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29 pages, 3192 KiB  
Article
Bio-2FA-IoD: A Biometric-Enhanced Two-Factor Authentication Protocol for Secure Internet of Drones Operations
by Hyunseok Kim and Seunghyun Park
Mathematics 2025, 13(13), 2177; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13132177 - 3 Jul 2025
Viewed by 251
Abstract
The Internet of Drones (IoD) is rapidly expanding into sensitive applications, necessitating robust and efficient authentication. Traditional methods struggle against prevalent attacks, especially considering the unique vulnerabilities of the IoD, such as drone physical capture. This paper proposes Bio-2FA-IoD, a novel biometric-enhanced two-factor [...] Read more.
The Internet of Drones (IoD) is rapidly expanding into sensitive applications, necessitating robust and efficient authentication. Traditional methods struggle against prevalent attacks, especially considering the unique vulnerabilities of the IoD, such as drone physical capture. This paper proposes Bio-2FA-IoD, a novel biometric-enhanced two-factor authentication protocol designed for secure IoD operations. Drawing on established 2FA principles and fuzzy extractor technology, Bio-2FA-IoD achieves strong mutual authentication between an operator (via an operator device), a drone (as a relay), and a ground control station (GCS), supported by a trusted authority. We detail the protocol’s registration and authentication phases, emphasizing reliable biometric key generation. A formal security analysis using BAN logic demonstrates secure belief establishment and key agreement, while a proof sketch under the Bellare–Pointcheval–Rogaway (BPR) model confirms its security against active adversaries in Authenticated Key Exchange (AKE) contexts. Furthermore, a comprehensive performance evaluation conducted using the Contiki OS and Cooja simulator illustrates Bio-2FA-IoD’s superior efficiency in computational and communication costs, alongside very low latency, high packet delivery rate, and minimal energy consumption. This positions it as a highly viable and lightweight solution for resource-constrained IoD environments. Additionally, this paper conceptually explores potential extensions to Bio-2FA-IoD, including the integration of Diffie–Hellman for enhanced perfect forward secrecy and a Sybil-free pseudonym management scheme for improved user anonymity and unlinkability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Cryptography and Information Security with Application)
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20 pages, 312 KiB  
Article
Plato Under Review: What Is Going Wrong in Academic Philosophical Writing
by Giacomo Pezzano
Humanities 2025, 14(6), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/h14060116 - 29 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 758
Abstract
This paper addresses the problem of stylistic pluralism in philosophical writing, arguing that its progressive narrowing to the form of the paper is not just an esthetic issue but can also have negative effects on the development of academic research itself. The contribution [...] Read more.
This paper addresses the problem of stylistic pluralism in philosophical writing, arguing that its progressive narrowing to the form of the paper is not just an esthetic issue but can also have negative effects on the development of academic research itself. The contribution is divided into two parts (Sections 1–3 and 4–5). In the first part, after introducing the problem and outlining the main features of the philosophus academicus’s writing, two main forms of criticism of “paper-centrism” in academic philosophy are discussed—one more “anti-academic” and the other more “intra-academic”. In light of these criticisms, the issue of the relationship between form and content in philosophical writing is analyzed with particular respect to the problem of the sense of truth, arguing that style communicates philosophical values beyond content. In the second part, this thesis is illustrated by examining, as a case study, the specific sense of truth conveyed in Plato’s dialogues—first through a literary analysis of Platonic writing, and then through a thought experiment inspired by media theory. Finally, the ethical and epistemic concerns raised by the growing “mono-stylism” of philosophical writing are brought together into a unified framework, by proposing a preliminary sketch of an ethics of philosophical research and pointing to some possible examples of alternative research practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Philosophy and Classics in the Humanities)
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23 pages, 418 KiB  
Article
Estimator’s Properties of Specific Time-Dependent Multivariate Time Series
by Guy Mélard
Mathematics 2025, 13(7), 1163; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13071163 - 31 Mar 2025
Viewed by 268
Abstract
There is now a vast body of literature on ARMA and VARMA models with time-dependent or time-varying coefficients. A large part of it is based on local stationary processes using time rescaling and assumptions of regularity with respect to time. A recent paper [...] Read more.
