Search Results (147)

Background/Objectives: Dry eye disease (DED), also known as “keratoconjunctivitis sicca”, is a common chronic ocular surface disease accompanied by inflammation and diminished tear production. Bovine Lactoferrin (BLF), a multi-functional iron-binding glycoprotein found in tears, decreased significantly in patients with DED, used for the treatment of dry eye, conjunctivitis, and ocular inflammation. BLF has limited therapeutic efficacy due to poor ocular bioavailability. Methods: This study developed and optimized a BLF-loaded nanosuspension (BLF-NS) using the Box–Behnken Design (BBD). Optimized BLF-NS was then incorporated with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) dissolving microneedles (MNs). The formulations were characterized by Scanning and transmission microscopy, DSC, FTIR, ex vivo studies in corneal tissue from sheep and tested for its antibacterial and antifungal efficacy against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus niger, respectively. Moreover, they were tested for their Benzalkonium chloride (BCL) dry eye in a rabbit model. Results: The optimized nanosuspension showed a vesicle size of (215 ± 0.45) nm, a Z.P (zeta potential) of (−28 ± 0.34) mV, and an Entrapment Efficiency (EE%) of (90 ± 0.66) %. The MNs were fabricated using a ratio of biodegradable polymers, PVP/HPMC. The resulting BLF-NS-MNs exhibited sharp pyramidal geometry with high mechanical strength, ensuring ocular insertion. In vitro release showed 95% lactoferrin release over 24 h, while ex vivo permeation achieved 93% trans-corneal delivery. In vivo, BLF-NS-MNs significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-9, IL-1β, MCP-1) and upregulated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory genes (PPARA, SOD 1), restoring their levels to near-normal (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The nanosuspension combined with MNs has shown higher ocular tolerance against DED ensured by the Draize and Schirmer Tear Test. Full article

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a devastating global health concern. Hypervirulent strains are on the rise, causing morbidities and mortalities worldwide. In tertiary care hospitals, critically ill patients, those undergoing invasive procedures, and pediatric and geriatric patients are at risk. It is not fully clear how strains adapt and specialize in humans and emerge despite the well-established commonality of the S. aureus genome from humans and animals. This study investigates the influence of age-, gender-, and source-specific profiles (clinical, intensive care unit (ICU vs. non-ICU)) on the evolution of hospital-associated (HA)-MRSA versus community-associated (CA)-MRSA lineages. A total of 253 non-duplicate S. aureus isolates were obtained from May 2023 to March 2025. The patients were stratified by age and gender in ICUs and non-ICUs. Standard microbiology methods and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines were used for identification and susceptibility testing, with cefoxitin and oxacillin disk diffusions and molecular diagnosis confirming MRSA. Mann–Whitney U and Chi-square tests assessed the demographic distributions, clinical specimen sources, and MRSA/methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) prevalence. Of 253, 41.9% originated from ICUs (71% male; 29% female) and 58.1% from non-ICU wards (64% male; 36% female). In both settings, MRSA colonized the two extremes of age (10–29 and 70+) for males and females, with different mid-life peaks or declines by gender. However, the overall demographic distribution did not differ significantly between the ICU and non-ICU groups (p = 0.287). Respiratory specimens constituted 37% and had the highest MRSA rate (42%), followed by blood (24.5%) and wounds (10.3%). In contrast, MSSA dominated wounds (20.3%). Overall, 73.9% were resistant to cefoxitin and cefotaxime, whereas vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, and tigecycline remained highly effective. Younger non-ICU patients (10–29) had higher MSSA, whereas older ICU ones showed pronounced HA-MRSA profiles. By the virtue of methicillin resistance, all MRSA were classified as multidrug resistance. Thus, MRSA colonization of the two extremes of life mostly in ICU seniors and the dominance of invasive MSSA and CA-MRSA patterns in non-ICU youth imply early age- and gender-specific adaptations of the three lineages. MRSA colonizes both ICU and non-ICU populations at extremes of age and gender specifically. High β-lactam resistance underscores the importance of robust stewardship and age- and gender-specific targeting in screening. These findings also indicate host- and organ-specificity in the sequalae of MSSA, CA-MRSA, and HA-MRSA evolutionary dynamics, emphasizing the need for continued surveillance to mitigate MRSA transmission and optimize patient outcomes in tertiary care settings. Full article

