Search Results (590)

Obesity is a heterogeneous chronic disease for which safe, scalable adjuncts to lifestyle and clinical care remain needed. Tea derived from Camellia sinensis contains catechins, caffeine, theaflavins, thearubigins, theabrownins, polysaccharides, and other constituents whose abundance is shaped by withering, fixation, partial oxidation, full oxidation, and post-fermentation. This review integrates processing-dependent composition with molecular mechanisms, gut–liver signaling, human evidence, safety, and real-world preparation. Evidence is strongest for modest effects of green-tea catechin–caffeine preparations on energy metabolism and selected anthropometric or lipid outcomes, whereas inhibition of adipogenesis, activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, browning of white adipose tissue, and many appetite-related pathways remain supported mainly by cell and rodent studies. A recent meta-analysis in women with overweight or obesity estimated mean reductions of −1.23 kg in body weight and −3.46 cm in waist circumference, with intervention durations across the included trials typically ranging from 4 to 24 weeks, though most of the evidence derives from short- to medium-term interventions (generally ≤12 weeks); heterogeneity was moderate to high and the average weight effect remained below conventional clinical thresholds. Partially oxidized oolong tea and fully oxidized or post-fermented teas provide distinct profiles of caffeine, oxidized polyphenols, and microbial metabolites; their metabolic effects are promising but are less consistently tested in adequately powered human trials. Across tea types, convergent mechanisms include reduced digestive-enzyme activity, increased fatty-acid oxidation, modulation of thermogenesis, reinforcement of the intestinal barrier, and microbiota-dependent production of short-chain fatty acids and bile-acid signals. Translation is constrained by low systemic polyphenol exposure (i.e., limited bioavailability of intact catechins and their metabolites in circulation due to poor intestinal absorption, extensive phase-II metabolism, and rapid clearance), non-standardized doses and products, short intervention periods, interindividual variability, and limited direct comparisons among tea types. Available clinical data do not support tea as a primary treatment for obesity; rather, unsweetened tea or standardized preparations may serve as adjuncts to evidence-based dietary, physical activity, behavioral, and medical management. Priority areas include physiologically relevant dosing, standardized reporting of brewed-tea composition, long-term trials, and microbiome-informed personalization. Full article

Wastewater sludge can improve soil fertility and support resource recycling, but potential heavy metal accumulation limits its agricultural application. In this study, we evaluated the effects of anaerobically digested wastewater sludge, applied alone or in combination with the purple non-sulfur bacterium (Rhodopseudomonas palustris), on two green manure crops, Sesbania cannabina and Glycine max. A 90-day pot experiment was conducted with five treatments: control, sludge at 10 and 20 t/ha, and each sludge level combined with R. palustris. Soil physicochemical properties, plant biomass production, and heavy metal concentrations in soil and plant tissues were analyzed. Sludge application increased soil total carbon, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus, while co-application with R. palustris further enhanced phosphorus availability. The greatest biomass production response was observed in G. max under 20 t/ha sludge plus R. palustris, with a 78% increase after 90 days. However, heavy metal concentrations and plant uptake generally increased with sludge dosage, particularly for Ni and Cr. These results indicate that sludge–PNSB application may improve soil fertility and biomass production, but heavy metal risks require careful evaluation. Full article