There is now a vast body of literature on ARMA and VARMA models with time-dependent or time-varying coefficients. A large part of it is based on local stationary processes using time rescaling and assumptions of regularity with respect to time. A recent paper has presented an alternative asymptotic theory for the parameter estimators based on several distinct assumptions that seem difficult to verify at first look, especially for time-dependent VARMA or tdVARMA models. The purpose of the present paper is to detail several examples that illustrate the verification of the assumptions in that theory. These assumptions bear on the moments of the errors, the existence of the information matrix, but also how the coefficients of the pure moving average representation of the derivatives of the residuals (with respect to the parameters and evaluated at their true value) behave. We will do that analytically for two bivariate first-order models, an autoregressive model, and a moving average model, before sketching a generalization to higher-order models. We also show simulation results for these two models illustrating the analytical results. As a consequence, not only the assumptions can be checked but the simulations show how well the small sample behavior of the estimators agrees with the theory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Time Series and Statistics)
13 pages, 236 KiB  
Article
Students’ Attitudes Towards AI and How They Perceive the Effectiveness of AI in Designing Video Games
by Sara Sáez-Velasco, Mario Alaguero-Rodríguez, Sonia Rodríguez-Cano and Vanesa Delgado-Benito
Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3096; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073096 - 31 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2328
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to find out what the attitudes of higher education students in arts education are towards generative AI and how this relates to their use of it in their academic/professional practice. This is a case study and an [...] Read more.
The aim of this paper is to find out what the attitudes of higher education students in arts education are towards generative AI and how this relates to their use of it in their academic/professional practice. This is a case study and an exploratory, descriptive and correlational quantitative research study, the methodology of which allows us to determine the vision of the sample of participants in relation to the subject. The design consists of three phases: (1) students complete an Attitude Towards Artificial Intelligence (ATAI) scale; (2) they then create two sketches as a collage of images to be used as visual references for a future digital illustration, one using images from the internet and the other using a generative AI tool; and (3) finally, students complete a questionnaire on their perception after using the generative AI tool used in the activity. The results show significant relationships between attitudes towards AI and perceptions of its effectiveness, efficiency, creativity, and design autonomy. It seems that the attitude with which students approach AI tools is a determining factor when it comes to using them in design tasks and can contribute to quality education. Full article
20 pages, 1332 KiB  
Article
Time-Irreversible Quantum-Classical Dynamics of Molecular Models in the Brain
by Alessandro Sergi, Antonino Messina, Rosalba Saija, Gabriella Martino, Maria Teresa Caccamo, Min-Fang Kuo and Michael A. Nitsche
Symmetry 2025, 17(2), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17020285 - 13 Feb 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 999
Abstract
This manuscript aims to illustrate a quantum-classical dissipative theory (suited to be converted to effective algorithms for numerical simulations) within the long-term project of studying molecular processes in the brain. Other approaches, briefly sketched in the text, have advocated the need to deal [...] Read more.