Background/Objectives: This narrative review provided a broad synthesis of recent epidemiological trends, priority resistance mechanisms, and public health implications of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. We focused on the most clinically significant MDR pathogens, regional differences in resistance, and the effectiveness of containment strategies. Our goal was to synthesize current knowledge and propose research directions. Methods: Through comprehensive analysis of epidemiological studies, surveillance reports, clinical trials, and meta-analyses, we present a detailed assessment of the evolving landscape of antimicrobial resistance across both developed and developing nations. The review encompasses data from 187 countries, analyzing over 2500 published studies and reports from major health organizations. Results: Our findings reveal a concerning 43% increase in multidrug-resistant infections globally, with particularly sharp rises in healthcare-associated infections (67% increase) and community-acquired infections (38% increase) in regions with high antibiotic misuse. The analysis specifically focuses on critical pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL), and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), documenting their prevalence, transmission patterns, and treatment outcomes. Economic impact assessments indicate annual global healthcare costs exceeding USD 100 billion due to resistant infections. The review identifies significant gaps in current surveillance systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, and proposes standardized approaches for monitoring and containment strategies. We evaluate the effectiveness of various antimicrobial stewardship programs, documenting success rates and implementation challenges across different healthcare settings. Conclusions: The analysis concludes with evidence-based recommendations for policy reforms, research priorities, and international collaboration frameworks necessary to address this growing global health crisis. Our findings highlighted the importance of strengthening stewardship efforts, proposing novel diagnostics and therapeutic interventions, and addressing inequities in access to care and data across different countries. Full article

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to incorporate levocetirizine dihydrochloride (LVC) into electrospun nanovesicle-in-nanofiber (NF) scaffolds for combined management of atopic dermatitis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus skin infection, to sustain LVC release for continuous skin improvement. Methods: Firstly, LVC was encapsulated in cerosomes (CERs) by employing a thin-film hydration approach using a 2¹.3¹ factorial design. CERs were assessed by calculating entrapment efficiency (EE%), particle size (PS) and polydispersity index (PDI). In addition, the optimized CERs were further subjected to stability evaluation. After that, the optimized CERs were incorporated into polyurethane nanofibers (NFs) using a coaxial electrospinning technique. An in vitro release assay was used to calculate the amount of LVC released from the LVC-NFs and the optimized CERs-NFs. For morphological assessment of NFs, LVC-NFs and CERs-NFs were subjected to transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Atomic force microscopy was utilized to evaluate the roughness of CERs and both NFs. The optimum formulation was further subjected to in vivo study. Results: The optimum CERs exhibited an EE% of 65.03 ± 1.07%, a PS of 680.00 ± 39.50 nm, and a PDI of 0.51 ± 0.04. LVC was released in a sustained manner from CERs NFs. Further, a dermatokinetic study confirmed that CERs-NFs sustained the infiltration of LVC, compared with the other groups. Finally, a safety assessment showed that all formulations were safe when topically applied to rat skin. Conclusions: In conclusion, AD and MRSA skin infections may be cured by employing electrospun nanofiber-scaffold-loaded LVC CERs, which can thus be regarded as a promising system. Full article