Background/Objectives: Limited access to fresh produce and persistent nutrition risk in long-term care (LTC) can affect dietary quality and rehabilitation capacity, particularly where seasonality and supply constraints affect food environments. Indoor hydroponic systems may support on-site production of leafy greens and herbs, but their adoption depends on practical feasibility. This study evaluated the routine staffing time and labour-only costs associated with maintaining hydroponic green wall units in LTC settings. Methods: A prospective, multi-site observational quantitative service evaluation was conducted from March 2023 to September 2024 across four LTC settings in Western Canada. Staff and volunteers logged routine interactions with wall-mounted hydroponic green wall units using adjacent mounted iPads. Entries captured task type(s), duration, using prespecified time categories, and staff role. Descriptive analyses summarized entries and actions by role and site. Labour costs were estimated using province-specific wage bands. Workload and costs were normalized using active weeks as weeks with ≥1 logged interaction. Results: A total of 112 log entries were recorded, corresponding to 362 logged actions and 962.0 min of recorded staff engagement time. Recreation therapists/dietitians submitted 45.5% of entries (n = 51), followed by care aides (27.7%, n = 31), volunteers (17.0%, n = 19), management (7.1%, n = 8), and registered nurses (2.7%, n = 3). Actions were dominated by monitoring and routine maintenance; 36.0% of time-recorded interactions were 0–5 min. Mean engagement was 8.7 min per time-recorded entry. Normalized to 59 active site-weeks, average workload was 16.3 min per active site-week (range 11.8–21.3), with labour-only costs of approximately 7.24 CAD per week (5.96–8.34) and 28.9 CAD per 4-week month (23.84–33.36). Conclusions: Routine upkeep of hydroponic green wall units required modest, predictable staff time and low labour-only costs, with responsibilities largely distributed across non-registered nurse roles. These findings provide feasibility parameters relevant to sustaining hydroponics as an enabling infrastructure component of nutrition-supportive LTC food environments and may be of value to inform future outcome-focused evaluations incorporating production, utilization, nutrition and rehabilitation-relevant endpoints. Full article

Acinetobacter baumannii is a microorganism of major global clinical importance, whose carbapenem-resistant phenotype is considered a priority target for the development of new antimicrobial agents. Carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii is associated with healthcare-associated infections and exhibits high mortality rates, prolonged hospital stays, and extensive use of intensive care units. As a control strategy, green-synthesized silver nanoparticles have gained increasing attention. Based on this, the aim of this study was to synthesize a novel triphasic silver nanocomposite, characterize it, and evaluate its antibacterial activity against extensively drug-resistant and pan-drug-resistant isolates. The nanocomposite was synthesized using cell-free bacterial supernatant and was physicochemically characterized regarding concentration, size, morphology, and crystallinity. Its antibacterial activity was assessed using broth microdilution and time–kill assays, followed by toxicity assays using human erythrocytes. A nanoscale and stable nanocomposite was obtained and was composed of metallic silver, silver chloride, and silver phosphate, which exhibited antibacterial activity against all tested isolates. In the toxicity assay, the nanocomposite demonstrated low toxicity and a high selectivity index. These findings demonstrate that Ag/AgCl/Ag₃PO₄ nanocomposite exhibits strong activity against resistant phenotypes for which therapeutic options are limited, highlighting its potential as a control strategy against this pathogen. Full article

Reliable quantification of soil organic carbon (SOC) change is essential for evaluating long-term restoration trajectories and constraining the potential contribution of restored soils to atmospheric CO₂ mitigation. However, long-term SOC monitoring based exclusively on field measurements is often limited by data scarcity, spatial heterogeneity and the high cost of repeated sampling. This study assesses the potential of combining field observations, remote sensing-derived proxies and process-based modelling to simulate SOC dynamics in the Guadiamar Green Corridor, Seville, Spain, a restored area affected by the 1998 Aznalcóllar mining spill. SOC dynamics were simulated using the RothC model under a set of boundary condition scenarios, in which field-measured or locally observed input variables were progressively replaced by alternative data sources. The reference scenario was based mainly on field SOC and clay measurements and local meteorological records, while the remaining scenarios tested the use of NDVI-derived carbon inputs, satellite-derived and reanalysis-based climate variables, and SoilGrids-derived estimates of SOC and clay content. The simulations were evaluated against field observations collected over the restoration period. Overall, RothC reproduced the general direction of the surface-layer SOC decline observed in the monitoring plots, although most scenarios did not fully capture the magnitude of SOC loss measured in the field. Differences among boundary conditions highlighted the sensitivity of RothC to specific input variables, particularly initial SOC, clay content and evapotranspiration. Scenarios based on alternative soil datasets showed that global soil products can provide useful information where field data are limited, but their performance depends strongly on their agreement with local soil conditions. Similarly, the replacement of local climatic data with remote sensing or reanalysis products affected model outputs, especially when evapotranspiration was substituted. These results indicate that satellite-derived products, climate reanalysis and open-access environmental datasets can complement field measurements in SOC modelling, particularly in data-scarce restoration contexts. However, their use requires careful validation, as model accuracy depends on the variable being replaced, the quality of the proxy dataset and the calibration of RothC to plot-specific conditions. Full article