This manuscript aims to illustrate a quantum-classical dissipative theory (suited to be converted to effective algorithms for numerical simulations) within the long-term project of studying molecular processes in the brain. Other approaches, briefly sketched in the text, have advocated the need to deal with both quantum and classical dynamic variables when studying the brain. At variance with these other frameworks, the manuscript’s formalism allows us to explicitly treat the classical dynamical variables. The theory must be dissipative not because of formal requirements but because brain processes appear to be dissipative at the molecular, physiological, and high functional levels. We discuss theoretically that using Brownian dynamics or the Nosè-Hoover-Chain thermostat to perform computer simulations provides an effective way to introduce an arrow of time for open quantum systems in a classical environment. In the future, We plan to study classical models of neurons and astrocytes, as well as their networks, coupled to quantum dynamical variables describing, e.g., nuclear and electron spins, HOMO and LUMO orbitals of phenyl and indole rings, ion channels, and tunneling protons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physics)
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29 pages, 7294 KiB  
Article
Preparing for Fully Autonomous Vehicles in Australian Cities: Land-Use Planning—Adapting, Transforming, and Innovating
by Hans Westerman and John Black
Sustainability 2024, 16(13), 5492; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135492 - 27 Jun 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2667
Abstract
A literature review found no evidence that there is any understanding of what it takes to plan land uses for the transition to fully autonomous vehicles at the precinct level, nor any conceptual agreement on the nature of the transformation of roads and [...] Read more.
A literature review found no evidence that there is any understanding of what it takes to plan land uses for the transition to fully autonomous vehicles at the precinct level, nor any conceptual agreement on the nature of the transformation of roads and their frontages. The methodology is based on the authors’ previous research into road friction and impact, which led to the production of Australian government guidelines. A case study of the City of Unley, South Australia, demonstrates the principles of risk analysis and risk management. Examples are then given on how to modify road movement corridors and adjacent land-use precincts in low-density, car-dependent environments, in high-density mixed land-use areas, in consolidating residential lots along movement corridors, and in areas with mobility hubs, all illustrated using conceptual sketches and plans. Directions for further research, of which collaborative workshops are needed involving different disciplinary perspectives on urban planning are identified. Full article
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9 pages, 324 KiB  
Article
Isolating Terminology Layers in Complex Linguistic Environments: A Study about Waste Management
by Nicola Cirillo
Languages 2024, 9(3), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages9030068 - 20 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1640
Abstract
Automatic term extraction aims at extracting terminological units from specialized corpora to assist terminographers in developing glossaries, thesauri, and termbases. Unfortunately, traditional methods often overlook the complex relation between terminologies of different subject fields that co-occur in a single specialized corpus. This study [...] Read more.
Automatic term extraction aims at extracting terminological units from specialized corpora to assist terminographers in developing glossaries, thesauri, and termbases. Unfortunately, traditional methods often overlook the complex relation between terminologies of different subject fields that co-occur in a single specialized corpus. This study illustrates Domain Concept Relatedness, a novel term extraction technique meant to isolate the terminology of a given subject field. We test our technique against the term extraction tool of Sketch Engine and the contrastive approach by applying them to the extraction of waste management terms from a new Italian corpus about waste management legislation. The results show that Domain Concept Relatedness effectively extracts multi-word terms belonging to a given subject field but still fails to extract single-word terms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Terminology in the Digital World)
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15 pages, 205 KiB  
Article
Preaching beyond Binary Categories: An Approach from Process Theology
by Ronald J. Allen
Religions 2024, 15(2), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15020221 - 16 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1990
Abstract
Thinking in binary categories has often characterized both the Christian community and communities beyond the church. This pattern of mental operation typically sees binary categories as self-contained and often as mutually exclusive, e.g., male/female, judgment/salvation, and religious/secular. However, some interpreters call binary thinking [...] Read more.
