Search Results (46)

As robotic systems evolve toward large-scale distributed architectures and cloud-edge collaboration, communication middleware has become a critical infrastructure that impacts system real-time performance and scalability. The traditional Robot Operating System 1 (ROS 1) communication architecture, which relies on a centralized master node, has limitations in dynamic network environments. Robot Operating System 2 (ROS 2) achieves decentralized communication through the introduction of DDS. However, the single Data Distribution Service (DDS) mechanism remains inadequate for cross-network communication and high-performance local data exchange. Addressing the current issue in ROS communication research: the coexistence of multiple mechanisms without a unified analytical framework or guidance for selection. This paper systematically traces the evolution of the ROS communication architecture from centralized to distributed systems. It constructs a unified analytical framework covering two dimensions: communication models and data transmission paths. Crucially, to overcome the unreliability of cross-protocol comparisons based on heterogeneous literature, this paper designs and executes a set of unified benchmark experiments on a controlled testbed. These experiments systematically evaluate the performance of two mainstream DDS implementations (CycloneDDS and FastDDS) across five key metrics: latency, throughput, jitter, scalability, and packet loss rate under load. Additionally, a comprehensive comparative analysis of the performance of three transmission modes is conducted. Based on this comprehensive evaluation, this paper summarizes the performance characteristics of different mechanisms and further proposes an optimization-based middleware selection method for quantitative communication mechanism selection under different workload and application requirements. This paper provides a systematic reference for the design and optimization of ROS communication systems and offers guidance for promoting the application of multi-middleware collaborative architectures in robotic systems. Full article

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks (UAVANETs) are characterized by highly dynamic topology changes and unstable link conditions, which necessitate deep collaboration between transport-layer congestion control and network-layer routing decisions to ensure service quality. However, the existing layered architecture of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) results in a significant separation between routing information and congestion control mechanisms, rendering traditional protocols ineffective in handling severe performance fluctuations caused by highly dynamic route switching. The significant disconnect between network-layer route planning and transport-layer congestion control strategies in Software-Defined Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks (SD-UAVANETs) leads to degraded transmission performance of BBR (Bottleneck Bandwidth and Round-trip propagation time) under high-dynamic route switching scenarios. As such, this paper proposes an in-band network telemetry (INT)-based cross-layer optimization scheme for BBR, named SDN-BBR. Firstly, a lightweight real-time route switching detection mechanism based on INT is designed. Secondly, a QoS inequality model before and after path switching is established, deriving the critical bandwidth of the new path and integrating it into the BBR algorithm to accelerate convergence and avoid congestion. Finally, the BBR state machine is redesigned to achieve cross-layer information fusion and coordinated control, thereby optimizing transmission performance. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme reduces convergence time by 69.8% and increases throughput by 73.9% in low-bandwidth to high-bandwidth switching scenarios; decreases packet loss rate by 86.8% and reduces delay by 8.3% in high-bandwidth to low-bandwidth switching scenarios; and improves throughput by 12.3%, lowers packet loss rate by 21%, and reduces delay by 7.9% in multi-traffic flow concurrent scenarios. The scheme significantly enhances the transmission performance of BBR in highly dynamic routing environments of SD-UAVANET. Full article

To meet the increasingly strict requirements of modern communication, radar detection and electronic measurement systems for wide-bandwidth, low-insertion-loss and high-isolation signal routing, this paper presents a 16 × 16 programmable switch matrix that simultaneously achieves wideband operation (DC-40 GHz), low insertion loss (≤0.9 dB maximum), high isolation (>50 dB typical), and systematic modular scalability, a combination not found in existing implementations. The matrix, constructed with high-quality coaxial switches and optimized RF circuitry and electromagnetic structures, provides flexible and stable single-pole multi-throw (SPMT) signal routing across an ultra-wide frequency range from DC to 40 GHz. The switch matrix features a modular architecture, integrating multiple RF switching units, drive control circuits, and communication interface modules. This architecture achieves minimal signal path depth while maintaining full connectivity between any input and output port, directly minimizing cumulative insertion loss. Through precise impedance matching design and isolation structure optimization, the system still exhibits outstanding transmission characteristics at the 40 GHz high-frequency end: typical insertion loss does not exceed 0.9 dB, and the isolation between channels is better than 50 dB, effectively ensuring the integrity of signals in complex multi-channel environments. To meet the requirements of automated testing and remote control, the equipment integrates dual communication interfaces (serial port/network port), supports the SCPI command set and TCP/IP protocol, and can be conveniently embedded in various test platforms to achieve instrument interconnection and test process automation. Experimental verification shows that this matrix exhibits excellent switching stability and signal consistency across the entire 40 GHz, with a switching action time of less than 10 ms. Furthermore, it is capable of real-time topology reconfiguration via a microcontroller or FPGA. These innovations collectively deliver a switch matrix that meets the demanding requirements of 5G communication, millimeter-wave radar, and aerospace defense systems—applications where bandwidth, signal integrity, and system flexibility are paramount. Full article