Agri-food processing generates large quantities of residues that are increasingly recognized as sustainable sources of bioactive ingredients for high-value applications. This narrative review examines agri-food by-products as sources of antioxidant compounds and provides an integrated mechanistic perspective on their applications in skin, oral, and hair care. By highlighting the shared antioxidant mechanisms of action underlying these applications, the review offers a comprehensive framework for understanding the cosmeceutical potential of agri-food-derived bioactive compounds. Peer-reviewed studies published mainly between 2015 and 2026 were considered, focusing on the chemical composition of by-products, green recovery strategies, biological mechanisms, and evidence from in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo, and clinical studies. Fruit and vegetable peels, seeds, skins, pomaces, and other agro-industrial residues contain polyphenols, flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, carotenoids, vitamins, lipids, peptides, and polysaccharides with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, photoprotective, anti-aging, moisturizing, and pigmentation-modulating properties. These compounds can reduce oxidative stress, support endogenous antioxidant defences, modulate redox-sensitive signaling pathways, attenuate inflammation, preserve extracellular matrix integrity, and improve skin barrier-related outcomes. Green extraction technologies, including ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, and natural deep eutectic solvents, enhance their sustainable recovery. Overall, agri-food by-products represent promising resources for circular cosmeceutical innovation, although extract standardization, safety, stability, skin bioavailability, formulation performance, and controlled clinical validation remain essential for translation. Full article

Background and Objectives: Vascular access in cancer patients with limited mobility remains a persistent clinical challenge, although both devices and insertion methods have improved considerably. We present our clinical experience with at-home PICC placement, supported by real-world data from routine practice, in oncology patients unable to attend hospital care, exploring its feasibility, safety, and practical applicability. Materials and Methods: All PICC insertions were performed at patients’ bedside by a trained surgeon using sterile technique. A single- or double-lumen PICC catheter was inserted under ultrasound guidance, magnetic tracking, and intracavitary ECG confirmation to secure optimal venous entry and accurate tip positioning. Results: A total of 28 PICC lines were successfully inserted in 26 oncologic patients. Two patients required catheter re-insertion, one following accidental removal and one due to infection. In 26 of 28 cases (92.9%), insertions were completed on the first attempt, while two cases required a second attempt. Insertion in the Green Zone per the ZIM classification was achieved in 26 of 28 cases (92.9%), and only two required insertions in the Yellow Zone. The basilic vein was chosen in 75% of patients. A total of 23 single-lumen and five double-lumen catheters were inserted. In terms of complications, four cases of systemic infection occurred more than 15 days after insertion and were not considered insertion-related; two patients developed localized edema requiring anticoagulation, and four catheter occlusions were managed conservatively. Conclusions: At-home PICC placement appears to be a feasible and clinically applicable approach when performed by qualified and credentialed professionals. These observations, derived from real-world clinical experience, suggest a potential role for this model in selected patient populations. Using proper sterile technique and real-time tip confirmation tools, this intervention may contribute to improved continuity of care and reduced hospital visits in selected patients. These observations suggest a potential role for expanding outpatient vascular access programs in selected patient populations. Full article