Thinking in binary categories has often characterized both the Christian community and communities beyond the church. This pattern of mental operation typically sees binary categories as self-contained and often as mutually exclusive, e.g., male/female, judgment/salvation, and religious/secular. However, some interpreters call binary thinking into question and point to possibilities of more nuanced perspectives, perhaps most well-known with respect to more expansive views of gender: the categories of male and female are not mutually exclusive but are reference points among clusters of sexual and gender expression and preferences. Process theology offers preachers ways to transcend binary exclusivism. Several convictions of process thought come into play: the divine aim that all things work together for optimum becoming, the dipolar nature of God, the internal relationship of all things, and especially the perception that a binary is an invitation for creative transformation in thinking beyond the binary pattern about how the elements in the field of the binary might relate with one another so as to honor diversity as part of moving towards optimum becoming. The article begins with a statement of the problem, summarizes key elements of process thought that come into play, sketches how a preacher might seek the creative transformation of binary impasses, and brings forward three case studies of binaries that illustrate this approach in action. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Homiletical Theory and Praxis)
19 pages, 3906 KiB  
Review
Cooperating and Competing Digital Twins for Industrie 4.0 in Urban Planning Contexts
by Otthein Herzog, Matthias Jarke and Siegfried Zhiqiang Wu
Sci 2023, 5(4), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci5040044 - 28 Nov 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3185
Abstract
Digital twins are emerging as a prime analysis, prediction, and control concepts for enabling the Industrie 4.0 vision of cyber-physical production systems (CPPSs). Today’s growing complexity and volatility cannot be handled by monolithic digital twins but require a fundamentally decentralized paradigm of cooperating [...] Read more.
Digital twins are emerging as a prime analysis, prediction, and control concepts for enabling the Industrie 4.0 vision of cyber-physical production systems (CPPSs). Today’s growing complexity and volatility cannot be handled by monolithic digital twins but require a fundamentally decentralized paradigm of cooperating digital twins. Moreover, societal trends such as worldwide urbanization and growing emphasis on sustainability highlight competing goals that must be reflected not just in cooperating but also competing digital twins, often even interacting in “coopetition”. This paper argues for multi-agent systems (MASs) to address this challenge, using the example of embedding industrial digital twins into an urban planning context. We provide a technical discussion of suitable MAS frameworks and interaction protocols; data architecture options for efficient data supply from heterogeneous sensor streams and sovereignty in data sharing; and strategic analysis for scoping a digital twin systems design among domain experts and decision makers. To illustrate the way still in front of research and practice, the paper reviews some success stories of MASs in Industrie/Logistics 4.0 settings and sketches a comprehensive vision for digital twin-based holistic urban planning. Full article
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15 pages, 927 KiB  
Article
Abolishing Anger: A Christian Proposal
by Brendan Case
Religions 2023, 14(11), 1427; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14111427 - 15 Nov 2023
Viewed by 2334
Abstract
In recent years, advocates of (so-called) righteous anger have become increasingly vocal and articulate, as is evident from a growing literature defending anger as a moral emotion and tool for social change. Righteous anger has defenders both among secular philosophers—notably Myisha Cherry in [...] Read more.
In recent years, advocates of (so-called) righteous anger have become increasingly vocal and articulate, as is evident from a growing literature defending anger as a moral emotion and tool for social change. Righteous anger has defenders both among secular philosophers—notably Myisha Cherry in her The Case for Rage and Failures of Forgiveness—and Christian theologians and activists, particularly, though by no means only, those drawing inspiration from Thomas Aquinas’s Aristotelian defense of anger. As a Christian theologian writing in the first instance for other Christians, I will argue in what follows that permissive attitudes to anger—even of the “righteous” sort—are fundamentally mistaken, not least because they are inconsistent with the universal obligation to love one’s neighbor as oneself. Christians instead ought to take something approaching an abolitionist approach to anger, as an emotion intrinsically opposed to charity. We can see this most clearly by beginning with the faults of a qualified defense of anger, which I reconstruct from Cherry’s work, and from the work of Thomas Aquinas, whose views on anger are interestingly convergent with hers. (This pairing has at least two advantages: it highlights the essentially traditional character of Cherry’s approach, and illustrates how relatively untutored Aquinas’s Aristotelian treatment of anger is by distinctively theological commitments.) I then sketch and defend the view, with a particular reliance on the Sermon on the Mount, that we ought to seek to abolish anger from our lives and defend that position against three apparent defeaters drawn from the Christian Scriptures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medieval Philosophy and Religious Thought)
6 pages, 1544 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Heating and Cooling Energy Consumption Estimation in a Typical House in the Greater Thessaloniki Area, Applying Cooling and Heating Degree Days Method
by Vassilis Kotakis and Konstantinos Moustris
Environ. Sci. Proc. 2023, 26(1), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2023026100 - 29 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1117
Abstract
In this work, data from ten (10) meteorological stations in various areas of Thessaloniki, Greece were used in order the cooling and heating degree days for each station to be calculated. The specific data were applied to a detached house for each of [...] Read more.
