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Search Results (129)

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16 pages, 2415 KB  
Review
Recycling Technologies for Extracting Gallium from Light-Emitting Diodes
by Laraib Mustafa, Muhammad Usman, Shazma Ali, Ahmed Ali and Anis Naveed
Photonics 2025, 12(8), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12080808 - 12 Aug 2025
Viewed by 410
Abstract
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are made up of precious metals, e.g., gallium. These elements can be recovered and reused, reducing the need for new raw materials. Proper recycling prevents harmful substances in LEDs, such as lead and arsenic, from contaminating the environment. Recycling LEDs [...] Read more.
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are made up of precious metals, e.g., gallium. These elements can be recovered and reused, reducing the need for new raw materials. Proper recycling prevents harmful substances in LEDs, such as lead and arsenic, from contaminating the environment. Recycling LEDs uses less energy compared to producing new ones, leading to lower carbon emissions. The valuable metal gallium faces the challenge of supply and demand due to the surge in its demand, the difficulty of separating it from minerals, and processing issues during extraction. In this review, we describe the methods for recycling gallium from LEDs by using different techniques such as pyrolysis (95% recovery), oxalic acid leaching (83.2% recovery), HCL acid leaching of coal fly ash (90–95% recovery), subcritical water treatment (80.5% recovery), supercritical ethanol (93.10% recovery), oxidation and subsequent leaching (91.4% recovery), and vacuum metallurgy separation (90% recovery). Based on our analysis, hydrometallurgy is the best approach for recovering gallium. It is reported that approximately 5% of the waste from LEDs is adequately recycled, whereas the total gallium potential wasted throughout production is over 93%. By recycling LEDs, we can minimize waste, conserve resources, and promote sustainable practices. Thus, recycling LEDs is essential for strengthening a circular economy. Full article
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17 pages, 287 KB  
Article
Nutritional Quality and Safety of Windowpane Oyster Placuna placenta from Samal, Bataan, Philippines
by Jessica M. Rustia, Judith P. Antonino, Ravelina R. Velasco, Edwin A. Yates and David G. Fernig
Fishes 2025, 10(8), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10080385 - 6 Aug 2025
Viewed by 328
Abstract
The windowpane oyster (Placuna placenta) is common in coastal areas of the Philippines, thriving in brackish waters. Its shells underpin the local craft industries. While its meat is edible, only small amounts are consumed locally, most going to waste. Utilization of [...] Read more.
The windowpane oyster (Placuna placenta) is common in coastal areas of the Philippines, thriving in brackish waters. Its shells underpin the local craft industries. While its meat is edible, only small amounts are consumed locally, most going to waste. Utilization of this potential nutrient source is hindered by the lack of information concerning its organic and mineral content, the possible presence of heavy metal ions, and the risk of microbial pathogens. We report extensive analysis of the meat from Placuna placenta, harvested during three different seasons to account for potential variations. This comprises proximate analysis, mineral, antioxidant, and microbial analyses. While considerable seasonal variation was observed, the windowpane oyster was found to be a rich source of protein, fats, minerals, and carbohydrates, comparing well with the meats of other shellfish and land animals. Following pre-cooking (~90 °C, 25–30 min), the standard local method for food preparation, no viable E. coli or Salmonella sp. were detected. Mineral content was broadly similar to that reported in fish, although iron, zinc, and copper were more highly represented, nevertheless, heavy metals were below internationally acceptable levels, with the exception of one of three samples, which was slightly above the only current standard, FSANZ. Whether the arsenic was in the safer organic form, which is commonly the case for shellfish, or the more toxic inorganic form remains to be established. This and the variation of arsenic over time will need to be considered when developing food products. Overall, the meat of the windowpane oyster is a valuable food resource and its current (albeit low-level) use should lower any barriers to its acceptance, making it suitable for commercialization. The present data support its development for high-value food products in urban markets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Processing and Comprehensive Utilization of Fishery Products)
20 pages, 1370 KB  
Article
Interpretable Machine Learning for Osteopenia Detection: A Proof-of-Concept Study Using Bioelectrical Impedance in Perimenopausal Women
by Dimitrios Balampanos, Christos Kokkotis, Theodoros Stampoulis, Alexandra Avloniti, Dimitrios Pantazis, Maria Protopapa, Nikolaos-Orestis Retzepis, Maria Emmanouilidou, Panagiotis Aggelakis, Nikolaos Zaras, Maria Michalopoulou and Athanasios Chatzinikolaou
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(3), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030262 - 11 Jul 2025
Viewed by 508
Abstract
Objectives: The early detection of low bone mineral density (BMD) is essential for preventing osteoporosis and related complications. While dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) remains the gold standard for diagnosis, its cost and limited availability restrict its use in large-scale screening. This study investigated [...] Read more.