Urologic malignancies (UMs), including prostate cancer (PCa), bladder cancer (BCa), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT), are governed by interconnected molecular pathways that regulate proliferation, angiogenesis, metabolism, invasion, immune escape, and treatment resistance. Key pathways include PI3K/AKT/mTOR, VEGF/VEGFR, EGFR, FGFR, c-MET, androgen receptor signaling, DNA damage response, inflammatory transcriptional programs, and regulation of the tumor microenvironment. This structured expert review evaluates mechanistic, translational, epidemiological, and clinical evidence on food- and botanical-derived nutraceuticals that may influence cancer-related signaling, redox balance, inflammation, metabolic adaptation, and host–tumor interactions. Nutraceuticals are considered investigational adjunctive exposures rather than anticancer treatments or alternatives to standard care. Relevant literature was identified through a structured, non-systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and Embase from database inception to 17 June 2026, supplemented by backward and forward citation searches. Eligible evidence comprised preclinical, observational, interventional, pharmacokinetic, formulation, safety, and drug–nutraceutical interaction studies. Evidence was evaluated by cancer type, compound class, molecular context, formulation, exposure, translational maturity, and safety, and was classified into five stages: prevention signal, mechanistic plausibility, bioavailability and exposure feasibility, exposure-linked biomarker activity, and clinical benefit. An exposure–species–compartment framework was used to assess whether parent compounds and relevant metabolites reached systemic, urinary, or target-tissue concentrations compatible with the proposed effects. Findings based solely on supraphysiological concentrations of unconjugated parent compounds were considered hypothesis-generating unless supported by human exposure or tissue-distribution data. Curcumin, green tea catechins, isoflavones, carotenoids, flavonols, stilbenes, and triterpenoids affect several cancer-related pathways, primarily in experimental models. Translation to clinical practice is constrained by inconsistent formulations, limited bioavailability, inadequate target-tissue exposure data, few biomarker-linked studies, and possible interactions with anticancer therapies. PCa and BCa provide the most suitable settings for exposure-verified mechanistic studies. In RCC, safety and treatment interactions should be prioritized, whereas in TGCTs, non-interference with curative cisplatin-based therapy must be demonstrated. Future studies should use chemically defined formulations, verify clinically relevant exposure, incorporate mechanism-matched biological-response endpoints, and confirm compatibility with established treatment. Current evidence does not support nutraceuticals as treatments for urologic malignancies. Full article

The present paper reviews original data obtained by the authors from recent separate publications with additional unpublished data, specifically concerning the specific graphite morphology in Si/SiMo alloyed ductile irons (2.5–5.5% Si, 0.01–2.3% Mo) with alloying grade, cooling rate, and inoculation as influencing factors. Different formulas used for nodularity evaluation, including different forms of graphite participating in different proportion and two graphite shape factors: Roundness (RSF, involving maximum Ferret) and Sphericity (SSF, involving real perimeter). Slightly irregular spheroidal graphite morphology (Form V, ISO 945) characterized by RSF = 0.59–0.75 was found to be typical for Si and SiMo ductile irons in all of the test conditions, such as Si level (4.2–5.25% Si), Si–Mo system (4.1–4.8% Si + 1.6–2.3% Mo), mould type (green sand, resin sand, metal mould, external metallic chill), un-inoculation and inoculation, and inoculating element type. Increasing Si content negatively affects the compactness degree of spheroidal graphite particles (transition from VI to V form) and nodularity. Metal mould versus sand mould solidification of 4.5% Si ductile iron increases nodule count, graphite shape factors (RSF = 0.68–0.7 versus 0.59–0.64) and nodularity (67% to 76%). An external metallic chill in a resin sand mould promoted directional solidification and showed a nodularity decrease for increasing Si, for all the nodularity formulas and for the cooling rate range. Inoculating elements influenced the shape factors in thin wall castings, where Ca–Ba was better than simple Ca and Ca–RE could promote graphite at higher real perimeter and with lower shape factors. The correlation of the aspect of structure, graphite parameters and nodularity led to the conclusion that the nodularity formula according to ISO/WD 945-4-2015 (100% total area of Form VI and 90% of Form V), with SSF instead of RSF, appears to be better in High-Si/SiMo DI (especially for more than 4% Si), because it takes into account the presence of slightly irregular spheroidal graphite (with high real perimeter) at a high rate. Full article