As the Internet of Things (IoT) and communication technologies continue to evolve, the value of multi-service multiplexing in visible light communication (VLC) systems has been increasingly recognized, particularly in addressing the scarcity of wireless spectrum resources. This study reconstructed the stereo transmission protocol through methods such as dynamic level control, designed a timer interrupt service routine with a double buffer, and reassigned channel status bits in the frame processing function. Consequently, a multi-service multiplexing system based on VLC was designed and implemented. The system enables hybrid transmission of audio signals (1–21.6 kHz) and character data (300–1200 bps) via a single channel, accurately reproducing both voice and text input over a 3.2 m communication range. The system, benefiting from the directional nature of visible light communication, exhibits inherent robustness to multipath-induced interference in dominant line-of-sight (LoS) scenarios and can be easily integrated into existing lighting networks. Featuring a simple architecture and cost-effective design, this solution shows promise for deployment in RF-sensitive areas requiring multi-service communication. Full article

Hybrid beamforming plays a critical role in evaluating wireless communication technology, particularly for millimeter-wave (mmWave) multiple-input multiple-out (MIMO) communication. Several hybrid beamforming systems are investigated for millimeter-wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication. The deployment of huge grant-free transmission in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) band is required due to the growing demands for spectrum resources in upcoming enormous machine-type communication applications. Ultra-high data speed, reduced latency, and improved connection are all promised by the development of 5G mmWave networks. Yet, due to severe route loss and directional communication requirements, there are substantial obstacles to transmission reliability and energy efficiency. To address this limitation in this research we present an intelligent transmission control scheme tailored to 5G mmWave networks. Transport control protocol (TCP) performance over mmWave links can be enhanced for network protocols by utilizing the mmWave scalable (mmS)-TCP. To ensure that users have the stronger average power, we suggest a novel method called row compression two-stage learning-based accurate multi-path processing network with received signal strength indicator-based association strategy (RCTS-AMP-RSSI-AS) for an estimate of both the direct and indirect channels. To change user scenarios and maintain effective communication constantly, we utilize the innovative method known as multi-user scenario-based MATD3 (Mu-MATD3). To improve performance, we introduce the novel method of “digital and analog beam training with long-short term memory (DAH-BT-LSTM)”. Finally, as optimizing network performance requires bottleneck-aware congestion reduction, the low-latency congestion control schemes (LLCCS) are proposed. The overall proposed method improves the performance of 5G mmWave networks. Full article

Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been widely adopted in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry for information modeling and project-level based on information collected from multiple sources. Unfortunately, multi-scale building information is often organized in different formats according to different data management protocols, making it a challenge to extract the data needed for effective decision-making by different project participants. This study proposed a method for the effective exchanges of multi-scale information through BIM, This method includes establishing an information management protocol between microscale and mesoscale through format conversion, standard unification, and contract constraint, and establishing an information management protocol between mesoscale and macroscale through model analysis, data integration, and institutional guarantee. The three paths of model, data, and management are used to link up the collaborative management of information in the three dimensions of individual, group, and region. The authors validated the proposed method using a case study of a project in Xiong’an New District in China as an example. Results show that the proposed method could help with the transmission and utilization of multi-scale building information using BIM for effective project management, which in turn enables the urban planners to have overall control over the information of urban construction projects. Full article

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) serves as a cornerstone mechanism for implementing Congestion Control (CC) across the Internet. Designing a solution that provides high bandwidth utilization and mitigates the phenomenon of bufferbloat across a spectrum of diverse scenarios poses a considerable challenge. The introduction of Bottleneck Bandwidth and Round Trip propagation time (BBR) in 2016 marked a significant shift in congestion control methodology. Its improved performance and adaptability contributed to the initial acclaim and widespread interest that it received.. Unlike most currently used CCs, it operates around Kleinrock’s optimal point, thus offering high throughput even in lossy networks while preventing buffer saturation. Unfortunately, it quickly became evident that BBR was unable to fairly share bandwidth with flows characterized by different path delays, as well as loss-based CCs. In response, Google recently introduced a third iteration to address these shortcomings. This study explores the performance of BBRv3 across a wide range of scenarios, thereby considering different buffer sizes and paths with varying Round Trip Times (RTTs), and it evaluates its superiority over its predecessors. Through extensive simulations, this work assesses whether BBRv3 can finally play fair with other bandwidth contenders, which is a critical consideration given the widespread deployment of BBR. The framework is publicly available to facilitate additional validation and ensure the reproducibility of the study’s findings. The results indicate that while BBRv3 demonstrates enhanced fairness towards loss-based CC algorithms, it struggles when competing against other BBR flows, especially in multi-RTT networks, thus falling short even when compared to the initial version. Full article