Objectives: The early detection of low bone mineral density (BMD) is essential for preventing osteoporosis and related complications. While dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) remains the gold standard for diagnosis, its cost and limited availability restrict its use in large-scale screening. This study investigated whether raw bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) data combined with explainable machine learning (ML) models could accurately classify osteopenia in women aged 40 to 55. Methods: In a cross-sectional design, 138 women underwent same-day BIA and DXA assessments. Participants were categorized as osteopenic (T-score between −1.0 and −2.5; n = 33) or normal (T-score ≥ −1.0) based on DXA results. Overall, 24.1% of the sample were classified as osteopenic, and 32.85% were postmenopausal. Raw BIA outputs were used as input features, including impedance values, phase angles, and segmental tissue parameters. A sequential forward feature selection (SFFS) algorithm was employed to optimize input dimensionality. Four ML classifiers were trained using stratified five-fold cross-validation, and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) were applied to interpret feature contributions. Results: The neural network (NN) model achieved the highest classification accuracy (92.12%) using 34 selected features, including raw impedance measurements, derived body composition indices such as regional lean mass estimates and the edema index, as well as a limited number of categorical variables, including self-reported physical activity status. SHAP analysis identified muscle mass indices and fluid distribution metrics, features previously associated with bone health, as the most influential predictors in the current model. Other classifiers performed comparably but with lower precision or interpretability. Conclusions: ML models based on raw BIA data can classify osteopenia with high accuracy and clinical transparency. This approach provides a cost-effective and interpretable alternative for the early identification of individuals at risk for low BMD in resource-limited or primary care settings. Full article
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18 pages, 7713 KB  
Article
Enrichment Regularity of Indium in the Dulong Mineral Processing Plant, Yunnan Province, China
by Peiqiang Fan, Xiong Tong, Xian Xie, Qiang Song, Ruiqi Xie, Bin Han, Haitao Fu and Zhiming Lu
Minerals 2025, 15(7), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15070672 - 23 Jun 2025
Viewed by 301
Abstract
The Dulong deposit in Wenshan, southeastern Yunnan Province, is rich in zinc, tin, and copper resources, accompanied by rare metals such as indium and silver. It is a particularly important indium production base, with reserves of approximately 7000 tons, ranking first globally. Enrichment [...] Read more.
The Dulong deposit in Wenshan, southeastern Yunnan Province, is rich in zinc, tin, and copper resources, accompanied by rare metals such as indium and silver. It is a particularly important indium production base, with reserves of approximately 7000 tons, ranking first globally. Enrichment and recovery of indium-bearing minerals are mainly achieved through mineral processing technology. However, the recovery rate of indium in the Dulong concentrator remains relatively low, and there is an insufficient understanding of its occurrence state and distribution characteristics, resulting in marked indium resource wastage. Here, we conducted a systematic process mineralogy study on indium-bearing polymetallic ore in the Dulong concentrator. The average grade of indium in the ore is 43.87 g/t, mainly occurring in marmatite (63.63%), supplemented by that in silicate minerals (23.31%), chalcopyrite (7.84%), and pyrrhotite (4.22%). The indium has a relatively dispersed distribution, which is inconducive to enrichment and recovery. The substitution mechanism of indium in marmatite was investigated using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. This revealed a positive correlation between indium and copper, allowing us to revise the substitution relationship to: ZnxS+Cu++In3+Znx2CuInS+2Zn2+ or Znx1FeS+Cu++In3+Znx2CuInS+Zn2++Fe2+. Electron probe microanalysis revealed the presence of roquesite (CuInS2), an independent indium mineral not previously reported from this deposit. Our detailed investigation of the Dulong concentrator mineral processing technology showed that the recovery rate of indium from marmatite is currently poor, at only 48.01%. To improve the comprehensive utilization rate of indium resources, it will be necessary to further increase the recovery rate from marmatite and explore the flotation recovery of indium from chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy)
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15 pages, 2026 KB  
Article
SODS: Soil Health On-Demand Sensors—A Multi Parameter Field Study with Temporal Monitoring
by Vikram Narayanan Dhamu, Mohammed A. Eldeeb, Anil C. Somenahally, Sriram Muthukumar and Shalini Prasad
Sensors 2025, 25(11), 3505; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25113505 - 1 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1091
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of soil health parameters is crucial for efficient use of resources, improving agricultural productivity, and sustainability. Traditional soil analysis methods, although accurate, are time-consuming and lack the spatial and temporal resolution necessary for dynamic agricultural environments. Recent advancements in sensor technology [...] Read more.