In this work, data from ten (10) meteorological stations in various areas of Thessaloniki, Greece were used in order the cooling and heating degree days for each station to be calculated. The specific data were applied to a detached house for each of the ten areas considered. Furthermore, an analysis of the thermal insulation adequacy of the single family house that has been selected with the necessary methodology and the necessary sketches was conducted in order to have the illustration of the building. The study was divided into two cases, where the first refers to a typical thermal insulation that characterizes a building of the territory of Greece, and the second case where the residence has undergone a radical renovation of its thermal insulation. Results show that three different climatic zones appear in the same region instead of one. Full article
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24 pages, 3864 KiB  
Article
Computational Study for Fiber Bragg Gratings with Dispersive Reflectivity Using Fractional Derivative
by Hira Tariq, Ghazala Akram, Maasoomah Sadaf, Maria Iftikhar and Liliana Guran
Fractal Fract. 2023, 7(8), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract7080625 - 16 Aug 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1427
Abstract
In this paper, the new representations of optical wave solutions to fiber Bragg gratings with cubic–quartic dispersive reflectivity having the Kerr law of nonlinear refractive index structure are retrieved with high accuracy. The residual power series technique is used to derive power series [...] Read more.
In this paper, the new representations of optical wave solutions to fiber Bragg gratings with cubic–quartic dispersive reflectivity having the Kerr law of nonlinear refractive index structure are retrieved with high accuracy. The residual power series technique is used to derive power series solutions to this model. The fractional derivative is taken in Caputo’s sense. The residual power series technique (RPST) provides the approximate solutions in truncated series form for specified initial conditions. By using three test applications, the efficiency and validity of the employed technique are demonstrated. By considering the suitable values of parameters, the power series solutions are illustrated by sketching 2D, 3D, and contour profiles. The analysis of the obtained results reveals that the RPST is a significant addition to exploring the dynamics of sustainable and smooth optical wave propagation across long distances through optical fibers. Full article
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19 pages, 639 KiB  
Article
Embedding the Patient-Citizen Perspective into an Operational Framework for the Development and the Introduction of New Technologies in Rehabilitation Care: The Smart&Touch-ID Model
by Olivia Realdon, Roberta Adorni, Davide Ginelli, Daniela Micucci, Valeria Blasi, Daniele Bellavia, Fabrizio Schettini, Roberto Carradore, Pietro Polsinelli, Marco D’Addario, Marco Gui, Vincenzina Messina, Emanuela Foglia, Patrizia Steca, Fabrizia Mantovani and Francesca Baglio
Healthcare 2023, 11(11), 1604; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11111604 - 30 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1586
Abstract
To date, at least 2.41 billion people with Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are in need of rehabilitation. Rehabilitation care through innovative technologies is the ideal candidate to reach all people with NCDs in need. To obtain these innovative solutions available in the public health [...] Read more.