A smart city has a complex hierarchical communication system with various components. It must meet the requirements of fast connection, reliability, and security without data compromise. Internet of Things technology is widely used to provide connectivity and control solutions for smart sensors and other devices using heterogeneous networking technologies. In this paper, we propose a routing solution for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANET) with increasing speed, reliability, and sufficient security. Many routing protocols have been proposed for WSNs and MANETs. We combine the Secret Sharing Schemes (SSS) and Redundant Residual Number Systems (RRNS) to provide an efficient mechanism for a Distributed dynamic heterogeneous network Transmission (DT) with new security and reliability routing protocol (DT-RRNS). We analyze the concept of data transmission based on RRNS that divides data into smaller encoded shares and transmits them in parallel, protecting them from attacks on routes by adaptive multipath secured transmission and providing self-correcting properties that improve the reliability and fault tolerance of the entire system. Full article

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection-oriented data transmission protocol, and it is also the main communication protocol used for end-to-end data transmission in the current Internet. At present, the mainstream TCP protocol processing service is implemented by software running on the Central Processing Unit (CPU). However, with the rapid growth of transmission bandwidth and the number of connections, the software-based processing method is not ideal in terms of delay and throughput, and also affects the processing performance of the CPU in other applications such as virtualization services. Moreover, other hardware solutions can only support a limited number of TCP session connections. In order to improve the processing efficiency of the TCP protocol and achieve highly concurrent network services, this paper proposes a TCP offload engine (TOE) prototype system based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) chips. It not only provides hardware-based data path processing, but also realizes hardware management of large-scale TCP session connection status through a multi-level cache management mechanism. Studies have shown that this solution can support 100 Gbps high-performance throughput characteristics, and allow concurrent processing of hundreds to 250,000 TCP connection state hardware maintenance on a single network node, improving the overall performance of the network system. Full article

The scheduler is a crucial component of the multipath transmission control protocol (MPTCP) that dictates the path that a data packet takes. Schedulers are in charge of delivering data packets in the right order to prevent delays caused by head-of-line blocking. The modern Internet is a complicated network whose characteristics change in real-time. MPTCP schedulers are supposed to understand the real-time properties of the underlying network, such as latency, path loss, and capacity, in order to make appropriate scheduling decisions. However, the present scheduler does not take into account all of these characteristics together, resulting in lower performance. We present the low latency and high data rate (LLHD) scheduler, which successfully makes scheduling decisions based on real-time information on latency, path loss, and capacity, and achieves around 25% higher throughput and 45% lower data transmission delay than Linux’s default MPTCP scheduler. Full article

Mobility and low energy consumption are considered the main requirements for wireless body area sensor networks (WBASN) used in healthcare monitoring systems (HMS). In HMS, battery-powered sensor nodes with limited energy are used to obtain vital statistics about the body. Hence, energy-efficient schemes are desired to maintain long-term and steady connectivity of the sensor nodes. A sheer amount of energy is consumed in activities such as idle listening, excessive transmission and reception of control messages, packet collisions and retransmission of packets, and poor path selection, that may lead to more energy consumption. A combination of adaptive scheduling with an energy-efficient protocol can help select an appropriate path at a suitable time to minimize the control overhead, energy consumption, packet collision, and excessive idle listening. This paper proposes a region-based energy-efficient multipath routing (REMR) approach that divides the entire sensor network into clusters with preferably multiple candidates to represent each cluster. The cluster representatives (CRs) route packets through various clusters. For routing, the energy requirement of each route is considered, and the path with minimum energy requirements is selected. Similarly, end-to-end delay, higher throughput, and packet-delivery ratio are considered for packet routing. Full article

The 5G cellular network comes with a promise to provide a very high data rate at low latency, which is becoming critical for advancing technologies. Mobile operators are currently deploying the 5G cellular network worldwide. However, because of limited coverage and high susceptibility of the 5G network to obstacles, handoffs from 5G to 4G and vice versa frequently occur, especially when the user equipment (UE) is moving. These handoffs often cause significant delays in data transmission due to packet losses and retransmissions. A promising solution can be to use both 4G and 5G networks simultaneously, which can solve this problem and yield a better throughput. Multipath transmission control protocol (TCP) is an effective solution for this problem, but it requires significant performance evaluation before practical deployment. In this study, we implement an MPTCP testbed based on NS3-DCE that enables to test the performance of MPTCP schedulers and congestion control algorithms (CCAs) in both 3GPP and non-3GPP networks. Through extensive simulation experiments in a scenario where a UE simultaneously utilizes both 4G and 5G networks, we found that blocking estimation (BLEST) scheduler implemented with balanced linked adaptation (BALIA) CCA can produce the highest throughput and lowest delay. Finally, we showed how received signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR), congestion window, throughput, and packet losses are interconnected. Full article