Objectives: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized via an easy and rapid biogenic synthesis approach, utilizing the dual capabilities of salicylic acid as both a reducing and capping agent. Methods: The characterization of Salicylic Acid-Mediated Silver Nanoparticle (SA-AgNPs) was conducted using a variety of techniques, including ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, as well as thermogravimetric analysis paired with differential scanning calorimetry. Results: SA-AgNPs demonstrated significant antibacterial properties against both Gram-positive (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Cutibacterium acnes, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli), with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 8, 9, 8, 4, and 6 μg/mL, respectively. At a concentration of 32 μg/mL, SA-AgNPs exhibited 99.9% killing efficiency against Escherichia coli (E. coli), Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), within 4, 16, and 12 h, respectively. At the same concentration, SA-AgNPs effectively inhibited 95.61% of MRSA biofilm formation. SA-AgNPs induced the leakage of intracellular macromolecular substances by increasing the membrane permeability, which ultimately caused bacterial apoptosis. Conclusions: Overall, this study presents a fast and environmentally friendly approach for synthesizing SA-AgNPs, with potential applications as nano antibiotics antibacterial coatings for implantable medical devices and wound dressings. Full article

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can spread from animals to humans, but how it adapts to infect both is not fully understood. Our review aimed to determine the prevalence of MRSA in livestock, poultry, and companion animals in different countries, including Bangladesh, the Hong Kong SAR, Mainland China, and Sri Lanka. Articles were collected using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. Only prevalence studies that followed the PICO guidelines were included. A random-effects model meta-analysis was used to pool the data. The quality of the evidence and bias were assessed using the GRADEpro and Cochrane collaboration tools. Out of 1438 articles, 69 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. The studies showed significant heterogeneity (I² = 97.00%, p < 0.0001) in the prevalence of MRSA colonization. Therefore, a random-effects model was used to determine the pooled prevalence of MRSA colonization, which was found to be 4.92% (95% CI: 3.79% to 6.18%). Begg’s test (p = 0.0002) and Egger’s test (p = 0.0044) revealed publication bias. Subgroup analysis of the pooled prevalence of MRSA showed a significant difference (p < 0.00001) when the subgroups were divided by country, MRSA detection method, whether pre-enrichment was performed or not, study period, sample collection location, and study population. Although significant factors can partially explain the heterogeneity, it is crucial to recognize the heterogeneity within different subgroups. The pooled prevalence of MRSA was found to vary significantly (p < 0.00001) among the study periods and has increased since the study period of 2020. Therefore, it is crucial to continuously monitor and implement measures to control the spread of MRSA in animals to minimize the risk of transmission to humans. Full article

Background and Objectives: Despite extensive research on the sources and transmission pathways of Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs), the role of cleaning staff as potential vectors has been under-explored. This study addresses the gap by examining the cleaning staff’s role in nosocomial infection transmission, focusing on pathogenic bacteria and fungi colonization. Identifying potential pathogens harbored by cleaning staff that carry the risk of causing HAIs, especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Enterobacteriaceae. Materials and Methods: This current cross-sectional study was conducted on 96 cleaning staff at King Fahad Hospital of the University and Family and Community Medicine-Centre, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Sample collection targeted hands and nostrils using cotton swabs, followed by laboratory testing, including MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for bacterial identification, and the cefoxitin disc diffusion test for the screening of MRSA. Results: In total, the occurrence of MRSA colonization was 9.4% while Enterobacteriaceae colonization was 15.6%. No significant correlation was found for MRSA among departments or between day and night shifts. Alternatively, individuals working in the ICU and the operating room showed higher chances of being colonized by Enterobacteriaceae, and a notable connection was identified between Enterobacteriaceae and day shifts. Ultimately, the frequency of handwashing reduced the chances of being colonized by MRSA and Enterobacteriaceae, underscoring the significance of good hygiene practices. Conclusions: The study highlights the potential role of cleaning staff in transmitting HAIs, indicating a need for further research and consideration of enhanced hygiene protocols in hospital settings. Full article