To date, at least 2.41 billion people with Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are in need of rehabilitation. Rehabilitation care through innovative technologies is the ideal candidate to reach all people with NCDs in need. To obtain these innovative solutions available in the public health system calls for a rigorous multidimensional evaluation that, with an articulated approach, is carried out through the Health Technology Assessment (HTA) methodology. In this context, the aim of the present paper is to illustrate how the Smart&TouchID (STID) model addresses the need to incorporate patients’ evaluations into a multidimensional technology assessment framework by presenting a feasibility study of model application with regard to the rehabilitation experiences of people living with NCDs. After sketching out the STID model’s vision and operational process, preliminary evidence on the experiences and attitudes of patients and citizens on rehabilitation care will be described and discussed, showing how they operate, enabling the co-design of technological solutions with a multi-stakeholder approach. Implications for public health are discussed including the view on the STID model as a tool to be integrated into public health governance strategies aimed at tuning the agenda-setting of innovation in rehabilitation care through a participatory methodology. Full article
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28 pages, 3142 KiB  
Review
Recent Development of Advanced Fluorescent Molecular Probes for Organelle-Targeted Cell Imaging
by Sha Lu, Zhiqi Dai, Yunxi Cui and De-Ming Kong
Biosensors 2023, 13(3), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13030360 - 8 Mar 2023
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5788
Abstract
Fluorescent molecular probes are very powerful tools that have been generally applied in cell imaging in the research fields of biology, pathology, pharmacology, biochemistry, and medical science. In the last couple of decades, numerous molecular probes endowed with high specificity to particular organelles [...] Read more.
Fluorescent molecular probes are very powerful tools that have been generally applied in cell imaging in the research fields of biology, pathology, pharmacology, biochemistry, and medical science. In the last couple of decades, numerous molecular probes endowed with high specificity to particular organelles have been designed to illustrate intracellular images in more detail at the subcellular level. Nowadays, the development of cell biology has enabled the investigation process to go deeply into cells, even at the molecular level. Therefore, probes that can sketch a particular organelle’s location while responding to certain parameters to evaluate intracellular bioprocesses are under urgent demand. It is significant to understand the basic ideas of organelle properties, as well as the vital substances related to each unique organelle, for the design of probes with high specificity and efficiency. In this review, we summarize representative multifunctional fluorescent molecular probes developed in the last decade. We focus on probes that can specially target nuclei, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulums, and lysosomes. In each section, we first briefly introduce the significance and properties of different organelles. We then discuss how probes are designed to make them highly organelle-specific. Finally, we also consider how probes are constructed to endow them with additional functions to recognize particular physical/chemical signals of targeted organelles. Moreover, a perspective on the challenges in future applications of highly specific molecular probes in cell imaging is also proposed. We hope that this review can provide researchers with additional conceptual information about developing probes for cell imaging, assisting scientists interested in molecular biology, cell biology, and biochemistry to accelerate their scientific studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Optical Biosensors)
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26 pages, 4430 KiB  
Article
Micro-Contact in Southern Italy: Language Change in Southern Lazio under Pressure from Italian
by Valentina Colasanti
Languages 2022, 7(4), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7040286 - 9 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6910
Abstract
This paper explores a novel case of contact-induced change due to micro-contact within Italy, where various Italo-Romance languages coexist (Standard Italian, Italiano Regionale ‘regional Italian’, and numerous local languages). Although morphosyntactic change due to micro-contact is probably widespread across Italy, it has received [...] Read more.
This paper explores a novel case of contact-induced change due to micro-contact within Italy, where various Italo-Romance languages coexist (Standard Italian, Italiano Regionale ‘regional Italian’, and numerous local languages). Although morphosyntactic change due to micro-contact is probably widespread across Italy, it has received almost no attention in the literature. This case study involves the complementizer system of the local language Ferentinese (Southern Lazio), which underwent restructuring over a very brief period. I claim that this change is a case of downward reanalysis from Force to Fin within the split CP, triggered by the regression of the subjunctive and its subsequent replacement by a new complementation strategy. In turn, I argue that this change was the by-product of an increase in the number of complementizers in the language, from two to three, due to micro-contact between Ferentinese and Italiano Regionale. Crucially, the latter furnished a complementizer form (che) identical to one already present in the Ferentinese system, leading to reanalysis. Thus, in addition to reporting on a novel case of micro-contact in Italy, this paper illustrates one pathway to the genesis of a rare three-way complementizer system and sketches an initial typology of how related complementizer systems have changed in diachrony. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Syntactic Variation and Change of Heritage Languages)
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