Real-time monitoring of soil health parameters is crucial for efficient use of resources, improving agricultural productivity, and sustainability. Traditional soil analysis methods, although accurate, are time-consuming and lack the spatial and temporal resolution necessary for dynamic agricultural environments. Recent advancements in sensor technology offer promising alternatives, enabling real-time, in situ monitoring of key soil health indicators. This study details the deployment and validation of novel Sensor-in-Field probes at the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center Farm in Missouri, U.S., in a winter wheat plot. Three Sensor-in-Field probes were evaluated for their ability to measure nitrate (NO3), ammonium (NH4), soil organic matter (SOM), carbonaceous soil minerals (CSMs), soil volumetric density (SVD), soil hydration state (SHS), and total soil carbon (TSC) over a 28-day period. The probes’ coefficients of variation were well within acceptable limits (<20%) for all parameters. The measured metrics averaged 0.05% ± 0.001 and 1.92% ± 0.02 for CSMs and SOM, respectively, while TSC was 1.18% ± 0.15. For the nutrients, the measured NO3 and NH4 values were 4.44 ppm ± 0.37 and 2.78 ppm ± 0.22, respectively. The accuracy of the soil probes was validated at a certified traditional soil analysis laboratory. Three samples were collected at three different time points and analyzed. Bland–Altman analysis showed <± 10% difference between the soil probes and traditional lab analysis for CSMs, SOM, and TSC, while t-test analysis reported p-values > 0.005 for NO3, NH4, and SHS/SVD, indicating non-significant differences between the probes and traditional soil analysis methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Intelligent Sensors)
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15 pages, 669 KB  
Systematic Review
Basalt Rock Powder in Cementitious Materials: A Systematic Review
by Maryane Pipino Beraldo Almeida, Lays da Silva Sá Gomes, Alex Ramos Silva, Jacqueline Roberta Tamashiro, Fábio Friol Guedes Paiva, Lucas Henrique Pereira Silva and Angela Kinoshita
Resources 2025, 14(6), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14060086 - 23 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1070
Abstract
Concrete and mortar production consumes significant natural resources, leading to environmental concerns and sustainability challenges. Sustainable alternatives, such as industrial byproducts, have been explored to replace clinkers and aggregates. Basalt rock powder (BRP) is a promising option due to its physical and chemical [...] Read more.
Concrete and mortar production consumes significant natural resources, leading to environmental concerns and sustainability challenges. Sustainable alternatives, such as industrial byproducts, have been explored to replace clinkers and aggregates. Basalt rock powder (BRP) is a promising option due to its physical and chemical properties, including its better particle size distribution and compatibility with cementitious composites, and studies have highlighted its pozzolanic activity and its potential to improve mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, and durability). Reusing rock dust as a raw material could transform it into a mineral byproduct, benefiting the new material and reducing waste volumes. This article presents a systematic literature review on the use of BRP in construction materials, conducted using the Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Web of Science databases and following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) procedures. The search resulted in 787 articles (up to December 2024) and, after the screening process, 17 met the inclusion criteria. From the selected articles, information regarding the utilization of this waste product; its influence on mechanical properties, pozzolanic activity, and durability; and the sustainability associated with its use was compiled. The risk of bias was low as the search was comprehensive, all the papers were peer-reviewed, and all authors reviewed the papers independently. In conclusion, the studies demonstrate the potential of using BRP as a component of cementitious materials, indicating it as a possible innovative solution to the current challenges in the construction industry. Full article
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27 pages, 23477 KB  
Article
The B-Zone 4611 Silver-Rich Pod—An Unusual Ag-Ge-Sb-As-Ni Assemblage Within the Irish-Type Zn-Pb Silvermines Deposit, County Tipperary, Ireland
by Colin J. Andrew and John H. Ashton
Minerals 2025, 15(5), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15050540 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 641
Abstract
The Silvermines Pb-Zn-Ag-Ba orebodies comprise vein, replacement, cross-cutting and stratiform mineralization mostly hosted in Lower Carboniferous limestones in the vicinity of a major ENE and E-W trending normal fault array and represent a classic example of Irish-Type Zn-Pb mineralization. Historically the deposits have [...] Read more.