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) continues to represent a significant clinical challenge, characterized by consistently elevated rates of morbidity and mortality. Care regimen success is still difficult and necessitates assessing new antibiotics as well as supplemental services, including source control and searching for alternative approaches to combating it. Hence, we propose to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) by employing a cell-free filter (CFF) of Streptomyces sp. to augment antibiotic activity and combat biofilm-forming MRSA. Seven bacterial isolates from clinical samples were identified, antibiotics were profiled with Vitek-2, and the phenotypic detecting of biofilm with Congo red medium and microplate assay was carried out. The PCR technique was used for detecting genes (icaA and icaD) coded in biofilm forming. The characterization of Ag-NPs was performed using several analytical methods, such as UV spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential measurement, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antibacterial properties of Ag-NPs and oxacillin–Ag-NPs were assessed against standard strains and clinical isolates by employing the agar well diffusion technique and the microdilution assay. The biogenic synthesis Ag-NPs resulted in uniformly spherical particles, with an average size of 20 nm. These Ag-NPs demonstrated significant activity against biofilm-forming MRSA, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 12 to 15 μg/mL. Additionally, Ag-NPs completely impede biofilm formation by MRSA at sublethal doses of 0.75 MICs. The expression levels of the icaA and icaD genes were reduced by 1.9- to 2.2- and 2.4- to 2.8-fold, respectively. A significant synergistic effect was noted when Ag-NPs were used in combination with oxacillin, leading to reduced MICs of 1.87 μg/mL for oxacillin and 4.0 μg/mL for Ag-NPs against MRSA. The FICi of 0.375 further validated the synergistic relationship between oxacillin and Ag-NPs at the concentrations of 1.87 and 4 μg/mL. Findings from the time-kill test demonstrated the highest reduction in log₁₀ (CFU)/mL of the initial MRSA inoculum after 12-hour exposure. The cytotoxicity analysis of Ag-NPs revealed no significant cytotoxic effects on the human skin cell line HFB-4 at low concentrations, with IC₅₀ values of 61.40 µg/mL for HFB-4 and 34.2 µg/mL for HepG-2. Comparable with oxacillin–Ag-NPs, Ag-NPs showed no cytotoxic effects on HFB-4 at different concentrations and exhibited an IC₅₀ value of 31.2 against HepG-2-cells. In conclusion, the biosynthesis of Ag-NPs has demonstrated effective antibacterial activity against MRSA and has completely hindered biofilm formation, suggesting a valuable alternative for clinical applications. Full article

Preterm and low-birth-weight neonates are particularly susceptible to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization, whereas MRSA infection is associated with significant neonatal morbidity and mortality globally. The objective of our study was to examine the current body of knowledge about molecular traits, epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, decolonization techniques, and available treatments for MRSA infection in neonates. MRSA strains that predominate in neonatal units, namely healthcare-associated (HA)-MRSA, differ from community-acquired (CA)-MRSA strains in molecular characteristics, toxin synthesis, including Panton-Valentine leukocidin, and resistance to antibiotics. Colonization with MRSA predisposes neonates to infection. The clinical impact of MRSA infection includes bacteremia, sepsis, pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, skin and soft tissue infections, and toxic shock syndrome. To reduce MRSA transmission, colonization, and infection, customized approaches are required, including continuous surveillance of MRSA epidemiology, new techniques for detecting MRSA resistance, and the application of basic preventive measures. Antimicrobial susceptibility monitoring is essential to identify the best empirical antimicrobial treatments. The growing antibiotic resistance of MRSA remains challenging, and vancomycin is still the best option. Further extensive research and surveillance are warranted to explore the genetic diversity and prevalence of MRSA. Full article

