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15 pages, 1604 KB

Open AccessReview

Peniotron: A Promising Microwave Source with Potential That Has Yet to Be Realized

by Svilen Sabchevski

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 11246; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142311246 - 2 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1304

The peniotron is a fast-wave vacuum tube that can generate coherent microwave radiation in the millimeter-wave range. Although it uses a beam of gyrating electrons like other gyro-devices (gyrotron, gyro-TWT, gyro-BWO, etc.), its operating principle is completely different from that of electron cyclotron [...] Read more.

The peniotron is a fast-wave vacuum tube that can generate coherent microwave radiation in the millimeter-wave range. Although it uses a beam of gyrating electrons like other gyro-devices (gyrotron, gyro-TWT, gyro-BWO, etc.), its operating principle is completely different from that of electron cyclotron masers. The theory predicts a very high efficiency (about 95%) of the peniotron mechanism of interaction and energy transfer from the electron beam to the wave. However, this extremely attractive and advantageous property of peniotrons has not yet been realized in practice. In this paper, we present the current state of research on this class of devices and give an overview of the theory and experimental results of peniotrons and gyro-peniotrons with different configurations. We also discuss the main problems and the reasons for the lower efficiency and finally evaluate the potential for solving the problems and revitalizing the work on this promising device. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Physics General)

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27 pages, 1577 KB

Open AccessReview

Fundamentals of Electron Cyclotron Resonance and Cyclotron Autoresonance in Gyro-Devices: A Comprehensive Review of Theory

by Svilen Sabchevski

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 3443; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083443 - 19 Apr 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3867

Abstract

This paper aims to present some selected fundamentals of the theory of a broad class of gyro-devices in a systematic and consistent manner and with sufficient detail necessary for understanding the underlying physical principles of their operation. The focus of this work is [...] Read more.

This paper aims to present some selected fundamentals of the theory of a broad class of gyro-devices in a systematic and consistent manner and with sufficient detail necessary for understanding the underlying physical principles of their operation. The focus of this work is on the derivation and analysis of important invariants (constants of motion), as well as on comments concerning their analytical power and the physical insights they provide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Physics General)

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13 pages, 9069 KB

Open AccessArticle

Helical Electron Beam Status Online Evaluation for Magnetron Injection Gun

by Wei Jiang, Chaoxuan Lu, Binyang Han, Boxin Dai, Qiang Zheng, Guo Liu, Jianxun Wang and Yong Luo

Quantum Beam Sci. 2024, 8(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/qubs8010003 - 29 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2600

Abstract

The magnetron injection gun (MIG) is an essential component of the gyrotron traveling wave tube (gyro-TWT). Although the electron beam status influences the performance of the device, it cannot be measured directly in the experiment. An online evaluation module (OEM) for the experiment [...] Read more.

The magnetron injection gun (MIG) is an essential component of the gyrotron traveling wave tube (gyro-TWT). Although the electron beam status influences the performance of the device, it cannot be measured directly in the experiment. An online evaluation module (OEM) for the experiment is developed to calculate the instant beam parameters of MIG. The OEM, by reconstructing the geometry of the MIG and related magnetic field distribution, can obtain the electron beam status under the operating parameters through the online simulation. The beam velocity spread of thermal emission with instant temperature and surface roughness are also considered. The validation is done in a W-band gyro-TWT, and the beam performance is evaluated in the experiment. With a pitch factor of 1.06 electron beam, the velocity spread affected by the electric-magnetic mismatch, thermal emission, and roughness is 1.00%, 0.56%, and 0.43%, respectively. The other beam parameters are also presented in the developed module. The OEM could guide and accelerate the testing process and ensure the safe and stable operation of the device. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Electron Beams)

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12 pages, 6018 KB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Design of a Dual-Band TE₀₁/TE₀₂ Mode Gyrotron Traveling Wave Tube

by Rutai Chen, Tianzhong Zhang, Qixiang Zhao and Sheng Yu

Electronics 2023, 12(15), 3282; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12153282 - 30 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1954

Abstract

A dual-band (K/Ka) TE₀₁/TE₀₂ mode gyrotron traveling wave tube is presented in this article. To suppress parasitic oscillations, a lossy-dielectric-loaded interaction circuit is employed. The particle-in-cell simulation results show that when it operates in K-band, the operating mode is the [...] Read more.