The Silvermines Pb-Zn-Ag-Ba orebodies comprise vein, replacement, cross-cutting and stratiform mineralization mostly hosted in Lower Carboniferous limestones in the vicinity of a major ENE and E-W trending normal fault array and represent a classic example of Irish-Type Zn-Pb mineralization. Historically the deposits have been exploited at various times, but the major limestone-hosted Zn-Pb-Ba mineralization was not discovered until the 1960s. Structurally controlled crosscutting vein and breccia mineralization represent pathways of hydrothermal fluids escaping from the Silvermines fault at depth that exhaled and replaced shallowly buried Waulsortian limestones creating the larger stratiform orebodies such as the Upper G and B-Zones. The B-Zone, comprising a pre-mining resource of 4.64 Mt of 4.53% Zn, 3.58% Pb, 30 g/t Ag has a locally highly variable host mineralogy dominated by pyrite, barite, siderite, within dolomitic and limestone breccias with local silica-haematite alteration. A small, highly unusual pod of very high-grade Ag-rich mineralization in the B-Zone, the 4611 Pod, discovered in 1978, has not been previously documented. Unpublished records, field notes, and mineralogical and chemical data from consultant reports have been assimilated to document this interesting and unusual occurrence. The pod, representing an irregular lens of mineralization ca 2 m thick and representing 500 t, occurs within the B-Zone orebody and comprises high grade Zn and Pb sulfides with significant patches of proustite-pyrargyrite (ruby silvers) and a host of associated Pb, Ag, Sb, As, Cu, Ge sulfide minerals, including significant argyrodite. Although evidence of any distinct feeder below the pod is lacking, the nature of the pod, its unusual mineralogy and its paragenesis suggests that it represents a small, possibly late source of exotic hydrothermal fluid where it entered the B-Zone stratiform mineralizing system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genesis and Evolution of Pb-Zn-Ag Polymetallic Deposits: 2nd Edition)
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41 pages, 12142 KB  
Article
Geometallurgical Sampling and Testwork for Gold Mineralisation: General Considerations and a Case Study
by Simon C. Dominy and Hylke J. Glass
Minerals 2025, 15(4), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15040370 - 2 Apr 2025
Viewed by 2354
Abstract
Geometallurgy seeks to derisk the extraction of primary resources by developing optimal strategies across resource/reserve evaluation, mine planning, mineral processing, environmental management (including waste management), and energy use. Predictive geometallurgy is the crux of modern geometallurgical practice, which leads to a data-rich 3D [...] Read more.
Geometallurgy seeks to derisk the extraction of primary resources by developing optimal strategies across resource/reserve evaluation, mine planning, mineral processing, environmental management (including waste management), and energy use. Predictive geometallurgy is the crux of modern geometallurgical practice, which leads to a data-rich 3D block model(s). The geometallurgical approach aims to quantify variability through different sample types, including in situ and direct measurements; physical samples; process samples within the plant; and in-line sensor-based measurements. Sampling considerations across sample type, representativity, number of samples required, sample integrity, Quality Assurance/Quality Control, and reporting results in the context of international codes are emphasised. A geometallurgical protocol was developed to obtain multivariate data for highly heterogeneous gold-bearing conglomerate mineralisation. The protocol emphasises the importance of collecting high-quality samples through the use of diamond drill core and early implementation. The programme aimed to acquire an accurate head grade of each core intersection prior to destruction by metallurgical testwork. Core scanning and comminution test work was undertaken prior to the head assay. The protocol was developed so as to allow each core interval to be submitted for comminution testwork, recombined for head grade determination by PhotonAssay™, and subsequently submitted for gold recovery testwork. All core was scanned prior to testwork and assay, which collected digital imagery, geochemistry, and bulk density data. A comprehensive quality assurance and quality control system was implemented for the programme. This paper presents an overview of geometallurgical sampling and the development and implementation of the Beatons Creek testwork programme in support of a Pre-Feasibility Study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy)
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16 pages, 4993 KB  
Article
Rapid Microwave Irradiation-Enhanced Detoxification and Mineralization of Cr(VI) by FeS2/ZVI Composites
by Xiaoming Zhang, Haiying Wang, Mengying Si, Qi Liao, Zhihui Yang, Qi Li and Weichun Yang
Metals 2025, 15(4), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15040395 - 1 Apr 2025
Viewed by 381
Abstract
The rapid detoxification and mineralization of Cr(VI) in aqueous environments hold critical importance for emergency response and resource recovery yet remain technically challenging. Herein, we report the synthesis of FeS2/ZVI composites through ethanol-assisted wet ball-milling and their application in Cr(VI) removal [...] Read more.
