of new network nonlocality characteristics, etc. The results of recent research on QKD and network nonlocality are summarized and analyzed in this paper, including CV-MDI-QKD (continuous-variable measurement-device-independent QKD), TF-QKD (twin-field QKD), AMDI-QKD (asynchronous MDI-QKD), the generalization, sharing, and certification of network nonlocality, as well as the main achievements and related research tools of full network nonlocality and genuine network nonlocality, aiming to identify the current status and future development paths of the QKD and network nonlocality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlocality and Entanglement in Quantum Networks)
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20 pages, 1343 KB  
Article
Loop-Back Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) for Secure and Scalable Multi-Node Quantum Networks
by Luis Adrián Lizama-Perez and J. M. López-Romero
Symmetry 2025, 17(4), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040521 - 30 Mar 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3783
Abstract
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a cornerstone of secure communication in the quantum era, yet most existing protocols are designed for point-to-point transmission, limiting their scalability in networked environments. In this work, we introduce Loop-Back QKD, a novel QKD protocol that supports both [...] Read more.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a cornerstone of secure communication in the quantum era, yet most existing protocols are designed for point-to-point transmission, limiting their scalability in networked environments. In this work, we introduce Loop-Back QKD, a novel QKD protocol that supports both two-party linear configurations and scalable multiuser ring topologies. By leveraging a structured turn-based mechanism and bidirectional pulse propagation, the protocol enables efficient key distribution while reducing the quantum bit error rate (QBER) through a multi-pulse approach. Unlike trusted-node QKD networks, Loop-Back QKD eliminates intermediate-node vulnerabilities, as secret keys are never processed by intermediate nodes. Furthermore, unlike Measurement-Device-Independent (MDI-QKD) and Twin-Field QKD (TF-QKD), which require complex entanglement-based setups, Loop-Back QKD relies solely on direct polarization transformations, reducing vulnerability to side-channel attacks and practical implementation challenges. Additionally, our analysis indicates that multi-pulse Loop-Back QKD can tolerate higher QBER thresholds. However, this increased robustness comes at the cost of a lower key rate efficiency compared to standard QKD schemes. This design choice enhances its robustness against real-world adversarial threats, making it a strong candidate for secure multiuser communication in local and metropolitan-scale quantum networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computer)
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19 pages, 2388 KB  
Article
FPLA: A Flexible Physical Layer Authentication Mechanism for Distributing Quantum Keys Securely via Wireless 5G Channels
by Yuxuan Li, Jingyuan Han, Gang Liu, Yi Zhou and Tao Liu
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(13), 7699; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13137699 - 29 Jun 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2316
Abstract
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is popular for establishing a native secure quantum communication network. However, existing QKD networks are built via classical wired fiber channels; it is difficult to distribute quantum keys directly into mobile phones, and no effective candidate solution is available [...] Read more.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is popular for establishing a native secure quantum communication network. However, existing QKD networks are built via classical wired fiber channels; it is difficult to distribute quantum keys directly into mobile phones, and no effective candidate solution is available yet. This paper presents a novel Flexible Physical Layer Authentication (FPLA) mechanism that exploits the unique characteristic of wireless signals from mobile phones to securely distribute quantum keys via wireless 5G channels. In particular, a 5G Up-Link Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)-based transmission model is developed to capture and extract the unique characteristic, which is then used to distribute quantum keys. Moreover, the model could lose accuracy due to SRS variations introduced by 5G Multiuser Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MU-MIMO), so a dimensional transformation residual network is designed to classify legitimate and malicious user equipment (UE). An average authentication accuracy of 96.8% is proved by FPLA in multiple experiments in a 3 dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) test environment with a training dataset of 300 samples per malicious UE. Simulation results show that FPLA is able to adapt to antenna diversity in 5G MU-MIMO systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Development and Application of Quantum Communication and Security Protocols, Volume II)
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14 pages, 471 KB  
Article
Multi-User Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution Based on GHZ Entangled State
by Ximing Hua, Min Hu and Banghong Guo
Entropy 2022, 24(6), 841; https://doi.org/10.3390/e24060841 - 18 Jun 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4451
Abstract
As a multi-particle entangled state, the Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state plays an important role in quantum theory and applications. In this study, we propose a flexible multi-user measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) scheme based on a GHZ entangled state. Our scheme can distribute quantum [...] Read more.
As a multi-particle entangled state, the Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) state plays an important role in quantum theory and applications. In this study, we propose a flexible multi-user measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) scheme based on a GHZ entangled state. Our scheme can distribute quantum keys among multiple users while being resistant to detection attacks. Our simulation results show that the secure distance between each user and the measurement device can reach more than 280 km while reducing the complexity of the quantum network. Additionally, we propose a method to expand our scheme to a multi-node with multi-user network, which can further enhance the communication distance between the users at different nodes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Information and Computation)
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12 pages, 2796 KB  
Article
Quantum-Key-Distribution (QKD) Networks Enabled by Software-Defined Networks (SDN)
by Hua Wang, Yongli Zhao and Avishek Nag
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(10), 2081; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9102081 - 21 May 2019
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 9104
Abstract
As an important support for quantum communication, quantum key distribution (QKD) networks have achieved a relatively mature level of development, and they face higher requirements for multi-user end-to-end networking capabilities. Thus, QKD networks need an effective management plane to control and coordinate with [...] Read more.
As an important support for quantum communication, quantum key distribution (QKD) networks have achieved a relatively mature level of development, and they face higher requirements for multi-user end-to-end networking capabilities. Thus, QKD networks need an effective management plane to control and coordinate with the QKD resources. As a promising technology, software defined networking (SDN) can separate the control and management of QKD networks from the actual forwarding of the quantum keys. This paper systematically introduces QKD networks enabled by SDN, by elaborating on its overall architecture, related interfaces, and protocols. Then, three-use cases are provided as important paradigms with their corresponding schemes and simulation performances. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Optics for Fundamental Quantum Mechanics)
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