Background: Chlorodontia is a rare condition characterized by intrinsic green discoloration of teeth. It is most often reported in association with bilirubin pigment deposition during teeth development, in cases of severe and/or prolonged neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. In extremely preterm infants, this condition may be complicated by other developmental enamel defects (DDE), such as hypoplasia or hypomineralization, linked to prematurity, systemic diseases, nutritional disturbances, and intensive care exposures. That overlap of enamel abnormalities can make diagnosis more difficult, necessitate a complex treatment plan, and increase the unpredictability of dental treatment efficacy. Case Presentation: This report presents the case of a child born at 25 weeks’ gestation with a birth weight of 910 g. Her neonatal course was complicated by, among others, recurrent episodes of hyperbilirubinemia, first neonatal (treated with phototherapy between the second and fifth day of life), and afterwards due to cholestasis from day 30 of life, with coexisting bacterial sepsis and metabolic disturbances. The available neonatal medical documentation indicated that total bilirubin level peak took place on the 40th day of life with levels approaching approximately 30 mg/dL, as well as levels of conjugated bilirubin being 19.0 mg/dL, but the exact peak values, duration, and bilirubin fractionation were not given in the patient’s discharge form. At 15 months of chronological age (11.5 months corrected age), she was referred for an assessment of abnormal morphology and green discoloration of the erupted primary incisors. Clinical examination revealed intrinsic green discoloration of the teeth, rough incisal edges and enamel breakdown on the incisal third. During follow-up, less intensity of the green pigmentation in the subsequent groups of erupted teeth was noticed. Despite excellent oral hygiene and adherence to a low-cariogenic diet, the primary first molars probably developed post-eruptive enamel loss with exposed dentin tissue. Minimally invasive management was introduced using atraumatic restorative treatment with glass-ionomer cement, combined with intensive preventive care. Conclusions: Despite the fact that, in the presented case, the diagnosis of presumptive bilirubin-related green pigmentation relies exclusively on the clinical picture and the complex neonatal medical history, it shows that, in extremely preterm infants, chlorodontia may coexist with hypomineralization or hypoplasia. This requires the introduction of dental treatment and prophylaxis, adjusted to the child’s age, to lower the risk of further complications of DDEs. Full article

Postoperative complications following colorectal surgery—including anastomotic leak (AL), surgical site infection (SSI), perioperative haemorrhage and colovesical fistula—represent major causes of patient morbidity and mortality, prolonged hospitalisation, and healthcare expenditure. This review summarises contemporary evidence across two key domains of complication management—prevention and diagnosis—applied to four major complications (AL, SSI, perioperative haemorrhage, and colovesical fistula), drawn from a comprehensive literature review of recent randomised controlled trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and prospective cohort studies. Preventive strategies discussed include optimisation of surgical techniques (minimally invasive and robotic approaches, indocyanine green perfusion assessment, self-expanding metal stent bridge-to-surgery, and negative pressure wound therapy), modification of patient factors where possible (obesity, anaemia, malnutrition, and immunosuppression), and system-level interventions including Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols, perioperative beta-blockade, prehabilitation, and structured quality improvement bundles. Diagnostic strategies have evolved to incorporate biomarker surveillance (CRP and procalcitonin), drain fluid pH analysis, CT imaging (including angiography), endoscopy, and novel digital health tools including wearable monitoring and mobile health applications. Reducing the risk of postoperative complications should involve a multidisciplinary, protocolised approach combining intraoperative technique optimisation with structured perioperative care bundles and close post-discharge surveillance, and centralisation to specialist colorectal surgical units. Full article

Background/Objectives: Primary care clinics increasingly receive urgent and semi-urgent requests from patients who may otherwise attend emergency departments or urgent care centres when timely appointments are unavailable. This article describes and evaluates the Cranston Ridge Medical Clinic Registered Nurse Prescriber-led Triage–Treatment–Continuity model in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Methods: The manuscript is reported as a single-clinic practice innovation and service evaluation using aggregate, non-identifying operational data from 1 April 2025 to 31 March 2026. The model combines medical office assistant emergency recognition, RN prescriber-led stability assessment, traffic-light urgency classification, a booking-contingency algorithm, clinical support tools, diagnostic test ordering and prescribing within authorized scope, safety-netting, and communication with the patient’s primary care provider through the electronic medical record. Results: During the evaluation period, 5032 pathway contacts were managed. Of 5030 stable contacts assigned traffic-light categories, 4950 (98.4%) were Code Red same-day contacts, 55 (1.1%) were Code Yellow 24–48-h contacts, and 25 (0.5%) were Code Green non-urgent contacts. Two contacts triggered EMS/911 activation before traffic-light classification. Following RN prescriber assessment, 9 emergency department referrals, 2 urgent care referrals, 85 primary care provider follow-up appointments, and 5 patient refusals were recorded; no safety incidents or complaints were recorded in the aggregate monitoring dataset. A CIHI-informed 15% reference scenario corresponds to approximately 755 potentially avoided ED/UCC visits, but no confirmed diversion or monetary savings are claimed. Conclusions: The model reframes triage as an integrated primary care intervention that combines assessment, treatment, escalation, and continuity. Further ethics-approved research is required to evaluate patient-level outcomes, safety, confirmed health-system utilization effects, stakeholder experience, and cost-effectiveness. Full article