The rapid detoxification and mineralization of Cr(VI) in aqueous environments hold critical importance for emergency response and resource recovery yet remain technically challenging. Herein, we report the synthesis of FeS2/ZVI composites through ethanol-assisted wet ball-milling and their application in Cr(VI) removal under microwave (MW) irradiation. This study systematically investigates the effects of MW irradiation on the removal efficiency of Cr(VI) using FeS2/ZVI composites, with particular focus on key parameters including composite dosage, initial pH, MW temperature, and Cr(VI) concentration. Notably, 1 g/L FeS2/ZVI composites achieved near-complete removal (>99%) of 50 mg/L Cr(VI) within 7 min at a MW irradiation temperature of 333 K, which exhibited 5.9-fold and 13.1-fold superior performance compared to pure pyrite and ZVI, respectively. Additionally, there is a 96.1% reduction in reaction time in comparison to non-MW irradiation system. In real electroplating wastewater samples, Cr(VI) concentration was reduced from 38.93 to 0.42 mg L−1 by MW irradiation-assisted treatment, validating its potential for practical applications in industrial Cr(VI) pollution control. The activation energy determined by fitting the Arrhenius equation showed a 39.7% reduction for the MW-assisted FeS2/ZVI system (16.0 kJ mol−1) compared to conventional thermal heating (from 25.6 kJ mol−1), indicating that MW irradiation induced catalytic enhancement of FeS2/ZVI, thereby lowering the energy barrier for Cr(VI) reduction. Moreover, MW irradiation-assisted processes facilitated the mineralization of reduced Cr(III) to stable spinel FeCr2O4. These findings collectively establish a synergistic mechanism between MW activation and FeS2/ZVI composites, offering innovative pathways for efficient Cr(VI) detoxification and resource recovery from high-strength industrial wastewaters. Full article
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21 pages, 3815 KB  
Article
Paleoenvironmental Controls and Economic Potential of Li-REY Enrichment in the Upper Carboniferous Coal-Bearing “Si–Al–Fe” Strata, Northeastern Qinshui Basin
by Ning Wang, Jun Zhao, Yingxia Xu, Mangen Mu, Shangqing Zhang, Libo Jing, Guoshu Huang, Liang Liu and Pengfei Tian
Minerals 2025, 15(3), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15030269 - 5 Mar 2025
Viewed by 743
Abstract
Critical metals in coal-bearing strata have recently emerged as a frontier hotspot in both coal geology and ore deposit research. In the Upper Carboniferous coal-bearing “Si–Al–Fe” strata (Benxi Formation) of the North China Craton (NCC), several critical metals, including Li, Ga, Sc, V, [...] Read more.
Critical metals in coal-bearing strata have recently emerged as a frontier hotspot in both coal geology and ore deposit research. In the Upper Carboniferous coal-bearing “Si–Al–Fe” strata (Benxi Formation) of the North China Craton (NCC), several critical metals, including Li, Ga, Sc, V, and rare earth elements and Y (REY or REE + Y), have been discovered, with notable mineralization anomalies observed across northern, central, and southern Shanxi Province. However, despite the widespread occurrence of outcrops of the “Si–Al–Fe” strata in the northeastern Qinshui Basin of eastern Shanxi, there has been no prior report on the critical metal content in this region. Traditionally, the “Si–Al–Fe” strata have been regarded as a primary source of clastic material for the surrounding coal seams of the Carboniferous–Permian Taiyuan and Shanxi Formations, which are known to display critical metal anomalies (e.g., Li and Ga). Given these observations, it is hypothesized that the “Si–Al–Fe” strata in the northeastern Qinshui Basin may also contain critical metal mineralization. To evaluate this hypothesis, new outcrop samples from the “Si–Al–Fe” strata of the Benxi Formation in the Yangquan area of the northeastern Qinshui Basin were collected. Detailed studies on critical metal enrichment were assessed using petrographic observations, mineralogy (XRD, X-ray diffractometer), and geochemistry (XRF, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, and ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer). The results indicate that the siliceous, ferruginous, and aluminous rocks within the study strata exhibit varying degrees of critical metal mineralization, mainly consisting of Li and REY, with minor associated Nb, Zr, and Ga. The Al2O3/TiO2, Nb/Y vs. Zr/TiO2, and Nb/Yb vs. Al2O3/TiO2 diagrams suggest that these critical metal-enriched layers likely have a mixed origin, comprising both intermediate–felsic magmatic rocks and metamorphic rocks derived from the NCC, as well as alkaline volcaniclastics associated with the Tarim Large Igneous Province (TLIP). Furthermore, combined geochemical parameters, such as the CIA (chemical index of alteration), Sr/Cu vs. Ga/Rb, Th/U, and Ni/Co vs. V/(V + Ni), indicate that the “Si–Al–Fe” strata in the northeastern Qinshui Basin were deposited under warm-to-hot, humid climate conditions, likely in suboxic-to-anoxic environments. Additionally, an economic evaluation suggests that the “Si–Al–Fe” strata in the northeastern Qinshui Basin hold considerable potential as a resource for the industrial extraction of Li, REY, Nb, Zr, and Ga. Full article