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important health issue that is estimated to have caused 130,000 deaths worldwide in 2021. As more instances of cross-species transmission of MRSA have been reported, concerns have been raised regarding the spread of livestock-associated MRSA to humans. The prevalence of MRSA in livestock varies globally. This study systematically reviews the prevalence of MRSA at the farm and animal levels in Japan. Methods: Relevant studies published in English or Japanese between 2000 and 2023 were retrieved from four databases. Pooled prevalences at the farm and animal levels in Japanese farms were calculated using a random-effects model. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were also performed to explore sources of heterogeneity. Results: The 13 studies included in this meta-analysis yielded an MRSA prevalence of 3.54% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65–8.30%) at the individual pig level, 13.07% (95% CI 5.42–23.04%) at the pig farm level, 0.0% (95% CI 0.00–0.04%) at the individual cattle level, and 0% (95% CI 0.00–0.44%) at the individual chicken level. A significant increase in MRSA prevalence over time was evident at the individual pig level by both subgroup analysis (p = 0.020) and meta-regression (p = 0.019). Conclusions: Our results indicated that the proportion of pigs that can be a source of MRSA infection in humans has been steadily increasing in Japan. Despite some limitations, our findings strongly imply a need for more attention to pig-to-human MRSA transmission in Japan. Full article

The spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in community settings, including fitness/exercise centers, remains relevant for public health. MRSA, a cause of severe infections in some, can be transmitted through shared equipment and skin contact. Understanding its prevalence and the frequency of antibiotic resistance in such environments can be useful for informing hygiene and intervention strategies. For investigating, multiple environmental swabs were collected from 14 different sites within a fitness facility, including equipment and locker rooms. Samples were collected for characterizing the prevalence of staphylococci (including MRSA), E. coli, and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE). Isolated colonies were identified biochemically and evaluated for antibiotic resistance. Logistic regression was applied to assess risk across different surfaces. Among 42 samples, the highest prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. was on locker room surfaces. S. aureus was prevalent on locker room floors and benches. Non-S. aureus species, such as S. saprophyticus and S. haemolyticus, were common. Resistance to oxacillin and penicillin was widespread, particularly among non-S. aureus species. E. coli was detected once, and CRE was not detected. Fitness center surfaces can harbor staphylococci, including MRSA. The results obtained corroborate other studies finding notable antibiotic resistance among staphylococci from fitness center surfaces. Hygiene improvements, including personal hygiene actions, are essential for reducing transmission risks. Full article

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been isolated from quarter milk samples of dairy cows, raising concerns over transmission to consumers of raw milk. This study investigates whether pre-treatment before dry-off can increase the success rate of dry cow treatment against MRSA. MRSA positive cows were assigned to two treatment groups. Both groups received dry cow treatment with a licensed product. The test group was additionally treated intramammarily with pirlimycin over seven days prior to the dry-off treatment. The use of pirlimycin increased the elimination of MRSA from previously MRSA positive udder quarters significantly (96.0 vs. 53.3%). However, MRSA were still present in noses and udder clefts of cows in MRSA negative quarter milk samples. New infections were observed in some quarters in both groups. Quarters that remained positive carried the same strain as prior to treatment. All MRSA isolates were associated with clonal complex CC398. Resistance to pirlimycin associated with the genes erm(C) or lnu(B) was observed in one isolate each from new infections after calving. Pretreatment supported the elimination of MRSA from the udder but did not eliminate MRSA from other body sites. Using the treatment will not eliminate the bacteria from the herd. Full article

Objective: Staphylococcus aureus (SA), including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSAs), is a major cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in military populations. This study investigated SSTI incidence and SA carriage in a military training site over 16 weeks using a prospective observational cohort design. Methods: Two training cohorts provided pre- and post-training self-collected swabs for bacterial carriage, and environmental swabs from accommodations, personal items, and training facilities. Hygiene awareness and practices were assessed through questionnaires. Bacteria were identified using culture, mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), and genomic sequencing. Results: Nasal carriage of SA increased from 19% to 49% by the end of training. SSTIs requiring treatment occurred in 16% of participants. Steam cleaning reduced but did not eliminate SA on personal bed linen. Additionally, 40% of participants had poor knowledge of antibacterial cleaning practices and wound management. Conclusions: Increased SA carriage was linked to human-to-human transmission in close-quarter military training environments. Implications for Public Health: Improved personal hygiene training, wound management education, and monitored cleaning protocols are essential to mitigate SSTI risks in communal military training environments. Full article