A huge amount of generated data is regularly exploding into the network by the users through smartphones, laptops, tablets, self-configured Internet-of-things (IoT) devices, and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication. In such a situation, satisfying critical quality-of-service (QoS) requirements (e.g., throughput, latency, bandwidth, and reliability) is a large challenge as a vast amount of data travels into the network. Nowadays, strict QoS requirements must be satisfied efficiently in many networked multimedia applications when intelligent multi-homed devices are used. Such devices support the concept of multi-homing. To be precise, they have multiple network interfaces that aim to connect and communicate concurrently with different networking technologies. Therefore, many multipath transport protocols are provided to multi-homed devices, which aim (1) to take advantage of several network paths at the transport layer (Layer-4) and (2) to meet the strict QoS requirements for providing low network latency, higher data rates, and increased reliability. To this end, this survey first presents the challenges/problems for supporting multipath transmission with possible solutions. Then, it reviews recent research efforts related to the concurrent multipath transmission (CMT) protocol and the multipath transmission control protocol (MPTCP). It reviews the latest research efforts by considering (1) how a multipath transport protocol operates (i.e., its functionality); (2) in what type of network; (3) what path characteristics it should consider; and (4) how it addresses various design challenges. Furthermore, it presents some lessons learned and discusses open research issues in multipath transport protocols. Full article

Across the globe, wireless devices with Internet facilities such as smartphones and tablets have become essential assets for communication and entertainment alike for everyday life for millions of people, which increases the network traffic and the demand for low-latency communication networks. The fourth-generation (4G)/long-term evolution (LTE)/ fifth-generation (5G) communication technology offers higher bandwidth and low latency services, but resource utilization and resiliency cannot be achieved, as transmission control protocol (TCP) is the most common choice for most of the state-of-art applications for the transport layer. An extension of TCP—multipath TCP (MPTCP)—offers higher bandwidth, resiliency, and stable connectivity by offering bandwidth aggregation and smooth handover among multiple paths. However, MPTCP uses multiple disjointed paths for communication to offer multiple benefits. A breach in the security of one of the paths may have a negative effect on the overall performance, fault-tolerance, robustness, and quality of service (QoS). In this paper, the research focuses on how MPTCP options such as MP_CAPABLE, ADD_ADDR, etc., can be used to exploit the vulnerabilities to launch various attacks such as session hijacking, traffic diversion, etc., to compromise the availability, confidentiality, and integrity of the data and network. The probable security solutions for securing MPTCP connections are analyzed, and the secure key exchange model for MPTCP (SKEXMTCP) based on identity-based encryption (IBE) is proposed and implemented. The parameters exchanged during the initial handshake are encrypted using IBE to prevent off-path attacks by removing the requirement for key exchange before communication establishment by allowing the use of arbitrary strings as a public key for encryption. The experiments were performed with IBE and an elliptic curve cryptosystem (ECC), which show that IBE performs better, as it does not need to generate keys while applying encryption. The experimental evaluation of SKEXMTCP in terms of security and performance is carried out and compared with existing solutions. Full article

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an evolving concept that has achieved prominence in the modern era. An autonomous sensor-equipped device is the major component of WSN-assisted IoT infrastructure. These devices intelligently sense the environment, automatically collect the data, and deliver the information to paired devices. However, in WSN-assisted IoT networks, energy depletion and hardware faults might result in device failures. Additionally, this might affect data transmission. A reliable route significantly reduces data retransmissions, which can help in congestion reduction and energy conservation. Generally, the sensor devices are typically deployed densely throughout the WSN-assisted IoT networks. A high number of sensor devices covering a monitoring area might result in duplicate data. The clustering method can be used to overcome this problem. The clustering technique reduces network traffic, whereas the multipath technique ensures path reliability. In CRPSH, we used the clustering technique to reduce the duplicate data. Moreover, the multipath approach can increase the reliability of the proposed protocol. CRPSH is intended to minimize the overhead associated with control packets and extend the network’s lifetime. The complete set of simulations is carried out using the Castalia simulator. The proposed protocol is found to reduce energy consumption and increase the lifetime of IoT infrastructure networks. Full article