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31 pages, 10269 KB  
Article
Geologic Characteristics and Age of Beryllium Mineralization in the Jiulong Area, the Southeast Edge of the Western Kunlun–Songpan–Ganzi Rare Metal Metallogenic Belt
by Junliang Hu, Jiayun Zhou, Hongqi Tan, Zhiyao Ni, Zhimin Zhu, Teng Niu and Yingdong Liu
Minerals 2025, 15(3), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15030253 - 28 Feb 2025
Viewed by 631
Abstract
Rare metals such as lithium and beryllium are strategic mineral resources that play a highly significant role in the national aerospace, defense, and new energy industries. The western Kunlun–Songpan–Ganzi metallogenic belt is an important rare metal metallogenic belt in China that mainly consists [...] Read more.
Rare metals such as lithium and beryllium are strategic mineral resources that play a highly significant role in the national aerospace, defense, and new energy industries. The western Kunlun–Songpan–Ganzi metallogenic belt is an important rare metal metallogenic belt in China that mainly consists of granite–pegmatite-type lithium–beryllium deposits with uncommon beryllium-only deposits. In the Jiulong area on the southeastern edge of this metallogenic belt, several deposits, including the Daqianggou lithium–beryllium, Luomo beryllium, Baitai beryllium, and Shangjigong beryllium deposits, have been identified. Unlike the northern areas of Jiajika, Ke’eryin, Zawulong, and the western regions of Dahongliutan and Bailongshan, this area contains beryllium-only deposits. In this paper, we examine representative beryllium deposits in the Jiulong area, including detailed petrographic observations and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U-Pb isotope dating of cassiterite and columbite–tantalite, to define the metallogenic age and summarize the spatiotemporal characteristics of the beryllium mineralization in this area. The research results show that the Daqianggou lithium–beryllium deposit is dominated by spodumene and beryl mineralization, while the Luomo and Baitai beryllium deposits primarily feature beryl mineralization. The dating results indicate that the U-Pb ages of the cassiterite and columbite–tantalite in the Daqianggou lithium–beryllium deposit are 157.3 ± 1.7 Ma and 164.1 ± 0.8 Ma, respectively. For the Luomo beryllium deposit, the U-Pb ages of the cassiterite and columbite–tantalite are 156.1 ± 1.5 Ma and 163.3 ± 0.8 Ma, respectively. For the Baitai beryllium deposit, the U-Pb age of the columbite–tantalite is 188.8 ± 1.1 Ma. Therefore, the Jiulong area experienced two pegmatite-type rare metal metallogenic events: a beryllium–niobium–tantalum–molybdenum event at 197~189 Ma and a lithium–beryllium–niobium–tantalum–rubidium event at 164~156 Ma. Based on the reported metallogenic ages, we suggest that the western Kunlun–Songpan–Ganzi rare metal metallogenic belt experienced three rare metal metallogenic events at 210~200 Ma, 200~180 Ma, and 170~150 Ma. Regarding exploration directions, early Yanshanian beryllium mineralization predominates in the Jiulong area along the southeastern edge of the belt, and deep exploration of the early Yanshanian rare metal mineralization within this belt should be strengthened to facilitate new breakthroughs. Full article
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29 pages, 19276 KB  
Article
Geochemistry of REE and Other Critical Elements in Deep-Sea Polymetallic Nodules from Interoceanmetal (IOM) Exploration Area in Eastern Part of Clarion–Clipperton Fracture Zone, NE Pacific
by Atanas Hikov, Zlatka Milakovska, Irena Peytcheva, Valcana Stoyanova, Elitsa Stefanova, Tomasz Abramowski, Milen Kadiyski, Silvia Chavdarova, Milen Stavrev and Dimitrina Dimitrova
Minerals 2025, 15(2), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15020154 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1556
Abstract
Deep-sea Fe-Mn polymetallic nodules formed nowadays at the deep-sea ocean floor were evaluated as promising critical raw materials (CRMs). Here, we report results of polymetallic nodules from the H22_NE block of the Interoceanmetal (IOM) exploration area in the eastern part of the Clarion–Clipperton [...] Read more.