A dual-band (K/Ka) TE₀₁/TE₀₂ mode gyrotron traveling wave tube is presented in this article. To suppress parasitic oscillations, a lossy-dielectric-loaded interaction circuit is employed. The particle-in-cell simulation results show that when it operates in K-band, the operating mode is the TE₀₁ mode, with a peak output power of 87.1 kW, a saturated gain of 42.74 dB, and a −3 dB bandwidth of 0.7 GHz, and when it operates in Ka-band, the operating mode is the TE₀₂ mode, with a peak output power of 62 kW, a saturated gain of 60.76 dB, and a −3 dB bandwidth of 2 GHz. Moreover, in the operating frequency range of the Ka-band, the overall gain is greater than 57 dB. To meet the requirements of dual-band operating, a dual-state magnetic injection gun is designed, a dual-mode coaxial cavity input coupler is proposed, and a dual-band output system is developed. All of these components showed excellent performance in simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave, Millimeter and Terahertz Wave Power Electronic Devices)

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9 pages, 2594 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Measurement of a Novel Overmoded TE₀₁ Mode Converter for a Rectangular Gyro-TWT

by Chaoxuan Lu, Wei Jiang, Zewei Wu, Guo Liu, Jianxun Wang, Youlei Pu and Yong Luo

Micromachines 2022, 13(7), 1111; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13071111 - 15 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2150

Abstract

The rectangular gyrotron traveling wave tube (gyro-TWT) with a large aspect ratio (α) has the potential to achieve megawatt-class output power. As an essential component of gyro-TWT, a novel overmoded Ka-band mode converter with an α of 6.19 is designed, analyzed, [...] Read more.

The rectangular gyrotron traveling wave tube (gyro-TWT) with a large aspect ratio (α) has the potential to achieve megawatt-class output power. As an essential component of gyro-TWT, a novel overmoded Ka-band mode converter with an α of 6.19 is designed, analyzed, and cold tested in this paper. Based on the magnetic dipole moment theory, the rectangular overmoded TE₀₁ mode is excited via the rectangular fundamental TE₁₀ mode. The cutoff waveguide is applied to prevent electromagnetic wave transport to the magnetron injection gun (MIG) region and also guarantee higher power electron beam transportation. Simulations predict an operation bandwidth higher than 4 GHz and greater than 99.8% mode purity between 33–37 GHz. To verify this design, the mode converter is manufactured and cold tested. The back-to-back measurement results exhibit a good agreement with the simulation. With similar topologies, the rectangular overmoded TE₀₁ mode can be excited in a different α. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Passive Components)

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11 pages, 4304 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Design of a Dual-Mode Input Structure for K/Ka-Band Gyrotron TWT

by Mengshi Ma, Qixiang Zhao, Kunshan Mo, Shuquan Zheng, Lin Peng, You Lv and Jinjun Feng

Electronics 2022, 11(3), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030432 - 30 Jan 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3048

Abstract

A dual-band gyrotron traveling wave amplifier (Gyro-TWT) can reduce the size, cost, and weight of a transmitter in dual-band radar and communication systems. In this paper, a dual-mode input coupler for K/Ka dual-band gyrotron traveling wave amplifier (Gyro-TWT) is designed. This structure is [...] Read more.