Sea turtles are increasingly regarded as indicators of coastal ecosystem health, as their clinical condition and disease profiles reflect prolonged exposure to environmental pressures in impacted marine habitats. Wildlife rehabilitation facilities play an important role in sea turtle conservation, although risk factors associated with mortality during rehabilitation are not well defined. This retrospective study evaluated clinical and infectious risk factors for death in 108 stranded sea turtles (including 70 green turtles, 19 olive ridley turtles, 16 hawksbill turtles, 2 loggerhead turtles, and 1 leatherback turtle) admitted to the rehabilitation facility at the National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium between 2018 and 2024. Data on buoyancy disorder, spirorchiid fluke infection, fibropapillomatosis and final disposition were analysed using univariate and multivariable logistic regression. Buoyancy disorder (adjusted OR = 9.96) and spirorchiid fluke infection (adjusted OR = 3.33) were associated with increased mortality, highlighting the need for careful monitoring and early detection of these conditions during rehabilitation. However, the retrospective design may inherently limit causal inference. Full article

Fragrance allergens are widely used in cosmetics and personal care products to make them more attractive to consumers. However, their presence has raised increasing concerns due to their potential to induce allergic contact dermatitis and other adverse health effects. As a result, regulatory authorities have progressively strengthened labelling requirements and restrictions for fragrance allergens in cosmetics, creating new analytical and compliance challenges for both industry and regulatory laboratories. In this context, the development of sensitive, selective, and reliable analytical methodologies has become essential for the identification and quantification of these compounds in complex cosmetic matrices. This review provides a comprehensive overview of analytical methodologies reported between 2015 and 2025 for the determination of fragrance allergens in cosmetic matrices, with a focus on sample preparation. Conventional extraction methodologies are critically discussed together with advanced, miniaturized and microextraction approaches. The advantages, limitations, and applicability for routine quality control and regulatory compliance are critically discussed. Chromatographic developments, including the use of multidimensional approaches, are assessed. Recent regulatory updates are examined, and the challenges related to allergen labelling, low-level detection, matrix complexity, standardization, and harmonization of analytical protocols are also addressed. Finally, future perspectives on innovative analytical tools, and green analytical chemistry approaches are highlighted. Full article

Background/Objectives: Latent fingerprints are routinely recovered from conventional porous and non-porous substrates; however, biologically active surfaces such as plant leaves are generally regarded as unsuitable for dactyloscopic evidence. Because vegetation is frequently present at crime scenes, this study aimed to systematically evaluate whether plant leaves can retain usable friction ridge detail and to determine the durability and forensic value of such traces under laboratory and outdoor conditions. Methods: Latent fingerprints were deposited on leaves of multiple plant species (maple, ash, dandelion, bird cherry, chestnut, climbing ivy, and five-leaved ivy) under dry and hydrated conditions and at defined time intervals after deposition. Visualization was performed using several powders, with SupraNano Fluorescent Green magnetic powder providing the best performance. Developed impressions were photographed using controlled illumination and evaluated using automated quality assessment (NFIQ 2.0) and comparison software (Innovatrics IDkit 9.1.7.1004). Additional experiments examined living, growing leaves exposed to natural weather conditions for extended periods. Results: Usable ridge detail was successfully visualized on all tested species. Bottom leaf surfaces and hydrated samples generally provided better preservation and contrast. Identifiable traces persisted for up to 20 h on detached leaves and for up to 35 days on living leaves despite growth-related deformation. Under outdoor exposure, fingerprints on ivy remained visible and comparable for up to 60 days. Although overall automated quality scores were reduced by background venation, selected impressions achieved measurable comparison scores and successful matches. Conclusions: Plant leaves can serve as unconventional yet viable carriers of latent fingerprints. Magnetic fluorescent powder development combined with careful documentation enables recovery of forensically useful ridge detail even after prolonged environmental exposure. These findings expand the range of substrates that should be considered during crime scene processing and provide practical guidance for evidence collection on vegetation. Full article