Deep-sea Fe-Mn polymetallic nodules formed nowadays at the deep-sea ocean floor were evaluated as promising critical raw materials (CRMs). Here, we report results of polymetallic nodules from the H22_NE block of the Interoceanmetal (IOM) exploration area in the eastern part of the Clarion–Clipperton Zone (CCZ), NE Pacific Ocean. The polymetallic nodules were studied with X-ray Diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, and LA-ICP-MS (bulk nodules and in situ nodule layers). Additionally, we combine geochemical data of polymetallic nodules with the previously reported data of pore waters and sediments from six stations. Our study aims to define the mineral composition and determine the content of CRMs in the polymetallic nodules and to assess the main factors controlling metal deposition and nodule enrichment in some CRMs. Mn content and the Mn/Fe ratio of the nodules classify them mostly as mixed hydrogenetic–diagenetic type. They are also enriched in Ni, Cu, Co, Zn, Mo, W, Li, Tl, and REE. The in situ REE patterns exhibit MREE and HREE enrichment and a variable Ce anomaly that argues for a changing oxic/suboxic environment and periodically changing of diagenetic and hydrogenetic nodule growth. The results of the joint study of the bottom sediments, pore waters, and polymetallic nodules show a complexity of processes that influence the formation of these deposits. The changing oxic and anoxic conditions are well documented in the chemistry of the nodule layers. Probably the most important controlling factors are sedimentation rate, bioturbation, adsorption, desorption, and oxidation. In addition, growth rates, water depth variations, electro-chemical speciation, phosphatization, and the structures of the Fe-Mn adsorbents are also considered. The polymetallic nodule deposits in the IOM contract area are estimated for future mining for Ni, Cu, Co, and Mn resources. They, however, contain additional metals of economic importance, such as REE and other trace elements (referred to as CRMs) that are potential by-products for metal mining. They can significantly increase the economic importance of exploited polymetallic nodules. Full article
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21 pages, 3535 KB  
Review
Coal-Hosted Al-Ga-Li-REE Deposits in China: A Review
by Yanbo Zhang, Xiangyang Liu and Wei Zhao
Minerals 2025, 15(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15010074 - 14 Jan 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1612
Abstract
Investigation of the critical metal elements in coal and coal-bearing strata has become one of the hottest research topics in coal geology and coal industry. Coal-hosted Ga-Al-Li-REE deposits have been discovered in the Jungar and Daqingshan Coalfields of Inner Mongolia, China. Gallium, Al, [...] Read more.
Investigation of the critical metal elements in coal and coal-bearing strata has become one of the hottest research topics in coal geology and coal industry. Coal-hosted Ga-Al-Li-REE deposits have been discovered in the Jungar and Daqingshan Coalfields of Inner Mongolia, China. Gallium, Al, and Li in the Jungar coals have been successfully extracted and utilized. This paper reviews the discovery history of coal-hosted Ga-Al-Li-REE deposits, including contents, modes of occurrence, and enrichment origin of critical metals in each coal mine, including Heidaigou, Harewusu, and Guanbanwusu Mines in the Jungar Coalfield and the Adaohai Coal Mine in the Daqingshan Coalfield, as well as the recently reported Lao Sangou Mine. Gallium and Al in the coals investigated mainly occur in kaolinite, boehmite, diaspore, and gorceixite; REEs are mainly hosted by gorceixite and kaolinite; and Li is mainly hosted by cholorite. Gallium, Al, and REEs are mainly derived from the sediment-source region, i.e., weathered bauxite in the Benxi Formation. In addition, REE enrichment is also attributed to the intra-seam parting leaching by groundwater. Lithium enrichment in the coals is of hydrothermal fluid input. The content of Al2O3 and Ga in coal combustions (e.g., fly ash) is higher than 50% and ~100 µg/g, respectively; concentrations of Li in these coals also reach the cut-off grade for industrial recovery (for example, Li concentration in the Haerwusu coals is ~116 µg/g). Investigations of the content, distribution, and mineralization of critical elements in coal not only provide important references for the potential discovery of similar deposits but also offer significant coal geochemical and coal mineralogical evidence for revealing the geological genesis of coal seams, coal seam correlation, the formation and post-depositional modification of coal basins, regional geological evolution, and geological events. Meanwhile, such investigation also has an important practical significance for the economic circular development of the coal industry, environmental protection during coal utilization, and the security of critical metal resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Geochemistry and Geochronology)
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15 pages, 1055 KB  
Review
Occupational Health Risks and HIV Prevention Programming for Informal Extractive Miners in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Narrative Review of Interventions, Challenges, and Lessons Learned
by Tafadzwa Dzinamarira, Enos Moyo, Diego F. Cuadros, Helena Herrera, Oscar Mano, Ferris T. Munyonho, Malizgani Mhango and Godfrey Musuka
Merits 2024, 4(4), 475-489; https://doi.org/10.3390/merits4040034 - 11 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1782
Abstract
Introduction: The objective of this narrative review is to examine the health risks associated with informal mining in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with a particular focus on HIV prevention. It aims to review existing interventions targeting this population and identify challenges and opportunities for [...] Read more.