A dual-band gyrotron traveling wave amplifier (Gyro-TWT) can reduce the size, cost, and weight of a transmitter in dual-band radar and communication systems. In this paper, a dual-mode input coupler for K/Ka dual-band gyrotron traveling wave amplifier (Gyro-TWT) is designed. This structure is composed of two different types of input couplers, one is the coaxial input coupler for the Ka-band

{TE}_{2, 1}

Gyro-TWT and the other is a Y-type input coupler for the K-band

{TE}_{1, 1}

Gyro-TWT. For reducing the backward wave of the

{TE}_{2, 1}

mode reflecting into the Y-type input coupler to influence the operating bandwidth, a Bragg reflector with a strong mode selective characteristic is inserted between these two couplers, which can make the reflection coefficient of the

{TE}_{2, 1}

mode better than −1 dB and the phase matched in the whole bandwidth, and the transmission coefficient of the

{TE}_{1, 1}

mode can reach better than −1 dB. Based on the simulation results, the −1 dB bandwidth of the Ka-band

{TE}_{1, 0}^{⬜}

-

{TE}_{2, 1}^{◯}

mode input coupler reaches 3.32 GHz and the −1 dB bandwidth of K-band

{TE}_{1, 0}^{⬜}

-

{TE}_{1, 1}^{◯}

mode input coupler reaches 3.15 GHz. The designed dual-mode input coupler has the advantages of broad bandwidth and low loss and can be well used in dual-band Gyro-TWTs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Frequency Vacuum Electron Devices)

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14 pages, 5235 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Design and Preliminary Experiment of W-Band Broadband TE₀₂ Mode Gyro-TWT

by Xu Zeng, Chaohai Du, An Li, Shang Gao, Zheyuan Wang, Yichi Zhang, Zhangxiong Zi and Jinjun Feng

Electronics 2021, 10(16), 1950; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10161950 - 13 Aug 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3486

Abstract

The gyrotron travelling wave tube (gyro-TWT) is an ideal high-power, broadband vacuum electron amplifier in millimeter and sub-millimeter wave bands. It can be applied as the source of the imaging radar to improve the resolution and operating range. To satisfy the requirements of [...] Read more.

The gyrotron travelling wave tube (gyro-TWT) is an ideal high-power, broadband vacuum electron amplifier in millimeter and sub-millimeter wave bands. It can be applied as the source of the imaging radar to improve the resolution and operating range. To satisfy the requirements of the W-band high-resolution imaging radar, the design and the experimentation of the W-band broadband TE₀₂ mode gyro-TWT were carried out. In this paper, the designs of the key components of the vacuum tube are introduced, including the interaction area, electron optical system, and transmission system. The experimental results show that when the duty ratio is 1%, the output power is above 60 kW with a bandwidth of 8 GHz, and the saturated gain is above 32 dB. In addition, parasitic mode oscillations were observed in the experiment, which limited the increase in duty ratio and caused the measured gains to be much lower than the simulation results. For this phenomenon, the reasons and the suppression methods are under study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Technologies and Applications of High Power Vacuum Electronic Devices from Microwave to THz Band)

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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 1911 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gyroton with the Corrugated Resonator

by Stanislav Kolosov, Alexander Kurayev, Alexey Rak, Semen Kurkin, Artem Badarin and Alexander Hramov

Plasma 2019, 2(1), 1-13; https://doi.org/10.3390/plasma2010001 - 11 Jan 2019

Viewed by 3867

Abstract

A new type of high-power electronic device—a gyroton with a corrugated resonator—is described and investigated. Spatial bunching of the electron beam does not occur in this device, however, highly efficient electron beam power conversion into the rotating electromagnetic field power is possible. The [...] Read more.

A new type of high-power electronic device—a gyroton with a corrugated resonator—is described and investigated. Spatial bunching of the electron beam does not occur in this device, however, highly efficient electron beam power conversion into the rotating electromagnetic field power is possible. The rectilinear electron beam deviates from the axis by the slow TM₁₁ wave, then it gives up longitudinal energy to the same wave with more than 78% efficiency, and an output power up to 30 MW. The developed mathematical model of the interaction of the relativistic electron beam with an irregular circular waveguide and resonator fields presented in this article can be used to calculate and optimize the processes occurring in various microwave electronic devices, such as gyrotrons, gyrotons, TWT, Gyro-TWT, and BWT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Power Microwave and Plasma Interactions)

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