Introduction: Simvastatin is an antilipidemic drug that has already demonstrated antibacterial activities on oral and non-oral microorganisms. Silver nanoparticles also exhibit antimicrobial properties, particularly for coating implant surfaces. In this study, we evaluated the effects of combining simvastatin with silver nanoparticles on the formation and viability of biofilms consolidated on titanium discs. Methods: Silver nanoparticles were first biosynthesized using the fungus Fusarium oxysporum and then characterized using Dynamic Light Scattering, X-ray Diffraction, Transmission Electron Microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Species of Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were used and tested using Minimum Inhibitory Concentration assays with concentrations of silver nanoparticles and simvastatin alone and in combination. Biofilm inhibition and viability tests were performed on titanium surfaces. Toxicity tests were also performed on Galleria mellonella moth larvae. Results: The silver nanoparticles had a spherical shape without the formation of aggregates as confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy. Dynamic Light Scattering revealed nanoparticles with an average diameter of 53.8 nm (±1.23 nm), a polydispersity index of 0.23 and a zeta potential of −25 mV (±2.19 mV). The silver nanoparticles inhibited the growth of the strains tested in the range of 0.001592 and 63.75, while simvastatin alone inhibited the growth of the same strains in the range of 3.125–62.5 µg/mL. The antibacterial activity test of the combination of the two substances showed a reduction in the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of about two to eight times, showing synergistic effects on Staphylococcus aureus and additive effects on Streptococcus oralis and Porphyromonas gingivalis. As for biofilm, sub-inhibitory concentrations of the combination of substances showed better antibacterial activity in inhibiting the formation of Streptococcus oralis biofilm, and this combination also proved effective in eradicating already established biofilms compared to the substances alone. The combination of silver nanoparticles and simvastatin showed low toxicity to Galleria mellonella moth larvae. Conclusions: The results presented indicate that the combination of the two substances could be an alternative for the prevention and reduction of biofilms on implants. These findings open up new possibilities in the search for alternatives for the treatment of peri-implant infections, as well as the possibility of using lower doses compared to single drugs, achieving the same results and reducing potential toxic effects. Full article

Background/Objectives: In environments with high-frequency contact surfaces, drug-resistant bacteria, such as carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), can survive for extended periods, contributing to healthcare-associated infections. Ultraviolet (UV)-C irradiation often fails to adequately disinfect shadowed areas, leading to a persistent contamination risk. We evaluated the effectiveness of using a UV-C containment unit (UVCCU) in conjunction with UV-C irradiation to improve the sterilization effects on both direct and indirect surfaces, including shadowed areas, and to assess the leakage of UV radiation to the surroundings. Methods: In a model patient room, agar media inoculated with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae and MRSA were placed at multiple locations on direct and indirect surfaces around the bed. We used the UV-C irradiation system, UVDI-360, to irradiate the bedroom-environment surfaces with and without a UVCCU. The reduction in bacterial colony counts with and without the UVCCU was measured by counting colony-forming units and calculating the log reduction values, and the UV radiation leakage outside the UVCCU was measured. Results: The use of the UVCCU led to a significant reduction in MRSA colony counts, even in shadowed areas that had previously been inadequately disinfected (with the UVCCU: 2.7 [2.7–2.8]; without the UVCCU: 0.6 [0.5–0.7]; p < 0.01). Additionally, the use of the UVCCU kept the UV radiation leakage to the surrounding environment within regulated limits. Conclusions: These findings suggest that a UVCCU can enhance the disinfection efficacy for multidrug-resistant organisms on healthcare environmental surfaces. The portability and ease of use of the UVCCU indicate its promise as an auxiliary device for UV-C disinfection in healthcare settings. Full article