Introduction: The objective of this narrative review is to examine the health risks associated with informal mining in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with a particular focus on HIV prevention. It aims to review existing interventions targeting this population and identify challenges and opportunities for improvement. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library. Studies and reports published between 2000 and 2023 that focused on occupational health risks and HIV prevention interventions in the informal mining sector of SSA were included in the analysis. Results: Informal mining in SSA presents significant health risks to workers, including exposure to hazardous substances, poor working conditions, and limited access to healthcare. These factors, combined with the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the region, make informal miners particularly vulnerable to infection. The review identified several key themes related to occupational health risks, such as poor environmental and sanitation conditions, increased vulnerability due to factors like poverty and lack of education, and limited access to healthcare services. A variety of interventions have been implemented to address HIV prevention among informal miners in SSA. These include behavioral strategies like peer education and social marketing campaigns, as well as biomedical interventions such as counseling, testing, and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). However, challenges persist in delivering effective HIV prevention services to this population. These challenges include restricted access to healthcare, the high mobility of miners, limited resources, and stigma associated with HIV. Conclusions: The findings of this review highlight the urgent need for integrated health services and tailored interventions that address the specific issues faced by informal miners in SSA. Community-based and culturally sensitive programs, developed in collaboration with mining communities, are essential for effective HIV prevention. Future research should evaluate the long-term impact of interventions and explore their scalability. To improve intervention effectiveness and sustainability, stakeholders should focus on community engagement, strengthening health systems, and addressing structural barriers. A multi-sectoral approach is necessary to tackle the broader determinants of health in mining communities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Occupational Safety and Health)
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12 pages, 1436 KB  
Article
Phytochemical Composition of the Alien Invasive Species Amorpha fruticosa at the Northern Edge of Its Secondary Distribution Range—In the Arboretum of the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences
by Olga V. Shelepova, Maria A. Galkina and Yulia K. Vinogradova
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2024, 5(4), 805-816; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg5040053 - 10 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1524
Abstract
The studied introduction population of the alien North American species Amorpha fruticosa L. was formed in the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow) 80 years ago from seeds of different geographical origin. Currently, this population consists of individuals of [...] Read more.
The studied introduction population of the alien North American species Amorpha fruticosa L. was formed in the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow) 80 years ago from seeds of different geographical origin. Currently, this population consists of individuals of the second and third generations, which arose as a result of the spontaneous pollination of parental plants. It is the northernmost site of A. fruticosa growth in the secondary distribution range; in southern regions, it usually behaves like an aggressive invasive species and invades natural plant communities. A. fruticosa is known to contain a number of bioactive compounds with valuable pharmacological properties, and the aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical composition of leaves and fruits at the northern limit of the species’ growth, since stress conditions promote active accumulation of secondary metabolites. The data on the composition of secondary metabolites, on the mineral composition, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids in the leaves and fruits of A. fruticosa, and on the amount and composition of essential oil in the extract from fruits are presented. High levels of adonitol, which is used as a sweetener in products for diabetic patients, have been reported in the fruits of A. fruticosa. α-Copaene, α-pinene, δ-cadinene, α-muurolene, and β- and α-caryophyllene predominate in the essential oil of the fruit, providing its antimicrobial activity. The phytochemical analysis of A. fruticosa from the secondary distribution range confirms the potential of this species as a valuable resource for the pharmacopoeia industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Invasive Species in Botanical and Zoological Gardens)
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